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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3

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Page 1: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Chapter 2 Section 3

Page 2: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic

exception: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide Carbon has 4 valence electrons so readily

forms 4 covalent bonds

Page 3: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Organic Compounds

Page 4: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

CARBOHYDRATES COMPOSED OF : C, H, Oin ratio of: 1:2:1

Functions: *Energy Source

Simple carbohydrates

Energy storage Complex

carbohydrates Structural

materials Cell surface

markers

Page 5: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Carbohydrates exist as: SIMPLE

MONOSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE

DISACCHARIDES SUCROSE

glucose & fructose MALTOSE

glucose &glucose LACTOSE

glucose & galactose

COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDES

Made of 3 or more monosaccharides

ANIMALS: GLYCOGEN LIVER

PLANTS: STARCH CELLULOSE (wood)

Page 6: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

GLUCOSE

Page 7: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

GLYCOGEN

Page 8: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

CELLULOSE

Page 9: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

PROTEINS are large organic molecules composed

mainly of : C, H, O, N (a little S)

Building blocks are AMINO ACIDS ALL SHARE SAME BASIC STRUCTURE

Page 10: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Amino Acids Side Groups:

Provide different shape Polar or Nonpolar

Page 11: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Functions of Proteins Structural Proteins

Hair, nails, hooves Transport Proteins

Carry molecules through blood that otherwise would not be soluble in blood

Carry ions or molecules across membranes Enzymes

Catalyze all chemical reactions in body Specific to a single chemical reaction

Muscles Actin, myosin in all 3 muscle types

Page 12: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Peptide Bonds Form when 2

amino acids join in a synthesis reaction (condensation)

Page 13: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Types of Proteins Dipeptides A + B AB

Polypeptides Long chains of

amino acids In large proteins 2

to 4 polypeptide chains fold together Interact through

hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges

Page 14: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Protein Shape Determines function Influenced by:

Temperature pH Solvent

Page 15: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Lipids C H O NOT a polymer long chains of carbon – carbon bonds with

hydrogen; oxygen at end of molecule called fatty acids

Page 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

LIPIDS are large, nonpolar organic molecules include:

Triglycerides Cholesterol Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Pigments

Page 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Fatty Acids Unbranched

carbon chains that make up most lipids one end has a

carboxyl group so is hydrophilic

other end is hydrocarbon so is hydrophobic

Saturated Fatty Acids each C has only

single covalent bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids some C atoms have

double covalent bonds which put kinks in the chain

Page 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Fatty Acids

Page 19: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Triglycerides composed of 3

molecules of fatty acid joined to 1 molecule of glycerol

high melting points (solids at room temperature)

butter, fat in red meat

Page 20: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Phospholipids have 2 fatty acid

chains attached to a molecule of glycerol

plus a phosphate group attached to the 3rd carbon in glycerol

makes up most of cell membrane in a lipid bilayer are nonpolar so keeps

most polar substances from crossing membrane

Page 21: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Waxes are a structural

lipid made of long fatty

acid chain with a long alcohol chain

are waterproof so act as protective layer in plants & animals

Page 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Steroids composed of 4

fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached

includes many hormones Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Adrenal hormones

Page 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

NUCLEIC ACIDS very large, complex organic molecules

subunit: nucleotides C H O N P

function: Store & transfer genetic information

examples: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

Genetic code Essential for making proteins

RNA: ribonucleic acid Produce proteins Few act like enzymes

Page 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

Nucleotides 3 parts:1. 5 carbon sugar

RNA: ribose DNA: deoxyribose

2. Phosphate group (- charge)3. Nitrogenous base

Page 25: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Chapter 2 Section 3. Organic Compounds are made mostly of carbon atoms most molecules with carbon are organic exception: carbon

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA


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