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Kovalam’s WaterGendered Impact of Rapid Urbanizat ion and Tour ism on Water Resource Degradat ion in the Face of C l imate Change
1
Contents
Introduction
2
MethodsFindings and Conclusion
• Transect Walk
• Resource Mapping
• HH Questionnaire
• In-depth Interviews and KPIs
3 3
1
KOVALAM
Location
4
Figure: Map of Kovalam, Tamil NaduSource: Google Maps, 2019
KOVALAMHighlights
5
1740s
Formation of
Kovalam by Nawab
of Carnatic, Saadat
Ali
1974
• Sea level rise
observed by many
• Taj Hotel in Chennai
2004
Tsunami in the
Coasts- many
migrated to
Kovalam
2006
Completion of
development of
settlements for tsunami
effected people
2016
Vardha Cyclone
hit the coasts,
including
Kovalam
2018
Cyclone Gaja hit the
coasts of Chennai,
Kovalam was affected
2019
Drought affected
the entire Chennai,
including Kovalam
KOVALAM
Issues
6A fisherman taking out fishA fisherwoman cutting fish
Livelihood….
Image Source: Authors
Cesar et. al., 2003
Garcia and Servera, 2004
Brown et. al., 2002
Literature
7
Salvo and Giulia, 2003
May et. al., 2006
• Higher frequency of 2 year storm base-flow discharge ration with increase percentage of watershed urbanization.
Literature
8
Cesar et. al., 2003
Literature
9
Research Question
How urbanization and tourism has gendered impacts as water resources deplete in the face of climate change?
10
Degradation of
Water
Resources
Tourism Urbaniza
tion
Communi
ty
Gender
Religion
Age Occupation
Climate ChangeConceptualFramework
11
Objectives
1
12
2
13 13
2
Framework
Reconnaissance Data Collection Interpretation
14
Reconnaissance
Figure: A fish selling lady sharing her thoughtsSource: Authors, 2019
Transect Walk Interviews
Figure: Transect Walk inside Kovalam VillageSource: Authors, 2019
15
Resource Maps
Men Focused more on roads and structures, while women focused on water resourcesSource: Authors, 2019
16
Local people making resource mapsSource: Authors, 2019
KPIs and SSIs
KPI with a hindu women, involved in dealing water privatelySource: Authors, 2019
17
18 18
3
Public tap30%
bore well40%
Open well30%
Sources of Water for Other Domestic Use
WR & Use:Impact
19
can water56%Public tap
19%
borewell19%
RO6%
Source of Drinking water
Public tap47%
bore well47%
Open well6%
Sources of cooking water
Before:
Now:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Natural disaster(Tsunami,cyclone) Sea level rise Drought Ground water depletion
Water related Crisis
location Kanniamman kovil street location Anzari nagar location Tharga street
WR & Use:Impact
20
Water Crisis : How it is seen in different locations of Kovalam villageSource: Authors, 2019
Effect of Urbanization
Figure: Urbanization trend in Kovalam village from 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2016 and 2019
Source: Authors, 201921
The population of Kovalam had goveover a double within just ten years: 793 households in 2001 to 1974 households in 2011 (
Figure: Change in Dargah Kulam and surrounding area from 2002 to nowSource: Authors, 2019
22
Effect of Urbanization
Left: Blocked access to the ocean, Right: Common resources property - no ones responsibility
Source: Authors, 201923
Effect of Tourism
Water and Gender
Figure: Men busy with their nets while women cut and sell fishesSource: Authors, 2019
24
Water and Gender
Varied perception of men and women regarding cause of degradation of water resourcesSource: Authors, 2019
25
Descri
ption
Urbanis
ation
Tou
rism
Waste
managemen
t
issue
s
Ocean 7.14
50.
00 42.86
Tidal
pool 0.00
50.
00 50.00
Pond 16.67
0.0
0 83.33
Public
well 28.57
28.5
7 42.86
Descri
ption
Urbanis
ation
Tou
rism
Waste
managemen
t
issue
s
Ocean 15.38
23.0
8 61.54
Tidal
pool 33.33 11.11 55.56
Pond 40.00
20.
