in vertebrate anatomy
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available and all are very safe but need to be taken for the rest of one's life.
Thyroid hormone treatment is given under the care of a physician and may
take a few weeks to become effective.[23]
Surgery is sometimes used to treat overactive thyroid, thyroid nodules, and
often for thyroid cancers. The surgery is quite effective but can have a few side
effects or risks:
The nerves controlling the vocal cords can be damaged.
The parathyroid glands that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) can be
destroyed and one can develop bleeding.
If the entire thyroid gland is removed, one develops hypothyroidism, which
entails taking hormone supplements for the rest of one's life.[24]
Carbimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism. Carbimazole is a pro-drug as
after absorption it is converted to the active form, methimazole. Methimazole
prevents the thyroid peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the
tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the
thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine).
Side Effects
Whilst rashes and pruritus are common, these can often be treated with
antihistamines without stopping the carbimazole. For those patients where
sensitivity reactions can not be controlled, propylthiouracil may be used as an
alternative.
Its most serious rare side effect is bone marrow suppression causing
neutropenia and agranulocytosis. This may occur at any stage during
treatment and without warning. Patients are advised to immediately report
symptoms of infection, especially sore throats, so that a full blood count test
may be arranged. If this confirms a low neutrophil count then the drug must
be discontinued immediately, allowing for usually a prompt recovery. However
failure to report suggestive symptoms or delays in considering the possibility
of immunosuppression and its testing, can lead to fatalities. Should be usedwith caution in pregnancy as crosses the placenta barrier.
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