history of ifa 2000 - usaid sari/energy...

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Th hi t f IFA 2000The history of IFA 2000

by Philippe ADAM

RTE InternationalRTE International

March 2nd, 2007

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A brief view of the history of the interconnection

The interconnection of the French Transmission S t t t d i 1946 ith B l i d G t

of the French power system

System started in 1946 with Belgium and Germany at the 225 kV level.

A first DC interconnection with Great Britain was commissionned in 1961 (160MW connected to the 225 kV network)

The first interconnection in 400 kV started operation in 1964 with Spain.

225 kV network)

operation in 1964 with Spain.

In 2007, RTE operates 46 interconnection lines with its neighbouring countries (22 x 400 kV – 20 xwith its neighbouring countries (22 x 400 kV 20 x 225 kV – 4 x 270 kV DC).

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1964 2000

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A brief view of the history of the France to

The learning period : 1955 - 1975

England Interconnection

g p

The first study of a DC link between France and England (1950 – 1955)

The achievement of a first project IFA 160The achievement of a first project IFA 160 (decision : 1957 – commissionning : 1961)

A useful feedback from experience (1961 – 1975)

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The first project of a DC Interconnection between France to England (IFA 160)

+/- 100 kV between Lydd (GB) and Echinghen (F); 160 MW (8 x Gotland 1st DC link)

Mercury arc valve converters

Manufactured by ASEA (valves) and nationalManufactured by ASEA (valves) and national companies (cables, transformers and capacitors)

Submarine cables laid on the sea bed (50 – 60 m)

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The experience gained with IFA 160The experience gained with IFA 160

DC cables were very often damaged by shipDC cables were very often damaged by ship anchors and trawlers : availability < 50%

1971 th i t l t t i i ll1971 : a thyristor valve prototype is occasionnally connected in the place of a mercury arc valve in Lydd converter station

1974 : replacement of a complete 80 MW mercury arc valves bridge by a thyristor valve bridge in Echinghenvalves bridge by a thyristor valve bridge in Echinghen converter station

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The first discussions on IFA 2000The first discussions on IFA 2000

1969 : first economic studies concluded that an optimal1969 : first economic studies concluded that an optimal size was 2200 MW in 1980, and 4000 MW in 1985.

1974 : new economic studies found that the optimum was 2000 MW in 1980.

1978 : studies showed that mutual assistance and fuel savings guarantied a 5 years return on money

1985 : updated studies showed that given the low cost of nuclear energy, 4 years was more probable figureof nuclear energy, 4 years was more probable figure

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Theoretical daily load on the interconnection as shown by studies made in 1978made in 1978.

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The choice of HVDC for the interconnectionThe choice of HVDC for the interconnectionTechnical justification

Decoupling of the European and British power systems : each country keeps its own frequency control; no stability problemno stability problem.

Difficulty to install an overhead line, because of the density of the ship traffic on the Channel : submarinedensity of the ship traffic on the Channel : submarine cables are a better solution.

Over a transmission distance of 50 to 60 km, HVDC is more economical.

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LA = AC line cost

LC = DC line costLC = DC line cost

PA = AC substation cost

SC = DC converter station cost

I = total cost of DC solution

II = total cost of AC solution

d = breakeven distance

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Main characteristics of the interconnectionMain characteristics of the interconnection

Geographical position.g p p

Position in the French Power Grid.

Structure of the interconnection

Structure of Les Mandarins converter station

Structure of Sellindge converter station

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Geographical positionGeographical position.

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1984

Position in th F hthe French Power Grid.

1986

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Structure of the interconnection

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Structure of Les Mandarins converter stationStructure of Les Mandarins converter station

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Structure of Sellindge converter stationStructure of Sellindge converter station

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Some aspects of the p

design studiesg

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The main requirements

Transmission of bulk power essentiallyTransmission of bulk power, essentiallyCapacityModes of operationModes of operation

Control principles

Dynamic behaviourDynamic behaviourCompatibility of end functions and equipment

T l i ti b t t ti dTelecommunications between stations and control centers

Commissionning testsCommissionning tests

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The rating studiesThe rating studies

DC voltage : +/- 270 kV (optimum for 500 MW in 1978)1978)

DC current = 1852 A

T f d l 118 kV ( ) &Transformer secondary voltages = 118 kV (star) & 204 kV (delta)