00 40.00
Public
well 0.00
87.5
0 12.50
Men Women
Water and Gender
Varied perception of hindu and muslim people regarding cause of degradation of water resourcesSource: Authors, 2019
26
Descri
ption
Urbanis
ation
Tou
rism
Waste
managemen
t
issue
s
Ocean 14.29 35.71 50.00
Tidal
pool
20.0
0
40.
00 40.00
Pond 33.33
0.0
0 66.67
Public
well 25.00
25.
00 50.00
Descri
ption
Urbanis
ation
Tou
rism
Waste
managemen
t
issue
s
Ocean 8.33 33.33 58.33
Tidal
pool 0.00
75.0
0 25.00
Pond 11.11
0.0
0 88.89
Public
well 0.00
50.
00 50.00
Hindu Muslim
Water and Gender
Availability of water – difference in hindu and muslim community in same time, just 10 ft away!Source: Authors, 2019
27
Hindu Muslim
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
No Yes
Gender responses about degradation of ocean due to Tourism
Male
Female
Water and Gender
Varied perception of men and women regarding cause of degradation of water resources: OceanSource: Authors, 2019
28
“Yes” “No”
Water and Gender
Probable Future Scenario: Male VS Female perspectivesSource: Authors, 2019
29
More focus on drought and overall scarcity of water in future
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Drinking watre crisis Water scarcity Don't think
Female
Male Either couldn’t think of crisis, or focused on drinking water
30
Water and Gender
31
Coping is more about protecting fishes and pollution control due to degradation of ocean and ponds
Coping was more about domestic water use due to degradation of wells, hand pumps and ponds
32 32
4
Findings from KPIs
33
“We build so much concrete roads and buildings, collecting ground water and lose all the rainwater, nothing gets in the ground. Then how will we get ground water?”
-Key informant interviews-
Degradation of
Water
Resources
Tourism Urbaniza
tion
Communi
ty
Gender
Religion
Age Occupation
Climate ChangeConceptualFramework
34
Unpredictable rainfall
Frequent disaster events
Saltwater intrusion
Sea level rise
New livelihoodsTension between natives and aliens
New resorts, infrastructure, buildings
Restricted access to resourcesGroundwater depletionWaste management issues
More people moving in
Water dudgery
“
35
—Jayagandhi, Dealer of private water can in Kovalam
“Thaaya pazhithalumthanneera pazhikka koodathu”
Even if I could ever scorn my mother, I could never scorn water
“
Thank You!
36
References
37
• Brown, K., Turner, R.K, Hameed, H., and Bateman, I. 2002. Environmental carrying capacity and tourism development in the Maldives and Nepal. Cambridge University Press. Available [Online] on https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/environmental-carrying-capacity-and-tourism-development-in-the-maldives-and-nepal/DC50C550C6E6403C034B77F3292FAB9F assessed on 6 September 2019.
• Cesar, H., Burke, L and Pet-Soede, L. 2003. the Economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. Technical Report. Available [Online] on http://eprints.uberibz.org/id/eprint/48 assessed on 6 September, 2019.
• Garcia, C and Servera, J. 2004. Impacts of tourism development on water demand and beach degradation on the island of Mallorca (Spain).
• May, C.W., Horner, R.R., Karr, J. R., Mar, B.W. an Welch, E. B. 2006. the cumulative ieffects of urbanization on small streams in the Puget sound lowland ecoregion. [Online] Available [Online] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James_Karr/publication/240437080_Effects_of_Urbanization_on_Small_Streams_in_the_Puget_Sound_Lowland_Ecoregion/links/549596080cf2ec13375b2a2f.pdfassessed on 6 September 2019.
• Salvo, C. and Giulio, Q. 2003. The role of tourism in sustainable economic development. 43rd Congress of the European Regional Science Association: “Peripheries, centers and spatial development in the New Europe”, 27 – 30 August 2003, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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