kingdoms of modern life kingdom monera (“monerans”) smallest and simplest lifeforms unicellular...
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Kingdoms of Modern Life
Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”)
•Smallest and simplest lifeforms
•Unicellular (one-celled)•no nucleus•Bacteria and cyanobacteria
Bacteria
•Three basic shapes: •round (cocci) •rod (bacilli) •spiral (spirilli)
Kingdom Protista(“Protists”)
•Single-celled or multicellular
•more complex than organisms in Kingdom Monera
•nucleus•protozoans (animal-like)•algae (plant-like)
Protozoans
•Kingdom Protista•no cell wall or chlorophyll
•internal digestion•no locomotion (some)
Algae
•Cell walls•Chlorophyll•Photosynthetic•Placed in groups according to color and structure
Kingdom Fungi
•Multicellular; complex•cell walls, no chlorophyll•Threadlike fungi (bread mold)
•club fungi (mushrooms)•sac fungi (yeast and mildew)
Kingdom Plantae
•Multicellular, cell walls, and chlorophyll
•Largest and longest-living things on Earth
•Vascular or Nonvascular
Nonvascular Plants
•CANNOT conduct water•Example: Moss•Moist environment
Vascular Plants
•CAN conduct water•Capable of living in drier areas
•Club mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
•Seed plant•name means “naked seed”
•Most are conifers
Angiosperms -Flowering Plants
•Seed plant•name means “covered seed”•Seeds are produced inside ovaries
•A ripened ovary is a fruit•largest/most diverse plants
Sponges (invertebrate)•Simplest of the animal groups
•lives in salt water attached to the bottom
•Hollow central cavity•Two layers of body cells with tiny pores
Coelenterates (invertebrate)
•Jellyfish, hydras, and corals
•two cell layers•Live in water•hollow body with a single opening
Flatworms (invertebrate)•Flattened body; mostly parasitic
•one body opening•two eyespots (light detection)
•Turbellarians (free-living)
•Planarians (freshwater Turbellarians)
Roundworms (invertebrate)
•Rounded shaped•two body openings (eating and waste expulsion)
•mostly free-living•Ex: Nematodes and hookworms
Segmented Worms (invertebrate)
•Rounded, segmented bodies•two body openings•has five hearts and a brain
•Ex: leeches and marine tube worms
Mollusks (invertebrate)
•Soft-bodies, no shell: (octopus/squid)
•well-developed organs•some with shells: (clams/oysters)
Arthropods (invertebrate)
•Largest group of animals•multiple body segments•jointed appendages (legs/arms)
•exoskeleton (hard outer covering)
Arthropods (continued)
•Well-developed organs•insects, lobsters, crabs, and spiders
Echinoderms (invertebrate)
•Spiny skinned animals•star fish (sea stars), sand dollars, sea cucumbers
•flexible arms; tube feet•known for regeneration (ability to grow new body parts)
Vertebrates•Have backbones•body with a head and most have appendages
•endoskeleton (internal skeleton for support/protection)
Vertebrates (continued)
•Endotherm (warm- blooded); these organisms can control their body temperature from within despite changes in the environment
Vertebrates (continued)
•Ectotherm (cold-blooded); body temperature changes with the environment
Jawless fishes
•Ex: Sea lamprey •mouth is used for sucking fluids; no appendages (fins)
•flexible skeleton made of cartilage
•ectotherms
Cartilaginous Fishes
•Two pairs of fins; gills•ectotherms •strong teeth (sharks)•SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE•stingrays, skates, sharks
Bony fishes•Flounder, eels, trout, and others
•SKELETON MADE OF BONE•gills•streamlined bodies (narrow shape)
•most numerous group of fish
Amphibians•Frogs, toads, salamanders•part of their life is spent on land and part of life is spent in the water; (ectotherms)
•smooth, moist skin•gills when they are young and have lungs as adults
Reptiles
•Adapted to live on land (terrestrial)
•breathe with lungs•body covered with plates or scales
•ectotherms
Reptiles
•Dinosaurs•Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators
•lay eggs in a leathery shell
Birds
•Bodies adapted for flight (light, bones, feathers, and wings)
•Scaly legs and feet•lay eggs in a hard shell•endotherms
Mammals•Advanced nervous system; highly developed brain
•Endotherms•Hairy bodies•can occupy several habitats •give birth to live young; produce milk mammary glands
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