introduction to organic chemistry. carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. organic...

Introductionto

Organic Chemistry

Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon.

Carbon

• Because of the bonding properties of carbon, there are millions of different organic chemicals. Each one has unique properties.

• There are organic chemicals that make up your hair, your skin, even your fingernails

• Carbon has 4 valence e-• It forms 4 bonds with

other atoms

C

BOND

Carbon

• To add to the complexity of organic chemistry, neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds:

A carbon-carbon single bond

A carbon-carbon double bond

A carbon-carbon triple bond

Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

MACROMOLECULES• Many carbon-based molecules are made of

many small subunits bonded together forming very large molecules

MACROMOLECULES

Macromolecules are formed through the process of Polymerization.

• Polymerization = large compounds are built by

joining smaller ones together

• Small units monomers form larger units polymers.

There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things…

Four carbon-based or organicmacromolecules found in living things.

CarbohydratesLipids

ProteinsNucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• The three elements exist in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.

– Monosaccarides or Simple sugars. (1 ring sugar)

– Disaccarides (2 carbon ring sugars)

– Polysaccarides or Complex Carbohydrates include starches, cellulose, chitin and glycogen.

Monosaccharaides or Simple sugars

Organism uses:• Fuel for respiration• Building larger sugars

• Small in size--can easily move into and out of cells

Single Ring Structures

Disaccharides

• made from the combination of 2 monosaccharaides

• Disaccharides are water-soluble, but cannot move into or out of cells

• Sucrose or Table sugar Glucose + Fructose

• Lactose or Milk Sugar Glucose + Galactose

• Maltose or Cereal Glucose + Glucose

Polysaccharides or Complex Carbohydrates

• “giant” sugar made from the combination of 3 or more monosaccharide's

• insoluble molecules that cannot move into or out of cells

• Used for long – term energy storage or structural support purposes

Carbohydrates • Can be broken down to provide energy for cells.

• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure and sup9ort.

Cell Wall

Proteins

• Organic polymers that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

• Used in the protective skin and muscle tissue of animals and animals

• Also used as enzyme catalysts in both plants

Proteins

• Formed from the bonding of monomer

building blocks called amino acids --makes long chains

Amino Acids

Amino acids has three parts: Amine group

Carboxyl group R group

The R group represents a variable.The R group is different in each of the 20 amino acids and determines their behavior.

Amine groupNH2

CarboxylGroupCOOH

Amino Acids20 different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms

Humans can make 11 the there 9 must be obtained from food.

Proteins• During the process of

making a proteins a peptide bond forms

• Peptide bond is a covalent bond that links

amino acids together• Polypeptide = bonding of

numerous amino acids• Proteins are composed of

polypeptides in various bond structures

Proteins -Differ in the number and order of amino acids.-Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.

hydrogen bond

Simple………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Complex

Denatured Proteins

• Any change in shape, structure, & function of a protein

• The denatured protein become biologically inactive

(will not function)

Causes of Denaturing:• Alteration of pH• Temperature changes

Proteins have many functions

Antibodies - defend the body

Muscles–movement

Enzymes-speed up chemical reactions.

Hormonal-- Insulin regulates glucose.

Structural - hair, quills, feathers, horns, nails and beaks.

Storage - egg whites; casein in milk

Transport- hemoglobin transports oxygen

Enzymes (Type of protein)

• CaCatalyst-substance that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

• are biological catalysts

• Are specific to the substrate

• Not used up during the reaction.

• Require optimum conditions at which they work best.

(pH & Temperature)

Lock and Key Model

Substrate-is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts

Enzymes-Degradation reactions

Enzyme-Synthesis Reaction

Substrate Enzyme Product

Hydrogen peroxide

Catalase Oxygen and water

Starch Amylase Maltose

Maltose Maltase Glucose

Protein Pepsin Peptides

Peptides Protease Amino acids

Fats Lipase Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Insulin Pump

PROTEINS

• “AKA” fats• Chemical compounds

that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water.

LIPIDS

• Higher ratio of C to H bonds

• Store more energy per gram than carbs.

Different Classes of Lipids

•Triglycerides•Phospholipids•Waxes•Steroids

General Structure of Lipids (FATS) Fatty acid-carboxyl group

with a long carbon skeleton 12-28 carbons long

Glycerol -3 carbon skeleton with a hydroxyl group

(OH-) attached

Triglycerides• Complex Lipid• Formed from three fatty acids (tri) linked to glycerol.

TriglyceridesSaturated Fats

• Solid at room temp. (FATS)• Found in animal products• Contains no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms• fully "saturated" with hydrogen

atoms.

Unsaturated Fats• Liquids at room temp.

(OILS)• Found in plant & fish oils &

legumes• Contain one or more double

or triple bonds between carbon atoms

• Major components of cell membranes• Made of two fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group

Negative charge

(Loves H2O)

(Repels H2O)

The cell membrane is made of two layers of phospholipids along with carbohydrates and proteins.

Wax

• Long fatty acid joined by an alcohol• Made in both animal and plants• Produce a protective layer

Steroids (Sterols)

• Estrogen Progesterone, Cortisol Testosterone, Vitamin D.

Play essential roles in the physiology of organisms and Cell function.

Lipids

Functions of Lipids• Stores energy • Make up cell membranes• Repel water, waxy covering on leaves• Some lipids function as hormones

(sex hormones – estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

Lipids include fats, oils, steroids and wax.

Fats=Solid @ room temp. Oils=Liquid @ room temp Cholesterol, wax =Solid @ room temp

Nucleic Acids• Macromoleculemonomer containing H,O, N, C, and P

• Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info

• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Nucleic Acids monomers are nucleotides.

One Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides are made of

• 5-carbon sugar• a phosphate

group• nitrogenous

base

Two types of Nucleic Acids.

.DNA-

Deoxyribose Nucleic AcidRNA-

Ribose Nucleic Acid

Two types of Nucleic Acids.

–DNA stores genetic information.

–RNA builds proteinsDNA

RNA