history of dentistry

History of DentistryDent 101

Dentistry

An autonomous (independent) branch of biomedical science that is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the teeth, jaws, oral cavity, and adjacent structures.

Dentist

A person who is trained and licensed to practice dentistry.

A trained clinician treating human beings who have teeth

A profession that is ignorant of its past experiences has lost a valuable asset because “it has missed its best guide to the future.”

B.W. Weinberger

Dentistry: An Illustrated History (Mosby, 1995)

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Dentistry has a long and fascinating history. From the earliest of times, humans have been annoyed by dental disease.

Many of the remarkable techniques in modern dentistry can be traced to the very earliest of times in every culture.

prehistoric trips to the dentist: teeth as old as 9,000 yearsthat show clear signs of having undergone drilling duringtheir owner’s lifetime.

• 5000 BC—A Sumerian text of this date describes “tooth worms” as the cause of dental decay

The “worm theory” lasted for centuries

2750 B.C. Mandible of the Old Kingdom period showing evidence of having had a surgical operation to relieve an alveolar abscess.

• 2500 B.C. Egyptian, earliest evidence of simple retentive dental prosthesis as found in Tomb 984 at Gizeh, the linking together of the lower left second and third molar with gold wire woven around the gingival margins of the teeth

2600 BC—Death of Hesy-Re, an Egyptian scribe, often called the first “dentist.” An inscription on his tomb includes the title “the greatest of those who deal with teeth, and of physicians.” This is the earliest known reference to a person identified as a dental practitioner.

• 1900 B.C Code of Hammurabi established the civil and penal responsibility of the physician, dental penalties as to the extraction of teeth.

Code of Hammurabi

• 200. If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. [ A tooth for a tooth ]

• 201. If he knock out the teeth of a freed man, he shall pay one-third of a gold mina.

• Phoenician denture, c 1000-210 BC

700-510 B.C. Etruscan period of dentistry. In what is now middle Italy, some twelve examples of their fixed or removable bridgework have been preserved in various museums.

• 500-300 BC—Hippocrates and Aristotle write about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.

Mayan Dentistry

•Dental decoration by filing; Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico; Postclassic Period

• Dental decoration by filing and incrustation methods; Ixtonton, Guatemala; Classic Period.

The Chinese• By 2000 B.C. the Chinese were

practicing dentistry.• Around the 2nd century A.D. the

Chinese developed a silver amalgam paste for fillings (more than 1000 years before dentists in the west).

• T’ing and Yu Shu described the entire process of swallowing in the eleventh century.

• 480 B.C. Roman period begins. Dentistry was probably practiced before medicine

• 450 B.C. Roman Laws of the Twelve Tables, containing the earliest record of dentistry in Ancient Rome, and the permission to bury the dead with gold dental work with "which the teeth may be bound together."

• 100 BC—Celsus, a Roman medical writer, writes extensively in his important compendium of medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain, and jaw fractures.

130-201 A.D. Galen, the Prince of Physicians, Was the earliest to mention the nerves of teeth. In removing the carious defect, he recommended the file. Mentioned pulpitis and pericementitis.

Islamic civilization

• Hygienic practices are highly emphasized in Islam, including oral hygiene.

• Prophet Mohammad (PBU) strongly recommended the use of Miswak

• At early islamic era simple dental procedures were used

للفم ” مطهرة السواكللرب “مرضاة

Islamic Jurisprudence granted the wife the right of divorce if the husband has Halitosis

• The destruction of Baghdad library by the Moguls (1258 AD) lead to great loss of medieval books

• Dental and oral disease descriptions and treatment is evident in many books of Al-Razi died 925, Ibn Cina (Avicenna) died 1037, Ali Bin Abbas

• Al-Majoosi

Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936 - 1013), (Abulcasis)

considered the "father of modern surgery and as Islam's greatest medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical texts, shaped European

surgical procedures up until the Renaissance. His greatest contribution to history is theAl-Tasrif , a thirty-volume collection of medical practice

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The Renaissance (end of middle ages)

• Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519 A.D ) studied human anatomy and sketched every part of the human body. He was the first to differentiate between molars and premolars.

