hormones that affect blood sugar. pancreatic hormones produced in the islets of langerhans. –beta...
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Hormones that Affect Blood Sugar
Pancreatic Hormones
• Produced in the islets of Langerhans.
– Beta (β) cells produce insulin.
– Alpha (α) cells produce glucagon.
Hormonal Response to High Blood Sugar
• ↑ blood sugar = release of insulin.
• Causes muscle, liver and other body cells to become permeable to glucose.
• Glucose stored as glycogen.
• Result = ↓ blood sugar.
Hormonal Response to Low Blood Sugar
• ↓ blood sugar = release of glucagon.
• Promotes breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood.
• Result = ↑ blood sugar.
QUESTION 1
What happens when the body does not produce insulin or the receptors no
longer responds to insulin?
Diabetes
• Type I Diabetes (Insulin Dependent):– Early degradation of beta cells.– Unable to produce insulin.
• Type II Diabetes (Non-Insulin Dependent):– Decreased insulin production or ineffective use
of insulin.– Controlled with diet, exercise and oral drugs.
Suffer from hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
QUESTION 2
If glucose is not taken into body cells, how does the body produce energy?
Diabetes
• Absence of insulin means little or no glucose in body cells.
– Cells metabolize fats and proteins for energy.
QUESTION 3
With respect to kidney function and water balance, what happens when
glucose reabsorption does not occur?
Diabetes
• Kidneys unable to reabsorb all blood glucose, so excess appears in urine.
– High [glucose] in nephrons draws water out of the plasma.
– Excessive urination.
Adrenal Glands
• Each composed of two glands.1. Adrenal medulla short-term stress.
2. Adrenal cortex long-term stress.
Adrenal Medulla
• Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
• “Fight-or Flight Response”.
– ↑ blood sugar (glycogen glucose).
– ↑ HR, breathing rate & cell metabolism.
– Dilation of blood vessels.
– Pupil dilation.
Adrenal Cortex
• Produces 3 types of hormones:– Glucocorticoids.– Mineralcorticoids.– Sex hormones.
Adrenal Cortex
• Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol):– ↑ blood amino acids.
• Converted to glucose.• Repairs damaged tissues.
– Fats broken down into fatty acids to ↑ available energy.
– ↓ insulin to ↓ blood glucose uptake (except brain).
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