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The Rise of Mill Towns
& The Industrial Revolution
THE
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Before we go any further, let’s take a moment to
ask a few key questions:
What is progress?
It is often defined as the forward or onward
movement toward a destination. But what is the
destination? When we work on a project, we often
say that we are making “progress,” slowly but
surely reaching our “goal.”
Why is progress often associated with the
Industrial Revolution?
Does technology always make things better? Are
their tradeoffs?
The Industrial Revolution does not
mark the beginning of the use of tools.
Humans have used tools for thousands of years.
Tools can either be simple or complex.
Simple tools are powered by hand (thus the term
“hand tools”) or by one or more domesticated
animals (for example a horse or mule used to pull
a plow or wagon).
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Simple Tools
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Simple Tools
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Simple Tools
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Simple Tools
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The Industrial Revolution marks a
change in tools and how
they were used.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution humans used
simple tools to do work.
After the Industrial Revolution humans made
complex tools and the complex tools did the work.
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Complex Tools
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Complex Tools
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Complex Tools
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Complex Tools
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Complex Tools
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Complex Tools
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Complex Tools
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Complex tools are too big to be powered by hand.
Complex tools require an external source of power
other than that provided by humans or
domesticated animals. Thus, complex tools are
commonly referred to as engines or machines.
One complex tool can be used to provide power
for another complex tool. For example, a steam
engine can be used to power a cotton bailing
machine.
Sources of Power
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One of the earliest sources of external power
involved the use of flowing water.
Water has weight (mass), and as it flows
downstream (downhill) its potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy (or energy in motion).
Water wheels capture and convert the kinetic
energy of falling water to rotational energy,
which is used to turn mechanical links, shafts,
and gears of complex machines.
Examples of Mechanical Links, Shafts, and Gears
of Complex Machines
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Sources of Power
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One of the earliest uses for water wheels was the
grinding of corn into corn meal and wheat into flour.
These processes were done in a grist mill.
“Grist” is an Anglo-Saxon word that means,
“a grinding.”
About every community or settlement that was near
a creek or stream had a grist mill. Many large farms
and plantations had their own grist mill.
George Washington’s grist mill is about 2.5 miles
west of his home at Mount Vernon.
George Washington’s Grist Mill
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Built in 1771
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONWater powered mills performed many functions.
As we have seen, grist mills ground grain into
grain meal or flour.
A saw mill cut logs into lumber.
A “gin” is a mill that removes seeds from cotton
so the cotton can be spun into thread.
A textile mill wove thread into fabric.
Water powered mills came in many sizes.
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In addition to performing several functions, the
sizes of mills varied depending on the amount
of work to be performed.
The amount of work performed depended on
the size of “market” that bought the products
produced by the mill.
If a grist mill sold its grain meal or flour to local
Residents, its output might be fairly small.
If a textile mill sold its fabric throughout a state
or region, its output was large.
A Small Mill
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A Medium Mill
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONA Large Mill
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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As stated, mills use the energy derived from
flowing water to perform work.
A small mill that only grinds grain during harvest
season might need water only during a particular
time of year.
A large textile mill that weaves thread into
fabric may need a continuous supply of water
to power its looms throughout the year.
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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If a mill that needed a continuous supply of water was
not located on a continuously flowing stream, a
”mill pond” would be created by building a dam near
the mill.
The size of the dam and its resulting mill pond was
dictated by the amount of water the mill needed.
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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A medium size dam for a medium size mill pond for
a medium size mill.
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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The dam and mill pond shown in the previous slide.
Mill PondDam
Mill
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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The dam and mill pond shown in the previous slide.
Mill Pond
Dam
Mill
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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The dam and mill shown in the previous slides.
DamMill
How Much Water Does a Mill Need?
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A large size dam for a large size mill pond for
a large size mill.
A Very Large Water Wheel for a Very Large Mill
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The Anatomy of a Mill
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As was stated, mills use the energy derived from
flowing water to turn the mill’s water wheel.
The axle of the water wheel extended through
the outside wall and into the interior of the mill.
To this extended axle various gears, shafts, pulleys
and belts were attached. As the water wheel’s axle
Turned, it caused all of the attached gears, shafts,
pulleys and belts to turn.
The Anatomy of a Mill
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These attached gears, shafts, pulleys, and belts
enabled the energy of moving water to be transferred
from the water wheel throughout the mill
The machines that did the work in the mill were
all attached to, and derived their energy from,
these attached gears, shafts, pulleys, and belts
The Anatomy of a Mill
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The Anatomy of a Mill
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The Anatomy of a Mill
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The Anatomy of a Mill
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TRANSFERING POWER AROUND A MILL
The Anatomy of a Mill
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The Anatomy of a Mill
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TRANSFERING POWER TO
OTHER FLOORS IN A
MULTI-LEVEL MILL
The Life of a Mill
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Some mills had a short life and were not operated
for many years.
Some mills had a long life and went through
many changes.
The Contributions of Mills
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Mills have been used for well over 100 years.
During that time they allowed a more cost effective
manufacture of products by increasing output
without an equivalent increase in the cost of
production.
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