N i l fi i d ti ti l 15° & 18°Nominal firing and extinction angles = 15° & 18°

Converter transformer power = 618 MVA

Reactive power consumption = 1 200 MVAr

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The rating studies (continued)The rating studies (continued)

Valve design :

-12 valves per pole

- 96 thyristor levels in series

- 2 thyristors in parallel

Thyristor characteristics :Thyristor characteristics :

- diameter = 77 mm

- max repetitive voltage (direct &reverse) = 4.5 kV

- max repetitive current @ 70°C = 1350 A

Smoothing reactors = 370 mH

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The system studiesThe system studies

Insulation coordination

System stability

Harmonic filtering and reactive power compensation

System stability

Converter behaviour on system faults

Overvoltages

Subsynchronous interactions

AC system protection behaviour

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I l ti di tiInsulation coordination

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H iHarmonic filtering and reactive power pcompensation

- global distorsion < 1.6%

dd h i- odd harmonic voltage rate < 1% 160 MVAr /- even harmonic voltage rate

160 MVAr / filter

g< 0.6% rank = 11 & 13 rank = 3

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System stability

Power

Transient stability of close nuclear groupsgroups

Rotor angleRotor angle

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C t b h i t f ltConverter behaviour on system faults

AC voltage Mandarins

DC voltage Mandarins pole

DC current Mandarins poleDC current Mandarins pole

DC voltage on the cable

DC voltage Sellindge pole

DC current Sellindge pole

3 phase short circuit at the converter station bus @ Import

AC voltage Sellindge

3 phase short circuit at the converter station bus @ Import from the UK at full load (dc simulator result).

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Overvoltagesg

Overvoltages at LesOvervoltages at Les Mandarins 400 kV bus after a 3 phase fault resulting in the loss of two feeding lines and thelines and the blocking of the converters

Without filter tripping

EMTP simulation

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Overvoltages (continued)O e o ages (co ued)

Overvoltages at LesOvervoltages at Les Mandarins 400 kV bus after a 3 phase fault resulting in the loss of two feeding lines and thelines and the blocking of the converters

With filter tripping

EMTP simulation

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Subsynchronous interactions

Damping of torsionnal oscillation on Gravelines turbo-generator shaft.

Without the With the Without the interconnection interconnection

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AC system protection behavioury p

Fault currents asFault currents as seen by protections with the presence of AC filtAC filters.

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Controls

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The equipment designThe equipment design

studiesstudies

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HVDC cables

Submarine cable

Land cableLand cable

Specific means and machines to manufacturemachines to manufacture, lay and embed the submarine cables.

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Thyristor valves

Quadrivalve structure

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Thyristor valves

Valve module

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Converter transformers and smoothing reactors

Single phase 3 windings 206 MVA unit 277 kV – 1852 ASingle phase 3 windings 206 MVA unit 277 kV 1852 A

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Filter and capacitor bank and its protections

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Testing facilities : thyristor valves

High DC voltage teststests

Heating tests

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Testing facilities : thyristor valves (continued)

S th ti t t i it d ltSynthetic test circuits and results

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Testing facilities : smoothing reactor

HV DC tests

Mechanical tests

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Testing facilities : cables

Endurance tests : 6000 hours @ 420 kVDC, 250 thermal cycles (1 kA)@ , y ( )

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Testing facilities : DC simulator

> Control compatibility tests on EDF DC simulator

> Preparation of the on site commissioning tests

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Testing facilities : site tests

EDF R&D monitoring and testing facilities at Les Mandarins in 1986Mandarins in 1986.

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Project organisation and management

Planning

P j t tProject team

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PlanningPlanning

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Project teamProject team

Project leader : EDF generation & transmission di i i N t k i i d t t (CERT)division – Network engineering department (CERT)

Design studies : EDF R&D division (ERMEL)

Testing : EDF R&D division (ERMEL)

Main manufacturers : CGEE AlsthomMain manufacturers : CGEE Alsthom + Câbles de Lyon & Pirelli

C di ti ith CEGB t i ittCoordination with CEGB : steering committee + technical committee + operational

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Cost of the interconnection

Investment cost : 6 billions FF (1981) = 1,8 B€ (2001)

Operation and maintenance annual cost = 5 M€ (2005)

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20 years later, thank you for your kind attention !

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