organic chemistry chapter 9. carbon or organic chemistry the study of elements and compounds found...
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Organic Chemistry
Chapter 9
Carbon or Organic Chemistry• The study of elements
and compounds found in living things
• “carbon compounds” – carbon (element of life)
• Carbon forms millions of compounds
The element carbon
• Atomic mass – 12 amu• Atomic number – 6• Protons – 6; electrons – 6; neutrons – 6• Valence electrons: 4 • Allotropes – different molecular configurations
»A number of these exist.»The most commonly found –
diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon such as charcoal, fullerenes
Properties of Organic Compounds
• Contain C and H, often combined with a few other elements such as O and N
• Exist as a gas, liquid or low melting solids with strong odors;
nonelectrolytes
When carbon is bonding with itself, describe as a covalent bond and/or a carbon to carbon bond
Ways C atoms can bond with other C atoms:C-C Single BondC=C Double BondCΞC Triple Bond
Carbon can form up to four(4) covalent bonds.
Three types of formulas used for carbon compounds:
molecular formula – C2H8
graphic formula – CH3CH2CH3
structural formula -
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Isomers• Branches of the same
compounds• Showing a different order of
the elements in the compound• Have same empirical formula,
but different structural formula
• Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
Hydrocarbons – contain carbon and hydrogen bonded by covalent bonds• Saturated – bond of
hydrogen and carbon in a single bond / only singles
• Unsaturated – bond of hydrogen and carbon in a double or triple bonds/ at least one double or triple
Alkanes
• Straight chains, branched chains, or rings of H and C
• Single bonds only • Saturated • Formula: 2n + 2
Examples
Methane: CH4
Ethane: C2H6
Propane: C3H8
Alkenes• Straight or branch
chained hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon to carbon double bonds
• Unsaturated• Formula: 2n
Examples
Ethene: C2H4
Propene: C3H6
Alkynes• Straight or branch
chained hydrocarbons having one or more carbon to carbon triple bonds
• Unsaturated• Most reactive type• Formula: 2n-2
Examples
Ethyne or acetylene:
C2H2
Propyne: C3H4
Aromatic Hydrocarbon• Ring of 6 carbon
atoms joined by single and double bonds
• Benzene – simplest aromatic hydrocarbon
• Many have strong odors or aromas
Benzene C6H6
Substituted Hydrocarbons• Alcohols – take out an H and replace it with OH propanol (rubbing alcohol) ; ethanol • Organic Acids – double bonded and have COOH acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid• Esters – combination of alcohol and organic
acids. Formulas have OH and COOH. polyesters
• Amines – contain an amino group -NH2
amino acids
Important biological compounds• Also known as biochemicals• Essential to life• Are usually polymers – large molecules made up of
smaller repeating units called monomers
• Types include– Carbohydrates – have H, O, and C. Sugars,
starches, cellulose (basic units are sugars)- basic monomers are monosaccharides or simple sugars- supply energy for organisms, store energy and serve as building materials for cells
– Lipids – Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp) and waxes (made up of fatty acids and glycerol)- contain C, H, O – provide large amounts of energy, store energy, serve as building materials for cells
– Nucleic Acids – DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) –C, H, O, N and P – basic monomers are nucleotides- store and transmit hereditary information, serve as blueprints for building living things
– Proteins – build and repair body parts- made up of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) – C, H, O, N, and some other elements such as S and Fe- control rate of cell processes, serve as building materials for muscles and bones, transport substances
Polymers• Monomer –Single block
of material that can be repeated and connected.
• Polymer – long chain of monomers linked together.
• Plastics – polymer based material that can be easily molded into shapes.
• Synthetic Fibers – strand of a man-made synthetic polymer. (polyester and dacron)
• Natural polymer – made in nature. Cocoon, silk, proteins in the body.
Important reactions in cells
• Cells are basic building blocks of organisms (living things).
• Two important chemical processes – photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
• Process of converting carbon dioxide and water to simple sugars
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 carbon dioxide + water yields glucose
• Occurs in organisms that have chlorophyll – usually plants
Cellular Respiration