ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Common properties of organic compounds

•Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds

•Contain Carbon( C ), Hydrogen(H) and Oxygen ( O ) elements (hydrocarbonsH-C) also can have N,P,S.

•Can be produced by living organisms•They can give energy•Have complex and longer structure

– Make up living structure

• Organic molecules contain very large molecules

– They are often called macromolecules because of their large size

– They are also called polymers because they are made from identical building blocks strung together

– The building blocks are called monomers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water

• Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water

• All biological reactions are mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

How are polymers formed?

HYDROLYSIS• Polymers are broken down into

monomers(building blocks) by hydrolysis reaction. ATP is not used.

Polymer + H2O monomer+monomer+……

In hydrolysis water is used

DEHYDRATION• Monomers form polymers by dehydration

reaction. ATP is used.Monomer+monomer+monomer…… Polymer+ H2O In dehydration water is formed

Unlinkedmonomer

Short polymer

Longer polymer

……………..reaction

……………reaction

Polymers Can’t pass through membrane, they should be

hydrolyzed to their monomers!!

Number of small molecules formed -

Number of small molecules used

Number of bonds that are broken down

Number of water molecules used 1==

(n)

In hydrolysis polymers are broken down by using water.

In Dehydration monomers form polymers by forming water.

(n)- 1 =

Number of water molecules formed

=

Number of bonds that are formed

If you want to form a large molecule from 19 small units, how many bonds occur? How

many water?

If you use 10 water molecule to breakdown a polymer, how many monomers can form?

• C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O

• CO2+6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2

Usage for energy sourceCarbohydrates> Lipids > Proteins

Amount of energy Lipids > Proteins > Carbohydrates

Structural importance Proteins > Lipids > Carbohydrates

1. Carbohydrates• Monomer = Monosaccharides (CH2O)n

• Functions1) Short Term Energy = Monosaccharides

2) Long Term Energy = Starch (plants)

Glycogen (animals)

3) Structure = *Cellulose (plant cell walls)

*Chitin (animal exoskeletons)

*DNA,RNA,ATP (deoxyribose and

ribose sugar)

*Cell membrane

Kinds of Carbohydrates : • It can be divided into three major groups

according to their monomer number:

Kinds of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides

Smallest units of carbohydrates

They can’t be hydrolyzed (broken down)

Soluble in water

Easily pass from cell membraneGalactose>Glucose>fructoseTrioses-Carry 3 carbons

Pentoses- carry 5 carbons. Found in DNA-deoxyribose

RNA, ATP- ribose

Hexoses- carry 6 carbons

C6H12O6 general formula

Glucose- grape sugar. found in all cells but produced only in autotrophs

Fructose- fruit sugar. Only found in plant cells

Galactose- milk sugar. Only found in animal cells.

Disaccharides

Formed by the 2 monosaccharides Glucoside bond is formed.

Glucose+glucose→maltose+ H2O

Maltose-Only found in plant cells.

Glucose+fructose →sucrose+H2O

Fructose- Only found in plant cells

Glucose+galactose →lactose+H2O

Lactose- Only found in animal cells

Polysaccharides

Formed by the dehydration of many glucoses.

All have same monosaccharide but their structures are different.

Starch- Storage carbohydrate only in plants. Stored in leucoplast in plant cells. Insoluble in water.

Glycogen- Storage carbohydrate in animal cells. Stored in muscle and liver. It can be found in fungi and bacteria.(not in plants)

Cellulose- Structural carbohydrate in plants. Found in cell wall. Not hydrolyzed in animal digestive system.

Chitin- Structural carbohydrate in some animals and fungi. Found in the exoskeleton of the insects. Contains N.

HOMEWORK

• Who ?

• What is the function?

• How its structure?

• Why is it needed?

• Where is it found?

• When is it found?

A ) MONOSACCHARIDES ( Single sugars ) :

• Function: Some are energy source and some are in structure.

Structure: They are the monomers of carbohydrates.(CH2O)n.

