history of english test review. about _____ language dialects are spoken in the world
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HISTORY OF ENGLISH
TEST REVIEW
About _____ language dialects are spoken in the world.
About _____ language dialects are spoken in the world.
7,100
Languages are classified into many linguistic _______.
Languages are classified into many linguistic _______.
families
Languages are classified into how many linguistic families?
Languages are classified into how many linguistic families?
100
English belongs to the _____ family of languages.
English belongs to the _____ family of languages.
Indo-European
Which of the following languages is NOT included in the Indo-European family: Latin, French, Spanish, German, or Arabic?
Which of the following languages is NOT included in the Indo-European family: Latin, French, Spanish, German, or Arabic?
Arabic
English is included in the _____ branch of the Indo-European family.
English is included in the _____ branch of the Indo-European family.
Germanic
All of the following languages are included in the Germanic branch except: Swedish, Norwegian, Italian, Dutch, or Yiddish.
All of the following languages are included in the Germanic branch except: Swedish, Norwegian, Italian, Dutch, or Yiddish.
Italian (Italic branch)
English is the world’s first ____ language spoken by more people around the world.
English is the world’s first ____ language spoken by more people around the world.
global
What language has the most native speakers (meaning it is their first language learned)?
What language has the most native speakers (meaning it is their first language learned)?
Mandarin Chinese (over one billion speakers)
English has about how many native speakers?
English has about how many native speakers?
350 million
English has about how many TOTAL speakers?
English has about how many TOTAL speakers?
1.5 billion
From 8,000 to 4,000 BC, what preliterate (without a written language) group of people lived in Europe?
From 8,000 to 4,000 BC, what preliterate (without a written language) group of people lived in Europe?
Indo-Europeans
The Indo-European people spoke _______. (which language?)
The Indo-European people spoke _______. (which language?)
Proto-Indo-European
Indo-European root words appear in a dictionary as:
A. /rût/ B. *sta- C. ak´sent
Indo-European root words appear in a dictionary as:
A. /rût/ B. *sta- C. ak´sent
B (asterisk, bolded)
_____ are words from different languages that come from the same ancestral root.
_____ are words from different languages that come from the same ancestral root.
Cognates
In 500 BC, which group made their way to England from the European continent?
In 500 BC, which group made their way to England from the European continent?
Celts
Which group is known as the first Britons?
Which group is known as the first Britons?
Celts
All of the following are true about the Celts except: they had red hair, they owned slaves, they introduced the hard g sound (get, egg), they had chiefs, or they rode in chariots.
All of the following are true about the Celts except: they had red hair, they owned slaves, they introduced the hard g sound (get, egg), they had chiefs, or they rode in chariots.
they introduced the hard g sound—that was the Vikings
Which group invaded England in 55 BC?
Which group invaded England in 55 BC?
Romans
This group of invaders was led by _____.
This group of invaders was led by _____.
Julius Caesar
Which language did the Romans speak?
Which language did the Romans speak?
Latin
About ___% of Modern English comes from Latin.
About ___% of Modern English comes from Latin.
60% (many of these come indirectly from French words that were based on Latin words)
Besides the Frisians and Jutes, what other invaders entered England in 450?
Besides the Frisians and Jutes, what other invaders entered England in 450?
Angles and Saxons
The Angles and Saxons were _____ tribes (where from?)
The Angles and Saxons were _____ tribes (where from?)
Germanic
The Germanic tribes were descended from a group of people known as the _____.
The Germanic tribes were descended from a group of people known as the _____.
Teutons
What did most of the Anglo-Saxon invaders do for a living?
What did most of the Anglo-Saxon invaders do for a living?
they were farmers
What language did the Germanic invaders speak?
What language did the Germanic invaders speak?
Anglo-Saxon
Into which three countries did the Romans and Anglo-Saxons push the Celts?
Into which three countries did the Romans and Anglo-Saxons push the Celts?
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland
From which group of people came words for war (battle), building (road), household items (table), and food (butter)?
From which group of people came words for war (battle), building (road), household items (table), and (butter)?
Romans (these Latin words were already included in the Anglo-Saxon language when they arrived in England)
From 500 to 750, which language was spoken in intellectual matters and the church?
From 500 to 750, which language was spoken in intellectual matters and the church?
Latin
Who converted King Ethelbert to Christianity in 597?
Who converted King Ethelbert to Christianity in 597?
St. Augustine
Which group invaded England in 787?
Which group invaded England in 787?
Scandinavian Vikings
The Vikings spoke the language of _____.
The Vikings spoke the language of _____.
Old Norse
All of the following countries are in Scandinavia except: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Egypt, or Denmark
All of the following countries are in Scandinavia except: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Egypt, or Denmark
Egypt
How many words did the Vikings add to the English language?
How many words did the Vikings add to the English language?
