ies - institute for environment and sustainability ispra - italy joint research centre (jrc)
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IES - Institute for Environment and SustainabilityIspra - Italy
http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Joint Research Centre (JRC)
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 1
HBEFA -Handbook Emission Factors for Road
Transport
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 2
Cos’e’?
Collaborazione svizzera-tedesca a partire dagli anni ’90 con l’obiettivo di individuare una metodologia di stima delle emissioni da traffico
“Big” project: estesa campagna sperimentale (emissions LDV, HDV, MC; driving behaviour; many partners TUV Rheinland, RW TueV, EMPA, TU Graz etc)
HBEFA 1.1 (1995 D-CH)
HBEFA 1.1-A (1997/98)
HBEFA 2.1 (2004 D-A-CH)
HBEFA 3.0 – in fase di conclusione
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 3
Why HBEFA Version 3 ?
Limited empirical base of HBEFA 2.1e.g. PC up to Petrol Euro3, Diesel Euro2 (+ red factors) new
measurements indicate differencese.g. HDV first version PHEM based on limited nr of veh.
e.g. limited measurements for LCV, MCAvailability of newer data (ARTEMIS, PARTICULATES,
national programs …) Inconsistencies between countries (different definitions of
traffic situations)Some artifacts (e.g. for TS with high speeds)
Limitations (e.g. no split of NOx, no distinction of CO2,no alternative fuels)
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 4
Cos’e’?
E = FE * A = FE * NV * M
Nuove classi veicolari rispetto al COPERT e ad
INEMAR
Traffic situation
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 5
Traffic situation approach - principles (road transports)
Strategic network (motorways,major roads)
Urban motorways primary distributors
Inner andlocal traffic
Access
Speed
30
90
60
Traffic (veh /h)2000 6000 80004000
Free-flow Heavy
Congestion
Near saturation
District level
0
30
60
0 200 time
SpeedRepresentative speed curve
timestimes
EmissionEmissionEmission model(per category of vehicle)
Emission model(per category of vehicle)
UrbanUrban RuralRural
+ gradient, sinuosity
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 6
Traffic situation
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 7
Detailed traffic situationsThe emission takes into account of
the dynamic of the traffic conditionsA certain complexity:
Identification of the traffic situations Mileage distribution
Passenger cars - Emission Functions
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
0 50 100 km/h
Diesel, Euro 1Diesel, Euro 2Diesel, Euro 3Diesel, Euro 4
g/km
NOx
NOx emission (g/km)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
Diesel-Euro3 Petrol-Euro3 Diesel-Euro3 Petrol-Euro3
Urban trunk road, speed limit: 50 km/h
Average speed approach
Fattori di emissione - 1
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 8
Fattori di emissione - 1
Implementazione ARTEMIS in Regione LombardiaDifficolta’ incontrate:- Definizione TS- Fe inclusi in ARTEMIS:
- Mancano fattori di emissione sui LDV (solo con approccio average speed);- Mancano fattori di emissione di PM per i veicoli a benzina;- Mancano fattori di emissione per le categorie MC <150 cc;- Alcuni fattori di emissioni sono uguali per diverse traffic situations. Esempio: PM passenger car diesel euro 4.
Traffic situation PM EF RUR/Distr/90/Satur. 0.016 RUR/Distr-sin./70/Satur. 0.016 RUR/MW/130/Satur. 0.016 RUR/Trunk/70/Satur. 0.016 RUR/Trunk/90/Satur. 0.016 URB/Distr/70/Satur. 0.016 URB/MW-Nat./100/Satur. 0.016 URB/MW-Nat./80/Satur. 0.016 URB/Trunk-Nat./90/Satur. 0.016
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 9
PC, diesel, Euro 4, 1,4-<2L
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
RU
R/D
istr
/50/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Dis
tr/5
0/H
eavy
RU
R/D
istr
/50/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Dis
tr/5
0/S
t+G
oR
UR
/Dis
tr/9
0/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Dis
tr/9
0/H
eavy
RU
R/D
istr
/90/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Dis
tr/9
0/S
t+G
oR
UR
/Dis
tr-s
in./70/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Dis
tr-s
in./70/H
eavy
RU
R/D
istr
-sin
./70/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Dis
tr-s
in./70/S
t+G
oR
UR
/Local/5
0/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Local/5
0/H
eavy
RU
R/L
ocal/5
0/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Local/5
0/S
t+G
oR
UR
/MW
/130/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/MW
/130/H
eavy
RU
R/M
W/1
30/S
atu
r.R
UR
/MW
/130/S
t+G
oR
UR
/Sem
i-M
W/1
10/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Sem
i-M
W/1
10/H
eavy
RU
R/S
em
i-M
W/1
10/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Sem
i-M
W/1
10/S
t+G
oR
UR
/Tru
nk/7
0/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Tru
nk/7
0/H
eavy
RU
R/T
runk/7
0/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Tru
nk/7
0/S
t+G
oR
UR
/Tru
nk/9
0/F
reeflo
wR
UR
/Tru
nk/9
0/H
eavy
RU
R/T
runk/9
0/S
atu
r.R
UR
/Tru
nk/9
0/S
t+G
oU
RB
/Dis
tr/5
0/F
reeflo
wU
RB
/Dis
tr/5
0/H
eavy
UR
B/D
istr
/50/S
atu
r.U
RB
/Dis
tr/5
0/S
t+G
oU
RB
/Dis
tr/7
0/F
reeflo
wU
RB
/Dis
tr/7
0/H
eavy
UR
B/D
istr
/70/S
atu
r.U
RB
/Dis
tr/7
0/S
t+G
oU
RB
/MW
-Nat./1
00/F
reeflo
wU
RB
/MW
-Nat./1
00/H
eavy
UR
B/M
W-N
at./1
00/S
atu
r.U
RB
/MW
-Nat./1
00/S
t+G
oU
RB
/MW
-Nat./8
0/F
reeflo
wU
RB
/MW
-Nat./8
0/H
eavy
UR
B/M
W-N
at./8
0/S
atu
r.U
RB
/MW
-Nat./8
0/S
t+G
oU
RB
/Tru
nk-C
ity/6
0/F
reeflo
wU
RB
/Tru
nk-C
ity/6
0/H
eavy
UR
B/T
runk-C
ity/6
0/S
atu
r.U
RB
/Tru
nk-C
ity/6
0/S
t+G
oU
RB
/Tru
nk-N
at./9
0/F
reeflo
wU
RB
/Tru
nk-N
at./9
0/H
eavy
UR
B/T
runk-N
at./9
0/S
atu
r.U
RB
/Tru
nk-N
at./9
0/S
t+G
o
Fattori di emissione - NOx
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 10
Fattori di emissione - 3
Per tipo di emissione:› fattori di emissione a caldo › fattori di emissione a freddo › evaporazione (hot/warm soak and/or diurnal)
Per tipo di veicolo:› autoveicoli, veicoli commerciali leggeri,› veicoli commerciali pesanti, pullman e autobus urbani› motocicli
Per i seguenti inquinanti:VOC, CO, NOx, PM, SO2, Pb, fuel consumption, CO2,several VOC-components [benzene, methane/nonmethane-VOC, soot, toluene, xylene], NH3 and N2O
Per pendenza della strada (fattori di emissione a caldo)
Parametri per emissioni a freddo ed evaporative: temperatura,distribuzioni delle lunghezze di viaggio, distribuzione parking time
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