Can’t be digested. (hydrolyzed)• The most common monosaccharides : A. Pentoses ( C5H10O5 ): Ribose in RNA, ATP Deoxyribose in DNA

B. Hexoses ( C6H12O6 ) :Glucose(blood-grape sugar)

Fructose(fruit sugar) Galactose(milk sugar)

Glucose(an aldose)

Fructose(a ketose)

Glucose, fructose and galactose have the same formula but different structural forms and different properties . So they are isomers .

Fructose and galactose can be converted to glucose in liver.

Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in liver and muscle cells.

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates

– Can not be hydrolysed into smaller units (because they are monomers). Pass easily from the membranes.

– Diffusion rate Galactose >Glucose > Fructose

• Glucose- grape sugar. found in all cells but produced only in autotrophs . In blood 70 -110 mg /100 ml

• Fructose- fruit sugar. Only found in plant cells.• Galactose- milk sugar. Only found in animal cells.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Disaccharides C12 H22 O11

• Function: Some are energy source and some are in structure.

• Structure: Two monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction

• Have one glycoside bond between monomers.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Disaccharides

Glucose Glucose

Maltose

Glycoside bond

• Maltose ( Malt sugar-plants ) : • Glucose + Glucose Maltose +

H2O

• Sucrose ( Table sugar-plants ) :• Glucose + Fructose Sucrose +

H2O

• Lactose ( Milk sugar-animals ) :• Glucose + Galactose Lactose +

H2OWhat is the formula of a lactose????

• If we breakdown 5 lactose molecules

• a. How many bonds are broken

b. How many monomers are formed?

c. By using monomers, how many maltose molecules can be formed?

Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

• Function: in storage of energy and structure of some cells

• Structure: Formed by the dehydration of many glucoses.

• All have same monosaccharide but their structures are different.They have many glycoside bonds.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

• Starch is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and found in plants

• Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed (in animals,fungi,bacteria)

• Cellulose is a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls. structural

• Chitin is a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton (have N) and also in fungi cell walls. structural

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Starch granules inpotato tuber cells

Glycogengranulesin muscletissue

Cellulose fibrils ina plant cell wall

Cellulosemolecules

Glucosemonomer

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

Hydrogen bonds

STARCH

All have same monomer but different polymer structure!

Because of monomer number, type of bonding

• Classify the reactions below:– Formation of sucrose from glucose and

fructose ………………………– Synthesis of starch from glucose

………………………..………– Breakdown of maltose to form glucose

………………………………..

• If a starch molecule that can be broken down by using 125 water molecules, is hydrolysed completely and the glucose molecules formed are used in the synthesis of maltose. How many maltose molecules can be formed?

• If 5 sucrose molecules are broken down, a. how many bonds will be broken down?

b. How many monomers will form?

c. By using these monomers, how many maltose molecules can be formed?

• Insulin is a hormone that decreases blood sugar , by making glycogen from glucose and stores in liver.

• Insulin resistance occurs when the body becomes less sensitive to insulin. Insulin resistance occurs when insulin levels are sufficiently high over a prolonged period of time causing the body’s own sensitivity to the hormone to be reduced.

• Once the body starts to get resistant to insulin, it can be a difficult process to reverse because the knock on effect of insulin resistance.

• Higher circulating levels of insulin in the blood stream and weight gain help to further advance insulin resistance. Diets high in saturated fats, trans-fats, refined carbohydrates and processed foods have been closely linked with chronic inflammation disorders and insulin resistance.

2. Lipids• Functions

1) Long Term Energy = Triglycerides2) Cell Membranes = Phospholipids(structure) and glycolipids(recognition)3) Other Functions = Insulation, Hormones, and Water Repellants

• Structure: Their monomers = 3Fatty Acids & 1Glycerol

• Have esther bonds between FA and Glycerol

Fatty acid

Glycerol

• Fatty acids link to glycerol by a dehydration reaction– A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids– Fats are often called triglycerides because of their

structure– Lipids give more energy than carbohydrates and proteins

because they have more H atoms.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Fats

• Some fatty acid types can not be produced by each organism. We can not produce omega 3 and 6 fatty acid. These types of fatty acids are known as essential fatty acids.

