international regulatory framework for remotely piloted
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International Civil Aviation Organization
International Regulatory Framework for
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
Gerry Corbett
UK Member ICAO UAS Study Group
RAeS 2012
London 20 September 2012
2
Unmanned Aircraft
• Potential
– border monitoring
– meteorological and environmental monitoring
– search and rescue
• UAS regulations
– continued aerial work
– routine transport of cargo and mail (passengers???)
– handovers
– commercial operators of remote pilot stations
3
ICAO Involvement
• ICAO – Specialized agency of the United Nations since 1944;
– World’s body to address civil aviation;
– 191 member States;
• Convention on International Civil Aviation (“Chicago Convention”) – Recognition of sovereignity of States;
– Difference between state and civil aircraft;
– The rules of the air;
– Certificate of airworthiness;
– Licences of personnel;
Convention on
International Civil Aviation
Article 8
Pilotless aircraft
No aircraft capable of being flown without a pilot shall
be flown without a pilot over the territory of a contracting
State without special authorization by that State and in
accordance with the terms of such authorization. Each
contracting State undertakes to insure that the flight of
such aircraft without a pilot in regions open to civil
aircraft shall be so controlled as to obviate danger to
civil aircraft.
on board
4
5
Convention on
International Civil Aviation
Article 29
• Documents carried in the aircraft
− Its certificate of registration;
− Its certificate of airworthiness;
− The appropriate licences for each member of the crew;
− Its journey logbook...
Article 31
• Certificates of airworthiness
− Every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be
provided with a certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered
valid by the State in which it is registered.
6
ICAO Focus
• International operations harmonize across all States;
assure
safety;
security;
efficiency;
• Integration in non-segregated airspace and at aerodromes;
• Civil aviation State aircraft exempt;
7
ICAO Priorities
• Terminology;
• Airworthiness and operational certifications / approvals;
• Personnel licensing;
• Frequency spectrum;
• Communication requirements;
• Detect and avoid / ACAS;
8
Legal Requirements
• Licensing:
By State of Registry or State of Operator?
Third party licence for long-haul operations?
Recognition of licenses;
• Contractual arrangements for RPS services
Different States involved in single operation;
Oversight vs recognition;
• Command & Control Service Providers
Obligation to maintain C2 / C3 service;
9
Integration Requirements
• Certification
– RPA;
– Operator;
– Remote pilot;
• Approval
– RPAS as a complete system;
• Collision and hazard avoidance
• Interaction with ATC and other aircraft;
10
Integration Requirements (cont)
• Security – data links;
– RPA;
– remote pilot station;
• Predictable actions; – right-of-way rules
• Contingency procedures
Ability to act like any other aircraft!
11
ICAO Interactions
• ICAO is an organization comprised of States
– ICAO Standards become national regulations
• Close working relationship with
– industry associations
– industry technical standards-development organizations
12
ICAO Work
• Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group (UASSG)
– States nominated subject matter experts to assist with the
development work;
– review of existing ICAO provisions;
– integrate unmanned aviation into the existing system without
reducing its safety, efficiency or sustainability;
• ICAO Council adopted Standards on REMOTELY
PILOTED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM (RPAS)
– become applicable on 15 November of 2012;
• Draft ICAO RPAS Roadmap -> late Autumn 2012
Circular 328
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
• Overview of UAS wrt ICAO framework;
− Published March 2011;
− Legal considerations (Articles of the Convention);
− Operations (rules of the air, ATM, aerodromes);
− Equipment (aircraft, remote pilot station, ANS infrastructure);
− Personnel (remote pilot);
Will become obsolete once guidance manual is published. (~2014)
13
14
ICAO RPAS Manual
• Will expand on current Standards:
– RPAS approval / certification;
– RPA airworthiness and operator certifications;
– lines of distinction between airworthiness, maintenance and
operations;
– performance-based technical requirements;
• for command and control (C2) + ATC communications (C3);
• for detect and avoid;
– competency-based licensing requirements and medical
provisions for remote pilots;
– initial ATM provisions;
Publication Spring 2014
15
ICAO Timeline
• Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)
– 2016 - 2018 timeframe
• on airworthiness, operations, licensing, detect and avoid, C2 / C3 and basic ATM provisions should be applicable;
– 2020 - 2023 timeframe
• refinement of all SARPs / PANS with addition of aerodrome and ATM operational requirements can be expected;
– By ~ 2028
• all provisions needed to support transparent operation of RPA in all classes of airspace and at aerodromes are expected;
16
ICAO RPAS Standards
– RPA shall be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards
to persons, property and other aircraft
– RPAS shall be approved
– RPA shall have a CofA
– RPAS components shall be certified (e.g. RPS, catapult, etc.);
– RPAS Operator shall be certified
– Remote pilot shall be licensed
– RPA a sub-category of unmanned aircraft
– Special authorizations detailed
17
Technical Requirements
• Detect and avoid
All aircraft;
Hazards: obstacles, terrain, parachutists, birds, etc;
Must be compatible with ACAS;
Collision avoidance, airborne separation;
• C3 communications
Type and amount of data needed for C2;
Availability, latency, reliability, security of link;
Methods for ATC communication;
18
ICAO Vision
• Solve today’s problems while looking at the future
• Understand and respect the past
• Maintain compatibility between manned and unmanned
aviation and
• Carefully leave the door open for future generations
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