granny wants to buy you a car… zwhat kind of vehicle do you want? zclassify the type of automobile...

Granny wants to buy you a car…

What kind of vehicle do you want? Classify the type of automobile you want:

Classification: Goes from General to Specific

Domain: Automobile

Kingdom: Car

Phylum: Ford

Class: Mustang

Order: 2011

Family: Convertible

Genus: Black

Species: two door

If you don’t classify specifically your granny might get you…

Domain: AutomobileKingdom: Car

Phylum: FordClass: Pinto

Order: 1973Family: Wagon

Genus: Green/WoodSpecies: 3 door

Scientific Classification

In addition to cars, what do we classify in society?

How do we classify these things in society?

How do we classify in science?

Aristotle 384 – 322 BC

Chain of being…2 “Kingdoms”1st known attempts to classify life

2 Kingdoms of Aristotle

P lan ts A n im a ls

A ris to tleD ivid ed in to 2 B road G rou p s

Further Classification

H erb S h ru b Tree

P lan ts

S ize S h ap e H ab ita t

A n im a ls

A ris to tle

Early Classification – Aristotle 384-322 B.C.

2 Kingdoms: Plants and Animals Plants – Green, Non Mobile

Animals – Not Green, Mobile

How would you classify this using the Plant/Animal system?

Praying Mantis

Green but..

Mobile

Aristotle’s Grouping of life not specific enough

Carl Linnaeus 1707 - 1778

Swedish botanist Started putting species in similar

categories (taxa)Systema Naturae

Linnaeus – Systema Naturae

Linnaeus changed Aristotle's system.   He:

1. Did away with the plant/animal rules2. Based his system on specific, similar

traits (morphology)3. Gave organisms taxa that described

traits, and called them; gave scientific names (binomial nomenclature)

4. Kingdom Species System

Each category is called a taxon (plural taxa)

1. Kingdom 2. Phylum

3. Class 4. Order

5. Family6. Genus 7. Species

Systema Naturae Taxa – Linnaeus

Mnemonic Device – To help remember categories and order

Kingdom - King

Phylum - Phillip

Class – Came

Order – Over

Family - For

Genus - Great

Species - Spaghetti

Example ClassificationLion1. Kingdom – Animalia (all Animals)

2. Phylum – Chordata (All vertebrate animals)3. Class – Mammalia (All Mammals –

mammary glands)

4. Order – Carnivora (Meat eaters)

5. Family – Felidae (includes all Cats)

6. Genus – Panthera (Includes all roaring Cats)

7. Species – leo (Lions)

Example of Systema NaturaeExample of Systema Naturae

Common name vs. Scientific name

What is this?Common name(s):

Mountain lion Cougar Panther Puma

Scientific name: Felis concolor

In binomial nomenclature each species is assigned a two part scientific name

Language = Latin

Written in italics: Genus species

In writing the name, can’t italicize, so underline Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human) Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)

Classification of a Rose

A rose by any other name…Kingdom: PlantaePhylum: AnthophytaClass: MagnoliopsidaOrder: RosalesFamily: RosaceaeGenus: RosaSpecies: multiflora

Why Classify?

Names won’t change

Keeps living things “universal”

Descriptions of living things cannot be mistaken or “lost in translation” among scientists

Why Classify?

Useful ID tool for scientists in the field of agriculture, forestry and medicine

Example: A child eats berries from

a poisonous plant; Poison control can identify the plant quickly, giving the info. to physicians to treat quickly

Human Taxonomy – Do you know how YOU are classified?

Kingdom=Animalia Phylum=Chordata Class=Mammalia Order=Primate Family=Hominidae Genus=Homo Species=sapienWhat is our scientific name

in binomial nomenclature?

What does it mean?

7 Taxa of Linnaeus

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies •Animalia, Chordata,

Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canis, familiaris

Match common names with scientific names….