• If we want to form 6 molecules of lipid, How many monomers should we use? Give their exact names and numbers.

• We breakdown 30 esther bonds in lipid molecules. Howmany monomers do they have ? (give their exact name and number)

Lipids with saturated fatty acids

Solid at room temp.

C are filled with max. H atoms

Found in animal cells

C have single bonds

Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids

Liquid at room temp.

C have double bonds that are not filled with max. H atoms

Found mostly in plant cells

Classified according to their fatty acids as saturated and unsaturated.

a. Phospholipids are structurally similar to fats and are an important component of cell membrane.– The hydrophilic heads (glycerol) are in contact

with the water of the environment and the internal part of the cell

– The hydrophobic tails(fatty acid) band in the center of the bilayer

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

TYPES OF IMPORTANT LIPIDS

Water

Hydrophobictails

Hydrophilicheads

Water

Organic Molecules ;

• Direction according to usage

• Direction according to energy amount

• Direction according to structural material

............ –............ – .............

............ – ............- ...............

.............. - ........... – .............

b. Steroids are lipids composed of fused ring structures (not glycerol and fatty acids) and can not be broken down – Cholesterol is an example of a steroid that plays a significant

role in the structure of the cell membrane– In addition, cholesterol is the compound from which we

synthesize sex hormones – Structure is similar to ADEK vitamins

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

c.Triglycerides: Storage type of lipids. Composed of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol.

d. Glycolipids: structural lipids that are found in cell membranes. They function in recognition of molecules.

3.10 CONNECTION: Anabolic steroids pose health risks

• Anabolic steroids are abused by some athletes with serious consequences, including– violent mood swings,– depression,– liver damage, – cancer,– high cholesterol, and– high blood pressure.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Proteins• Functions

1) Chemical: Enzymes2) Cell membrane: Cell Transport, Recognition as receptor , and Cohesion3) Other Functions = Structure in muscle, Movement, Pigmentation, Hormones, Defense, transport

• Monomer = Amino Acids( there are 20 aa. in nature)

Aminogroup

Carboxylgroup

Carboxylgroup

Aminogroup

Amino acidAmino acid Dipeptide

Peptidebond

Dehydrationreaction

A protein is a polymer built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomers

• Peptide bonds form between …………….. groups and …………… groups of aminoacids.

a. Carboxyl, amino

b. amino, amino

c. Amino, radical

d. radical, carboxyl

e. Carboxyl, carboxyl

• There are 20 different types of amino acids in living things , but there are many more types of proteins because :

• Number of amino acids• Types of amino acids• Sequence of amino acids can be

different

A B

Protein 1

A C D AC D

Protein 2

Protein 3

• Protein sytnthesis is controlled by genes(DNA). So everyone has different

kinds of proteins.

Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes.

• Essential amino acids.

• Some amino acid types can not be produced by each organism. These types of amino acids are known as essential aa’s. 8

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 3.13A-D_s4

Primary structureAminoacids Amino acids

Four Levels of Protein Structure

Beta pleatedsheet

Alpha helix

Hydrogenbond

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure Transthyretinpolypeptide

Quaternary structure

Transthyretin, with fouridentical polypeptidesA protein can have four levels of structure:

• If a protein’s shape is altered, it can no longer function.

• Proteins can be denatured by changes in salt concentration, pH, or by high heat. (denaturation)

They are added to cell structure• Lipid + Protein Lipoprotein + H2O• Phosphate+Protein

Phosphoprotein+H2O• Carbohydrate+Protein

Glycoprotein+H2O• Proteins , glycoproteins and lipoproteins

are building materials of cell membrane

• The graphic shows the changes in the amount of amino acids that are used during protein synthesis.

Which of them is/are true? a. the number of the peptide bonds are 29 b. the amount of water formed by the dehydration of this protein is 28 c. by using this protein 15 dipeptides can be formed

30 amino acids

Time

• Amino group of aminoacids can form ammonia and urea which are toxic for body. They are thrown out by excretion.