1,000
In 878, who won a decisive victory, expelling the Vikings?
In 878, who won a decisive victory, expelling the Vikings?
Alfred the Great
The language developed between the years 450 to 1100 is known as _____.
The language developed between the years 450 to 1100 is known as _____.
Old English
What work of literature was written in Old English?
What work of literature was written in Old English?
Epic poem “Beowulf”
Which group developed place names in England, like London, Kent, Dover, and Thames?
Which group developed place names in England, like London, Kent, Dover, and Thames?
Celts
Which group gave a name to England and English?
Which group gave a name to England and English?
Angles (Angle-land)
Approximately _____ words were in the Old English vocabulary.
Approximately _____ words were in the Old English vocabulary.
24,000
Of the 1,000 most common Modern English words, what percent are from Old English?
Of the 1,000 most common Modern English words, what percent are from Old English?
80% (4/5)
Which group added the following words to English: Thursday, leg, odd, husband, sky, skin, scrape, they, their, and them?
Which group added the following words to English: Thursday, leg, odd, husband, sky, skin, scrape, they, their, and them?
Vikings
Which group founded a colony named “Britannia” in the British Isles?
Which group founded a colony named “Britannia” in the British Isles?
Romans
Which group is credited with creating the King Arthur stories?
Which group is credited with creating the King Arthur stories?
Celts
In 1066, Edward the Confessor supposedly promised the English throne to _____.
In 1066, Edward the Confessor supposedly promised the English throne to _____.
William of Normandy
Normandy is in which country?
Normandy is in which country?
France
A council of elders appointed _____ as the King of England after Edward the Confessor’s death.
A council of elders appointed _____ as the King of England after Edward the Confessor’s death.
Harold Godwin
William the Conqueror defeated Harold in the Battle of _____.
William the Conqueror defeated Harold in the Battle of _____.
Hastings
Which economic system did the Normans bring to England?
Which economic system did the Normans bring to England?
feudalism
During the 1100’s and 1200’s, which language was spoken by the lower classes?
During the 1100’s and 1200’s, which language was spoken by the lower classes?
English
While English words were more commonly used, ___ words were more literary, and Latin words were more scholarly.
While English words were more commonly used, ___ words were more literary, and Latin words were more scholarly.
French
What major event spurred the English government to declare English as the official language in the 1300’s?
What major event spurred the English government to declare English as the official language in the 1300’s?
Hundred Years’ War
About _____ French words entered the English language after the Norman invasion.
About _____ French words entered the English language after the Norman invasion.
10,000
What percent of Modern English comes from French?
What percent of Modern English comes from French?
28%
Which language gave us words for administration, law, fashion, leisure, and science?
Which language gave us words for administration, law, fashion, leisure, and science?
French
After the French invasion, plural nouns were formed by adding –s or -es instead of ____ to words.
After the French invasion, plural nouns were formed by adding –s or -es instead of ____ to words.
-en (Anglo-Saxon housen became French houses)
The English said chicken and sheep; the French dishes from them were ____ and ____.
The English said chicken and sheep; the French dishes from them were ____ and ____.
poultry and mutton
During the 1400’s, what phenomenon happened that changed the way Englishmen pronounced their words?
During the 1400’s, what phenomenon happened that changed the way Englishmen pronounced their words?
Great Vowel Shift
Say the 5 vowels as they are pronounced in Spanish, French, Latin, and Italian.
After the Great Vowel Shift, the pronunciation of words changed, but _____ stayed the same.
After the Great Vowel Shift, the pronunciation of words changed, but _____ stayed the same.
Spellings
The English spoken from about 1100 to 1500 is known as _____.
The English spoken from about 1100 to 1500 is known as _____.
Middle English
During the Middle English period, _____ endings were dropped from most English verbs.
During the Middle English period, _____ endings were dropped from most English verbs.
inflectional (in Spanish verbs contain the prefix also: estoy, estas, esta, estamos, estan)
Who is deemed to be the greatest author of medieval England?
Who is deemed to be the greatest author of medieval England?
Geoffrey Chaucer
Which book did Geoffrey Chaucer write?
Which book did Geoffrey Chaucer write?
The Canterbury Tales
Which language added the qu- (as in queen), the ch (as in church), and the gh (as in night)?
Which language added the qu- (as in queen), the ch (as in church), and the gh (as in night)?
French
Who revived education and translated Latin documents into Old English?
Who revived education and translated Latin documents into Old English?
Alfred the Great
The Normans were descended from which group of people?
The Normans were descended from which group of people?
The Vikings
Which group of people created the Robin Hood stories?
Which group of people created the Robin Hood stories?
Anglo-Saxons (to get the French out!)
What invention in the 1400’s spread literacy among common people?
What invention in the 1400’s spread literacy among common people?
printing press
Who brought the printing press to England and published 20,000 books?
