industrial psychology a
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INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
BY AHSAN NAZIR
IN THIS CHAPTER WE SHALL STUDY
• Nature of the work situation.
• Work , vocation, personality & society.
• Working environment, work methods, modern approaches & work efficiency.
• Group Dynamics, work incentives.
• Job satisfaction.
INCREASE IN PRODUCTION
• A loss in work efficiency and production can be managed by following steps;
• 1)Motivational factors.
• 2)Incentives.
• 3)Working environment.
• 4)Emotional factors.
• 5)Miscellaneous factors.
1)Motivational Factors
• The unrest and dissatisfaction in the workers result in a decrease in efficiency and production.
• Individual incompetence or environmental variables may be instrumental for the situation until the problem is not sorted out.
• For the motivation of workers following steps can be helpful;
Motivational Factors cont.
• a) Expert approach:• Individual expert review the situation.• Structural problems analyzed i.e. machinery.• Functional problems; environment, work morale.• worker- employer relation; union politics
confidence• Covert intervention etc.• Submit proposals.
Motivational Factors cont
• b) Industrial espionage:
• Administration hire the services of some spy to identify worker’s problems.
• c) Counselling method: Industrial psychologist gives the guidance to the employee as well as administration.
• d) Employee centered approach:
2)INCENTIVES
• Any motive expressed quantitatively is termed as an incentive.
• Bonus , promotion, rewards etc are incentives used to motivate the workers which in turn affect the production.
• Reason being that the incentives are directly proportional to workers socio-economic status.
• 1) Critical factors: The factors which deal with promoting the inherent capabilities of workers are known as critical factors which are follows;
• a) opportunity for identifiable achievement.• b) Constructive & diversified assignment.
2)INCENTIVES cont.
• c) Incentive of increased production;• ( target + reward ).• d) suggestion & imitation;• ( examples & role models)• 2) Marginal factors; factors which contribute but not
visible and if an insight of their status is clearly presented they may augment the production & efficiency.
• a) compensation (over time payment , loss etc )• b) organizational growth• c) developing a participatory attitude among workers
2)INCENTIVES cont.
• 3) Neutral Factors:
• a) Job security.
• b) Promotion opportunities.
• c) Bonuses.
• d) Increase in wages.
• e) Rewards and over time.
3)THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
• Improving the work environment substantiate the morale of workers, increase out put and reduce the accidents and strikes.
• a) Job security• b) Working conditions• c) Working hours & rest• d) Freedom from boredom• e) Reduction in noise• f) Illumination• g) Atmospheric effect• h) Music
4)EMOTIONAL FACTORS
• Morale ,industrial growth, accidents and strikes are also affected by the emotional factors;
• a) Favouritism.
• b) Discouragement.
• c) Misunderstanding.
5)MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS
• a) Audio visual aids.
• b) Special training of complex skills
• c) Technical knowledge of machines
• d) Risk acceptance
• e) Simultaneous attention
• f) Equipment designer
• g) Covering the communication lag
2)ACCSIDENTS & PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• An unexpected event which may cause a loss to life or property. In an industrial set up an event without a known cause which may result in a damage, permanent or temporary to the machinery or worker.
• Accidents may result from an individual negligence, structural problems in the machinery and lack of the preventive measures.
RESULTS OF AN ACCIDENTS
• 1)Loss in labour force
• 2)Loss to the organization
• 3)Time factor
• 4)Diseases
• 5)Environmental hazards
CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
• 10 % physical causes• 90 % psychological causes• Physical causes:• 1) Building structure• 2) Lay out plan or installation• 3) External elements i.e. earth quacks etc.• 4) Light • 5) Temperature• 6) Nature of task
CAUSES Cont.
• Psychological causes:• 1) Accidents prone workers• 2) Age• 3) Experience• 4) Training• 5) Vision• 6) Emotional elements• 7) Employee-employer relationship• 8) Fatigue• 9) Dissatisfaction• 10) Organization & admin• 11) Physical health• 12)Apathy of state• 13)Nature
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS
• A) Maintenance of physical conditions:
• 1) Structure of building
• 2) Proper installation
• 3) Work condition & management
• 4) Illumination
• 5) Insulation of wires
• 6) Noise & temperature control
PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS cont.
• B) Psychological control:
• 1)Recruitment procedure & psychological testing.
• 2) Training facilities
• 3) Personal security
• 4) Health care & first aid
• 5) Employee welfare plane
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