hazardous heels: the effects of high heeled shoes on gait and posture
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Investigating Alterations and Adaptations in Running Mechanics to Minimize Injuries and
Increase Performance in Ultramarathon RunnersLeegan Boudreau and Jami Anderson
Goals• Identify changes in kinematics during
ultramarathon running • Study which kinematic changes are harmful vs
helpful • Propose adaptive training • Gain insight on health benefits and risks of
extreme exercise
What is an Ultramarathon?● Categorized as any race longer
than a typical 26.2 mile marathon○ Divided into races that are
either distance specified or time specified.
● Can be held on roadways or trails (Mountain Ultramarathon or MUM)
Injuries • Common injury:
• Knee• Stress fractures in foot
• Women are more at risk• Compared to shorter distance runners, ultra
runners have higher risk of stress fracture• Injuries more prevalent in younger, less
experienced runners
Why is this study important?• Ultramarathon running has increased
exponentially in the past few years• Number of races increased 1000% over the
last 10 years• American ultramarathon runners increased
from 18,000 in 2003 to 105,000 last year• Little is know about how the body adapts to
extreme exercise• Understanding how to efficiently compete at this
level can have other applications
Previous Studies• Most studies compared sub-elite vs elite
groups• Kinematic trends observed in elite runners:
• Higher oscillating frequency• Reduced aerial time• Reduced vertical GRF• Reduced COM oscillating amplitude
• Increased step frequency reduces GRFs• Increase stiffness in the leg, which
corresponds to a smaller knee flexion angles, which together reduces GRFs
Contact Time
Aerial Time
Step Frequency*
Maximal GRF*
COM Downward Displacement
Leg Length Change*
Limitations of Previous Studies
● Lack of diversity in gender
● Most studies conducted on treadmills
● Neglect harsh gradients associated with MUMs
● Research conducted outside of racing conditions
● Research conducted over short distance and not reflective
of typical “ultra” distances
Proposed ResearchLorem 3
● Initial Testing ○ Evaluate
biomechanics○ Mimic Ultra
Environment● Evaluation Phase
○ Create training protocol
● Final Testing○ Reevaluate using
same methods as initial testing
Lorem 1
● Diverse participant pool● Divide into 3 groups
○ Novice○ Moderate○ Elite
Lorem 2
● Force Plate○ GRF
● Motion Capture○ Knee flexion
angle○ Aerial Time○ Contact Time
Lorem 3Lorem 2 Research ApproachParticipants Equipment/Variables
Conclusion• Study effectiveness of training protocol on sub-elite runners
performance• By increasing sub-elite runners performance we are decreasing their
likeliness of injury• Release successful aspects of training protocol for applications such
as:• Ultramarathon running• Marathon running• Extreme Mountain Trekking
References1. Balducci, P., Clémençon, M., Trama, R., Blache, Y., Hautier, C., 2017. Performance Factors in a Mountain Ultramarathon.
International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, 819–826. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1123422. Degache, F., Morin, J.-B., Oehen, L., Guex, K., Giardini, G., Schena, F., Millet, G.Y., Millet, G.P., 2016. Running Mechanics
during the World’s Most Challenging Mountain Ultramarathon. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, 608–614. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0238
3. Giandolini, M., Gimenez, P., Temesi, J., Arnal, P.J., Martin, V., Rupp, T., Morin, J.-B., Samozino, P., Millet, G.Y., 2016. Effect of the Fatigue Induced by a 110-km Ultramarathon on Tibial Impact Acceleration and Lower Leg Kinematics. Plos One 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151687
4. Giandolini, M., Vernillo, G., Samozino, P., Horvais, N., Edwards, W.B., Morin, J.-B., Millet, G.Y., 2016. Fatigue associated with prolonged graded running. European Journal of Applied Physiology 116, 1859–1873. doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3437-4
5. Hoffman MD, Krishnan E (2014) Health and Exercise-Related Medical Issues among 1,212 Ultramarathon Runners: Baseline Findings from the Ultrarunners Longitudinal TRAcking (ULTRA) Study. PLOS ONE 9(1): e83867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083867
6. Kasmer, M.E., Ketchum, N.C., Liu, X.-C., 2014. The effect of shoe type on gait in forefoot strike runners during a 50-km run. Journal of Sport and Health Science 3, 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.03.005
7. Lin, S., Sung, W., Kuo, F., Kuo, T..J., & Chen, J. (2014). Impact of Center-of-Mass Acceleration on the Performance of Ultramarathon Runners, Journal of Human Kinetics, 44(1), 41-52. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0109
8. Millet, G.Y., Morin, J.-B., Degache, F., Edouard, P., Feasson, L., Verney, J., Oullion, R., 2009. Running from Paris to Beijing: biomechanical and physiological consequences. European Journal of Applied Physiology 107, 731–738. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1194-3
9. Millet, G.Y., 2011. Can Neuromuscular Fatigue Explain Running Strategies and Performance in Ultra-Marathons? Sports Medicine 41, 489–506. doi:10.2165/11588760-000000000-00000
References Continued9. Morin, J., Tomazin, K., Edouard, P., Millet, G., 2011. Changes in running mechanics and spring–mass behavior induced by a
mountain ultra-marathon race. Journal of Biomechanics 44, 1104–1107. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.02810. Morin, J.-B., Samozino, P., Millet, G.Y., 2011. Changes in Running Kinematics, Kinetics, and Spring-Mass Behavior over a
24-h Run. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, 829–836. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181fec51811. Vernillo, G., Savoldelli, A., Zignoli, A., Skafidas, S., Fornasiero, A., Torre, A.L., Bortolan, L., Pellegrini, B., Schena, F., 2015.
Energy cost and kinematics of level, uphill and downhill running: fatigue-induced changes after a mountain ultramarathon. Journal of Sports Sciences 33, 1998–2005. doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1022870
12. Vernillo, G., Savoldelli, A., Zignoli, A., Trabucchi, P., Pellegrini, B., Millet, G.P., Schena, F., 2014. Influence of the world’s most challenging mountain ultra-marathon on energy cost and running mechanics. European Journal of Applied Physiology 114, 929–939. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2824-y
13. Berkowitz B. What happens to your body during an ultramarathon [Internet]. The Washington Post. WP Company; 2015 [cited 2018Nov15]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/health/ultramarathon/?noredirect=on
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