Who brought the printing press to England and published 20,000 books?
William Caxton
Which book published in 1611 preserved traditional phrasings like spake and taketh?
Which book published in 1611 preserved traditional phrasings like spake and taketh?
King James Bible
Bibles of the day contained many ____, which are phrases that have their own meaning apart from the literal.
Bibles of the day contained many ____, which are phrases that have their own meaning apart from the literal.
idioms
Which “rebirth” occurred during the 16th and 17th centuries that added 12,000 words to English?
Which “rebirth” occurred during the 16th and 17th centuries that added 12,000 words to English?
English Renaissance
During the Renaissance, many scientific, _____, and mathematical words came from Latin and Greek.
During the Renaissance, many scientific, _____, and mathematical words came from Latin and Greek.
medical
The words panic, music, hypnosis, mercury, and titanium come from _____.
The words panic, music, hypnosis, mercury, and titanium come from _____.
Greek mythology
During the Age of Discovery, colonies were formed in Jamestown and ____, giving the start to American English.
During the Age of Discovery, colonies were formed in Jamestown and ____, giving the start to American English.
Plymouth
The English spoken from 1500 to 1800 is known as _____.
The English spoken from 1500 to 1800 is known as _____.
Early Modern English
Which author’s work is representative of Early Modern English?
Which author’s work is representative of Early Modern English?
William Shakespeare
In 1755, who published the first well-known English dictionary?
In 1755, who published the first well-known English dictionary?
Samuel Johnson
Johnson’s dictionary contained each word’s ____, which is its origin and historical development over time.
Johnson’s dictionary contained each word’s ____, which is its origin and historical development over time.
etymology
The English spoken from 1800 to the present is known as _____.
The English spoken from 1800 to the present is known as _____.
Modern English
Which author’s work is representative of Modern English?
Which author’s work is representative of Modern English?
Jane Austen
A _____ is a speech pattern in a particular geographical area or in a certain ethnic or social group.
A _____ is a speech pattern in a particular geographical area or in a certain ethnic or social group.
dialect
The three main dialects in the United States today are the Northern, ____, and the Midland/Western.
The three main dialects in the United States today are the Northern, ____, and the Midland/Western.
Southern
Thomas Jefferson was instructed to write which document in the “language of the United States”?
Thomas Jefferson was instructed to write which document in the “language of the United States”?
Declaration of Independence
In 1828, who published the first American English dictionary?
In 1828, who published the first American English dictionary?
Noah Webster
A ____ is a word or phrase that has been recently created or “coined.”
A ____ is a word or phrase that has been recently created or “coined.”
neologism
Which of the following is a “clipped” word: gym, advertisement, or love?
Which of the following is a “clipped” word: gym, advertisement, or love?
gym, from gymnasium
An ____ is a word created from the first letters of several words.
An ____ is a word created from the first letters of several words.
acronym (MADD=Mothers Against Drunk Driving)
A _______ is a word that begins to be used as a different part of speech
A _______ is a word that begins to be used as a different part of speech
conversion (Happy to meet you = verb. Go to the track meet = noun.
Words “borrowed” from other cultures from immigration, trade, and travel are _____ words.
Words “borrowed” from other cultures from immigration, trade, and travel are _____ words.
loan
_____ are words that have similar meanings.
_____ are words that have similar meanings.
Synonyms
Peter Mark Roget wrote the first ____, which recorded synonyms.
Peter Mark Roget wrote the first ____, which recorded synonyms.
thesaurus
More new words entered our language between the years _____ and 1899 than during any prior period.
More new words entered our language between the years _____ and 1899 than during any prior period.
1850
How many new words entered our language during the last half of the 1800’s?
How many new words entered our language during the last half of the 1800’s?
25,000
In the late 1800’s, what created the need to name many things that did not exist before?
In the late 1800’s, what created the need to name many things that did not exist before?
Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution, words entered our language from inventions and ____ products.
During the Industrial Revolution, words entered our language from inventions and ____ products.
brand (Kleenex, aspirin)
An ____ is a person’s name that is used to name a product, such as pasteurize from Louis Pasteur.
An ____ is a person’s name that is used to name a product, such as pasteurize from Louis Pasteur.
eponym
What text was published in 1928, updated in 1989, and is currently being updated online?
What text was published in 1928, updated in 1989, and is currently being updated online?
Oxford English Dictionary
An Internet group claims that English now has over ____ number of words.
An Internet group claims that English now has over ____ number of words.
one million
The newest words being added to English come from trends, fashions, pop culture, literature, and this big one-- ____.
The newest words being added to English come from trends, fashions, pop culture, literature, and this big one-- ____.
technology
Only about _____ words are in common use.
Only about _____ words are in common use.
200,000
What language is considered the world’s most influential language?
What language is considered the world’s most influential language?
English
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