imperial china: qin to ming dynasties
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Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.
Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E.
Established China’s first empire Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) Legalist rule
Bureaucratic administration Centralized control Military expansion Book burnings targeted
Confucianists Buried protestors alive!
Built large section of the Great Wall
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers
& Cavalrymen
Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers
& Cavalrymen
CavalryCavalry
Individual SoldiersIndividual Soldiers
The Details of an Individual SoldierThe Details of an Individual Soldier
Individual “Tombs”Individual “Tombs”
The Great Wall with Towers
The Great Wall with Towers
The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass
The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass
Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.
Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.
“People of the Han” original Chinese Paper invented [105 B.C.E.]
Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many
Buddhism introduced into China Expanded into Central Asia
Han – Roman Empire ConnectionHan – Roman Empire Connection
Chang’an
The Han Capital
Chang’an
The Han Capital
Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE)
His jade suit has 2498 pieces!
Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.
Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E.
Started public schools.
Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam.
Civil service system bureaucrats Confucian scholar-gentry
Revival of Chinese landscape painting.
Han ArtifactsHan Artifacts
Imperial Imperial SealSeal
Han Ceramic Han Ceramic HouseHouse
Ceramics, Later Han Period
Ceramics, Later Han Period
Trade Routes of the Ancient World
Trade Routes of the Ancient World
Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk
Road
Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk
Road
Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression.
Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia
Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression.
Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia
Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E.
“Land Equalization” System land redistribution.
Unified coinage. Grand Canal constructed. Established an army of professional
soldiers. People were overworked and overtaxed!
The Grand CanalThe Grand Canal
The Grand Canal TodayThe Grand Canal Today
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.
Imperial examination system perfected.
Liberal attitude towards all religions. Spread of Buddhism in China
Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries.
Japan, Korea, Persia
Tang Government Organization
Tang Government Organization
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.
Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E.
New technologies: Printing moveable print Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks
More cosmopolitan culture.
Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road.
Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.
Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705
Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705
The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone.
Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court.
Construction of new irrigation systems.
Buddhism was the favored statereligion.
Financed the building of many Buddhist temples.
BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Broken toes by 3 years of age.
Size 5 ½ shoe on the right
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.
Foot-Binding in Tang China
Foot-Binding in Tang China
For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.
The Results of Foot-Binding
The Results of Foot-Binding
Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279
C.E.
Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279
C.E. Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class.
Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.
Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!
Song Peasant FamilySong Peasant Family
Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song
Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song
Song Rice CultivationSong Rice Cultivation
Mongolian SteppesMongolian Steppes
Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”
Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions
Mongol WarriorsMongol Warriors
Mongol ArcherMongol Archer
Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c
Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c
Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13cGold Saddle, Front
View – Mongols, 13c
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]
Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 from the steppe [dry, grass-covered
plains of Central Asia]
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]
The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”]
Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage,
we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity,
we will take your children. If you do not have children,
we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife,
we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon some areas
never recovered from Mongol destruction!
Mongol Nobleman, late 13c
Mongol Nobleman, late 13c
Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early
14c
Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early
14c
Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c
Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c
The Extent of the Mongol EmpireThe Extent of the Mongol Empire
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368
C.E.
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368
C.E. Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294]
Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture
but lived apart from them. No Chinese in top govt. posts. Believed foreigner were more
trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade &
foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1254-1324)
Marco Polo (1254-1324)
A Venetian merchant.
Traveled through YuanChina: 1271-1295 “Black Stones” [coal]
Gunpowder.
Noodles.
Marco Polo’s Travels
Marco Polo’s Travels
Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics
Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics
Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E.
The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c.
Sent fleets against Japan. 1281 150,000 warriors Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the
gods”]
Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.
China’s last native imperial dynasty!
The Forbidden City: China’s New CapitalThe Forbidden City: China’s New Capital
Revived the Civil Service ExamRevived the Civil Service Exam
Ming Cultural RevolutionMing Cultural Revolution
Printing & Literacy Cheap, popular
books: woodblock printing. cheap paper.
Examination system. Leads to explosion in
literacy. Leads to further
popularization of the commercial market.
Culture & Art Increased literacy
leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:
Literature. Painting. Ceramics. Opera.
Ming Silver MarketMing Silver Market
Spanish Silver Convoys Triangle route:
Philippines to China to Japan. Silver floods Chinese Market:
Causes devaluation of currency & recession Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration
overseas. Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe Increases interest in Chinese culture &
ideas in Europe.
Helps fund conquest of New World Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.
Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E.
Golden Age of Chinese ArtModerationSoftnessGracefulness
Three different schools ofpainting developed.
Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed theForbidden City.
Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)
Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)
The Tribute SystemThe Tribute System
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)
Ming “Treasure Fleet” Each ship 400’ long & 160’
wide
1371-1435
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)
Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)
China’s “Columbus?”
Admiral Zheng He’s VoyagesAdmiral Zheng He’s Voyages
First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men]. Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this
trip]. Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men]. Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422
Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.
Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to
restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return
trip.
1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.
Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17c–18cMing Porcelain /
Ceramics, 17c–18c
Ming Vases, 18cMing Vases, 18c
Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c
Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c
Ming Scroll Painting“Travellers in Autumn
Mountains”
Ming Scroll Painting“Travellers in Autumn
Mountains”
Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”
Ming Painting – “Birds and
Flowers”, 16c
Ming Painting – “Birds and
Flowers”, 16c
Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early
16c
Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early
16c
Imperial China’s Impact on HistoryImperial China’s
Impact on History Removed religion from morality.
Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.
Mandate of Heaven
Secular law.
Valued history The Dynastic Cycle
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