holography

Holography:Do you see what I see?

Shawn Kennedy

Word Origin

Hologram is from the Greek word holos, meaning whole and gramma meaning message.

Hologram History

Theory Developed in 1947 by British/Hungarian scientist Dennis Gabor

Developed because he was trying to improve the resolution of electron microscopes

Development in this field was stifled during the 1950’s because light sources were not coherent

Coherent Light and a Solution

Coherent light is light that is monochromatic and of a single wavelength

In 1960, the invention of the laser overcame the non-coherent light problem

History Continued

In 1962 Emmett Leith and Juris Upatnieks realized that holography could be used as a 3-D visual medium

From their work, they used a laser to create the first hologram in history, that of a toy train and bird

This type of hologram required laser light to be viewed, though.

White Light and High Speed Objects

In 1962 Dr. Uri Denisyuk of the former U.S.S.R. developed a white light reflection hologram, which could be viewed in light from a normal incandescent bulb.

In 1960, with the invention of the pulsed-ruby laser, holograms of high speed objects was made possible

Pulsed-Laser Holography

Laser system emits a very powerful burst of light that lasts only a few nanoseconds, which effectively freezes movement

Enables a hologram to be made of a human

The first hologram of a person was made in 1967

Dr. Dennis Gabor

18” x 24” portrait

Recorded in 1971

Paved the way for pulsed holographic portraiture

Portrait commemorated Gabor winning the Nobel Prize that year

Dr. Stephen A. Benton

Dr. Stephen A. Benton invented white-light transmission holography in 1968.

This type of hologram can be viewed in ordinary white light creating a rainbow image from the seven colors making up white light.

His work made possible the mass production of holograms using an embossing technique.

The Integral Hologram

This type of hologram was invented by Lloyd Cross in 1972.

It combines white light transmission holography with conventional cinematography to produce moving 3-D objects.

2-D motion picture footage of a rotating subject are recorded on holographic film, which when viewed is processed by the brain in 3-D

The Photo Polymer

This type of hologram developed by the Polaroid Corporation for mass production

This is a reflection hologram that can be viewed in normal room light.

The Mirage hologram is the most famous hologram of this type.

How Holograms are Made

Need a laser, lenses, mirror, photographic film, and an object

The laser light is separated into two beams, reference beam and object beam

Reference beam enlarged and aimed at a piece of holographic film

Making Holograms

Object beam directed at subject to be recorded and expanded to illuminate subject

Object beam reflects off of object and meets reference beam at film

Produces interference pattern which is recorded

Making Holograms Cont.

Film is developed

Hologram illuminated at same angle as reference beam during original exposure to reveal holographic image

Recording of Types of Holograms

Physical Concepts

Lloyd’s Mirror

Reflection

Light Wave Interference and Diffraction

National Geographic

First major publication to put a hologram on its cover

March 1984 issue carried nearly 11 million holograms around the world

Applications of Holography

Design of containers to hold nuclear materials

Credit cards carry monetary value

Supermarket scanners

Optical Computers

Improve design of aircraft wings and turbine blades

Used in aircraft “heads-up display”

Art

Archival Recording of fragile museum artifacts

Holography in the Future

Medical Purposes

Gaming Systems

Personal Defense

Computers

Artwork

Amusement Park Rides

Holography goes Hollywood

Holodeck from Star Trek Holodeck Clip

Star Wars Chess Game

Body Double in Total Recall

The Wizard in Wizard of Oz