• Pierre Fauchard was the founder of modern dentistry. He developed dentistry as an independent profession from medicine.

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Pierre Fauchard, the “Father of Modern Dentistry.”

1728 A.D. First edition of Pierre

Fauchard (founder of

modern dentistry)

textbook on "The Surgeon Dentist."

•1759 A.D. The designation dentist first began to be used.

•1763 A.D John Baker, M.D. Surgeon Dentist. The earliest qualified dentist to practice in Boston and in America.

•1769 A.D. Title of Doctor began to be used

•1774 A.D. The introduction of porcelain into dentistry by French apothecary Duchatenu.

•1778 A.D. Body of General Joseph Warren identified by dental work done in the mouth by Paul Revere.

•1801 A.D. First dental book to be published in America by Richard Cortland Skinner.

•1819 A.D. Mixing of coin silver fillings and mercury into a silver paste, by Tavenu in France, Bell in England.

•1832 A.D. Snell - first dental chair

•1839 A.D. First dental periodical, the American Journal of Dental

Science.

•1840—The American Society of Dental Surgeons, the world’s first national dental organization, is founded. (The organization dissolves in 1856.)

•1840- The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the first school in the world for the training of dentists was founded by Harris and Harden.

•1844—Horace Wells, a Connecticut dentist, discovers that nitrous oxide can be used as an anesthesia and successfully uses it to conduct several extractions in his private practice.

•1859—Twenty-six dentists meet in Niagara Falls, New York, and form the American Dental Association.

•1872- First foot-engine, invented by Dr.Morrison

•1874-The first electric dental engine by Dr. Green

•1877- Hydraulic chair invented by Wilkinson.

•1890- W.D. Miller describes microorganism of the human mouth.

•1891-Extension for prevention and scientific cavity preparation promulgated by G.V. Black

•1893-System of dental nomenclature by G.V. Black

•1895 A.D Roentgen discovers the x-ray. G.V. Black develops the balanced amalgam alloys.

Dr. Green Vardiman Black• Known worldwide as G.V. Black, he

earned the title of the “grand old man of dentistry.”

• He standardized the rules of cavity preparation and fillings.

• He developed the principle of “extension for prevention.”

• He taught in dental schools, became a dean, and wrote more than 500 articles and several books.

G. V. Black, the “Grand Old Man of Dentistry” (From Kock CRD: History of dental surgery, vol I, Chicago, 1909, National Art Publishing.)

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)

• A Bavarian physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895.

• His discovery revolutionized diagnostic capabilities and forever changed the practice of dentistry.

•1896- C. Edward Kells demonstrates use of Roentgen rays in dentistry.

•1945- The air abrasive drill by Dr. Black

1954-The water-turbine handpiece by Dr. Nelson.

1957-The air-turbine handpiece by Dr. Borden.

Dentistry today is highly specialized. The eight specialities are:1. 1901 Orthodontics2. 1918 Oral Surgery3. 1918 Periodontics4. 1918 Prosthodontics5. 1927 Pedodontics6. 1937 Public Health7. 1946 Oral Pathology8. 1963 Endodontics.9. 1972 Oral Radiology

Dentistry In Jordan

Faculty of DentistryJordan University of Science and

Technology

Faculty Highlights

• The Faculty of Dentistry was established by a royal decree on the 16th of September 1983 .

• The first group of students was admitted in the academic year 1984/1985.

The Faculty grants the Bachelor Degrees of Dental Surgery (BDS) after finishing successfully (213) credit hours (5 years of study) divided into 3 academic stages:

1-The first 2 years are mainly of basic science with courses being given in faculty of science

2- The pre-clinical third year prepares the students to the clinical aspects of the curriculum is spent in the training dental laboratories.

3- The courses in the 4th and 5th years are clinical and patient care is given at the teaching clinics of the Dental Teaching Center – Irbid and the Dental Teaching Clinics – JUST’s campus.