Kingdoms of Modern Life

Kingdom Monera (“Monerans”)

•Smallest and simplest lifeforms

•Unicellular (one-celled)•no nucleus•Bacteria and cyanobacteria

Bacteria

•Three basic shapes: •round (cocci) •rod (bacilli) •spiral (spirilli)

Kingdom Protista(“Protists”)

•Single-celled or multicellular

•more complex than organisms in Kingdom Monera

•nucleus•protozoans (animal-like)•algae (plant-like)

Protozoans

•Kingdom Protista•no cell wall or chlorophyll

•internal digestion•no locomotion (some)

Algae

•Cell walls•Chlorophyll•Photosynthetic•Placed in groups according to color and structure

Kingdom Fungi

•Multicellular; complex•cell walls, no chlorophyll•Threadlike fungi (bread mold)

•club fungi (mushrooms)•sac fungi (yeast and mildew)

Kingdom Plantae

•Multicellular, cell walls, and chlorophyll

•Largest and longest-living things on Earth

•Vascular or Nonvascular

Nonvascular Plants

•CANNOT conduct water•Example: Moss•Moist environment

Vascular Plants

•CAN conduct water•Capable of living in drier areas

•Club mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

•Seed plant•name means “naked seed”

•Most are conifers

Angiosperms -Flowering Plants

•Seed plant•name means “covered seed”•Seeds are produced inside ovaries

•A ripened ovary is a fruit•largest/most diverse plants

Sponges (invertebrate)•Simplest of the animal groups

•lives in salt water attached to the bottom

•Hollow central cavity•Two layers of body cells with tiny pores

Coelenterates (invertebrate)

•Jellyfish, hydras, and corals

•two cell layers•Live in water•hollow body with a single opening

Flatworms (invertebrate)•Flattened body; mostly parasitic

•one body opening•two eyespots (light detection)

•Turbellarians (free-living)

•Planarians (freshwater Turbellarians)

Roundworms (invertebrate)

•Rounded shaped•two body openings (eating and waste expulsion)

•mostly free-living•Ex: Nematodes and hookworms

Segmented Worms (invertebrate)

•Rounded, segmented bodies•two body openings•has five hearts and a brain

•Ex: leeches and marine tube worms

Mollusks (invertebrate)

•Soft-bodies, no shell: (octopus/squid)

•well-developed organs•some with shells: (clams/oysters)

Arthropods (invertebrate)

•Largest group of animals•multiple body segments•jointed appendages (legs/arms)

•exoskeleton (hard outer covering)

Arthropods (continued)

•Well-developed organs•insects, lobsters, crabs, and spiders

Echinoderms (invertebrate)

•Spiny skinned animals•star fish (sea stars), sand dollars, sea cucumbers

•flexible arms; tube feet•known for regeneration (ability to grow new body parts)

Vertebrates•Have backbones•body with a head and most have appendages

•endoskeleton (internal skeleton for support/protection)

Vertebrates (continued)

•Endotherm (warm- blooded); these organisms can control their body temperature from within despite changes in the environment

Vertebrates (continued)

•Ectotherm (cold-blooded); body temperature changes with the environment

Jawless fishes

•Ex: Sea lamprey •mouth is used for sucking fluids; no appendages (fins)

•flexible skeleton made of cartilage

•ectotherms

Cartilaginous Fishes

•Two pairs of fins; gills•ectotherms •strong teeth (sharks)•SKELETON MADE OF CARTILAGE•stingrays, skates, sharks

Bony fishes•Flounder, eels, trout, and others

•SKELETON MADE OF BONE•gills•streamlined bodies (narrow shape)

•most numerous group of fish

Amphibians•Frogs, toads, salamanders•part of their life is spent on land and part of life is spent in the water; (ectotherms)

•smooth, moist skin•gills when they are young and have lungs as adults

Reptiles

•Adapted to live on land (terrestrial)

•breathe with lungs•body covered with plates or scales

•ectotherms

Reptiles

•Dinosaurs•Turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators

•lay eggs in a leathery shell

Birds

•Bodies adapted for flight (light, bones, feathers, and wings)

•Scaly legs and feet•lay eggs in a hard shell•endotherms

Mammals•Advanced nervous system; highly developed brain

•Endotherms•Hairy bodies•can occupy several habitats •give birth to live young; produce milk mammary glands