Column 1 Column 2

________1. Zebra a. Magnolia grandiflora

________2. Collared lizard b. Mus musculus ________3. Praying mantis c. Pinus sylvestris ________4. Indian elephant d. Cucumis sativus ________5. Map turtle e. Mantis religiosa ________6. Atlantic salmon f. Equus caballus ________7. Giant panda g. Sphagnum affine ________8. Purple finch h. Ulnus americana ________9. Scotch pine i. Elephas maximus _______10. Paper birch j. Ursus horribilis _______11. White clover k. Graptemys geographica _______12. Southern magnolia l. Betula papyrifera _______13. Red maple m. Carpodacus pupureus _______14. American elm n. Trifolium alba _______15. House mouse o. Salmo salar _______16. Sphagnum moss p. Camelus bactrianus _______17. Horse q. Equus zebra _______18. Grizzly bear r. Acer rubrum _______19. Camel s. Ailuropoda melanoleuca _______20. Cucumber t. Crotaphytus collaris

Timeline of Classification1. 384 – 322 B.C. Aristotle

2 Kingdom Broad Classification2. 1735 - Carl Linnaeus

2 Kingdom Multi-divisional Classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus,

Species3. Evolutionary Classification – (post-Darwin)

Group by Evolutionary Descent4. 5 Kingdom System – 1950s5. 6 Kingdom System – 1990s6. 3 Domain System – 1990s

Multi-Kingdom System

2 Kingdom System not efficient -- WHY? Microscope!!!

Opened a new world of organisms

Biochemical Testing

Modern Classification System 3 Domain – “Superkingdom” 6 Kingdom

OLD VERSION:What are the 5 Kingdoms?

M on era P ro tis ta F u n g i P lan tae A n im a lia

5 K in g d om s

Monera (bacteria) has been split into 2 Kingdoms!

6 Kingdom System

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Eubacteria

Archaeabacteria

3 Domains

Eubacteria – Common Bacteria

Archaea Bacteria – ancient Bacteria

Eukarya – Includes everything else - Protist, Fungi, Monera, Plants, and Animals

Modern Classification – which taxon is new?

1. *Domain – most general taxa 2. Kingdom

3. Phylum 4. Class

5. Order6. Family

7. Genus 8. Species

Human Taxonomy – Do you know how YOU are classified?

*Domain = EukaryaKingdom=AnimaliaPhylum=ChordataClass=MammaliaOrder=PrimateFamily=HominidaeGenus=HomoSpecies=sapien

Domain Kingdom

Bacteria Eubacteria

Archaea Archaebacteria

Eukarya

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Fan DiagramsHow are fan diagrams different from

cladograms?

Three Domain System

1. Domain Bacteria Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom Unicellular Prokaryotic Organisms

No Nucleus Ecologically Diverse – live everywhere!Metabolically Diverse

Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan – special protein and sugar

Trait used to distinguish between Bacteria and Archaea Target of many Antibiotics

Three Domain System2. Domain Archaea – “Ancient Bacteria”

Corresponds to Kingdom Archaeabacteria

Unicellular, Prokaryotes Metabolically DiverseNo nucleusLive in Extreme environments like

those of early EarthCell walls without Peptidoglycan

• A trait used to distinguish between Archaea and Bacteria Domains

Three Domain System

3. Eukarya Contains Kingdoms:

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Eukaryotic, single or multi-cellular

OrganismsNucleusMost visible lifeHumans are in Domain Eukarya

The 6 Kingdoms

NOTE: For now, we are going to just get an OVERVIEW of each kingdom – we will visit each one in detail the rest of the semester

For now we will only introduce the

Important characteristics - Domain Cell type

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Cell arrangement

Unicellular, multicellular or both? Nutrition

Autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotropic or some of each?

Cell wallIf yes, what’s it made of? (there are different kinds)

Examples and “facts”

Kingdoms 1 Archaebacteria

archae = Greek "ANCIENT“ Modern archaebacteria MAY BE directly descended

from (and are very similar to) the first organisms on Earth

Biochemical & genetic properties differ from ALL other kinds of life

UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES No distinct nucleus with membrane around it Cell wall = made of pseudopeptidoglycan Most are heterotrophic, a few are autotrophic,

and some are chemotrophic Live in harsh environments

Sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, and in ANAEROBIC environments, such as the intestines of mammals

3 phyla: Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles

Kingdoms 2 Eubacteria

EU = "TRUE“ UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES No distinct nucleus with membrane

around it

Cell wall = made from peptidoglycan

Some are heterotrophic, some are autotrophic, some are chemotrophic

Examples: Most of the Bacteria (Germs) that

affect your life Includes the disease-causing bacteria

such as tooth decay or food poisoning• E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus

Kingdom 3 Protista

Eukaryotes

Lacks complex organ systems Live in moist environments Cell wall = variety: some are

polysaccharide, some silica, some DON’T have one

Mostly unicellular (some colonial = multicellular)

Heterotrophic & Autotrophic 3 types: plant-like, animal-like,

fungus-like Examples: AMOEBA,

PARAMECIUM, EUGLENA, ALGAE

Kingdom 4Fungi

Eukaryotes Heterotrophs that

do not move (sessile)

Cell wall = made from chitin

Mostly multicellular

A few are unicellular

Examples: MUSHROOMS MOLDS & MILDEWS YEAST (unicellular)

Kingdom 5Plants

Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophs Sessile Cell walls made of

cellulose Have complex organ

systems Examples: MOSS,

FERNS FLOWERING PLANTS, BUSHES, TREES

Kingdom 6Animals

Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophs NO CELL WALL MOSTLY Motile Have complex

organ system Examples: INSECTS,

JELLYFISH, HYDRA, CRABS, FISH, BIRDS, LIONS,TIGERS,BEARS (oh my !)

What would the 6 kingdoms say?

For YOUR kingdom, create a comic/cartoon

Include a color picture of the organism in its environment

Give your organism a dialog bubble where it can speak traits you can’t show in your drawing

Be creative! Make a lasting impression!

Three Domains of LifeP. 460-461

Evolutionary Classification System - Phylogeny

Based on:1. Comparative Morphology2. Biochemistry3. Derived Characteristics

AND ALSO COSIDERED IS…PHYLOGENY:

The evolutionary history of an organism

Phylogeny

Evolutionary relationships between TaxaUses:

Fossil record & comparative morphology Comparing Homologous DNA/RNA –

Mitochondrial DNArRNA

Molecular Clocks Makes Phylogenetic trees and cladograms

Molecular Clock can Determine Relationships and Derived Characters of Species

We Know how newer species are related to ancestor orgs due to mutation patterns

New mutations are added over evolutionary time; the more recent the organism, the more mutations are seen

Phylogenetic Tree

Which organisms are most related?

Ubiquitin geneDogAmino acid sequence:

Met-pro-iso-asp-val-pheWhaleAmino acid sequence:

Met-pro-iso-asp-leu-pheSharkAmino acid sequence:

Met-val-iso-his-leu-arg

Cladistics

Clade – evolutionary branchShows relationships Organizes organisms in order of evolution

Derived characteristicsnovel characters which define their grouping

CladisticsA system of classification based on

phylogenyUses “cladograms”

What does a cladogram tell you?

Cladogram vs. Comparative (Traditional) Morphology p.452

Derived Characters

Common Ancestor

Common Ancestor

<-- Common Ancestor

Evolutionary classification fixes traditional classification problems

What is this organism? How do we use classification as tool to find out?

How to use Classification information? Dichotomous Keys

Dichotomous Key “2 branching” Uses PAIRED

STATEMENTS to classify

Either or statements

try this one…

Answers…

A. Deerus magnusB. Deerus pestisC. Deerus octagisD. Deerus purplinisE. Deerus deafusF. Deerus humpis

Some are quite complex…

New Species

Classification Problems

Discovery of new organisms may warrant new categories EX: a new family

might be created

In the fall of 2006, a new type of crab with a furry appearance, found near Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, was so unusual it warranted a whole new family designation, Kiwaidae. It was found at a depth of ~2000ft, in area where the Antarctic sea-shelf is melting

Totally new:The Vampire Squid

Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:MolluscaClass:CephalopodaOrder:VampyromorphidaFamily:VampyroteuthidaeGenus:VampyroteuthisSpecies:infernalis

Scientific Name:Vampyroteuthis infernalis

Creepy Critters Lab

What would be your Kingdoms? Phyla? Classes? Orders? Families? Genera? Species?

What would have helped?

Summary

Classification of organism brings order to the great diversity of life

Each organism is assigned a 2-part latin name (genus & species) recognized by all scientists

Taxonomy today classifies organism on the basis of their evolutionary relationships – phyolgeny, cladistics

Summary (cont’d)

Organisms are classified in a series of taxa

Each taxa represents a set of more specific characteristics 3 Domains of life contain There are 6 kingdoms Species is the most specific taxa

No rest for the taxonomist!

New environments Evolution Speciation new species continually forming

Still finding new extant organisms….Deep ocean, rainforest, etc