lec0_ pengenalan kursus
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SGU 4253: UKUR GPS
SESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE
PENSYARAH : PM DR. MUSTAFA DIN SUBARI
BILIK : Kampus UTM Skudai B08-312
TEL. : 07-5530807, 019-7500059E-mail : m.subari@fksg.utm.my
rasyad45@gmail.com
mailto:m.subari@fksg.utm.mymailto:m.subari@fksg.utm.my -
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SGU 4253: UKUR GPSSESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE
KULIAH 0: PENGENALAN KURSUS
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Tujuan Kursus: Memantapkan pengetahuan serta kemahiran tentang
teknologi GPS yang merupakan teknologi terkiniuntuk penentududukan.
Course Aim:
Enhancing knowledge and skills in using GPS
technology as the current and state of the artpositioning tool.
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Objektif kursus: Memberi kefahaman tentang konsep dan teknik ukur
GPS dengan lebih mendalam supaya dapatdipraktikkan dalam bidang ukur seperti geodesi, ukurkejuruteraan, hidrografi dan maklumat tanah.
Course Objectives: Giving in-depth understanding on concepts and
techniques of GPS SURVEYING so as to enablepractical applications in areas of surveying andmapping such as geodesy, engineering survey,hydrography and land-related information systems.
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WEEK/SLOT
DATE TOPIC NOTE
1/1 16-17 Jul. Course introductionPrinciples of satellite positioning
1/2 Introduction to GPS positioningGPS system
1/3 GPS applicationGPS positioning accuracy
1/4 The GPS signals GPS signal carriers range measurements navigation messages
2/1 13-14 Ogo. GPS instrumentationsGPS receivers, processing software
Quiz 1
2/2 GPS Surveying Planning, recci, field proc.
2/3 Modern GPS surveying techniques GPS RTK
3/1 20-21 Ogo. Modelling GPS observations code & phase measurements
Quiz 2Assignment 1
3/2 biases & errors measurement-differencing techniques dual-frequencies relations
3/3 Field 1: GPS observation
3/4 -do-
MID-SEMESTER BREAK
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4/1 17-18 Sep. GPS data processing GPS baseline processing
Quiz 3Mid-Term
4/2 ambiguity resolutions
4/3 dual-freq. processing
5/1 1-2 Okt. GPS network processing single & multi-sessions data
quality indicators
Quiz 4Assignment 2
5/2 GPS & Quality issues GPS Surveying Stds & Specifications, KPUP CircularGPS results and presentationsTransformations of coordinates
5/3 Field 2: GPS Baselines processing & Net. adjustment
5/4 -do-
6/1 22-23 Okt. GPS heighting, GPS for GIS
6/2 GPS works in Malaysia
6/3 Datum and future of GPS
REVISION WEEK
FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK
FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK
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Pengendalian kursus: Kuliah - 42 jam
Amali/lab - 8 jam
Nota: Rujuk jadual perancangan kursus
Course evaluation (Marking schemes)1. Courseworks (quizes, reports, asgmnt) 40%
2. Mid-Term exam 20%
3. Final exam 40%
TOTAL 100%
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RUJUKAN1. C. Rizos, 1996. Principle and Practice of GPS
Surveying, e-Note, School of Geomatic Engineering,UNSW.
http://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htm2. Wellenhof, H. et al., 1994, GPS Theory and Practice,
Springer-Verlag, Vienna, New York, 3rd edition, 355pp.
3.
Wells, D.E, et al., 1987. Guide to GPS Positioning,Canadian GPS Associates, Fredericton, NewBrunswick, Canada, 2nd Edition., 600pp.
4. GPS Worldmonthly magazine on GPS
http://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htmhttp://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htm -
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SGU 4253: UKUR GPSSESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE
KULIAH 0: RUANG DAN SISTEMRUJUKAN SPATIAL
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Pengenalan kepada sistem
rujukan spatialQ: Dimana kedudukan kita di permukaan
Bumi ini?
Satu lokasi yang boleh di nyatakansecara jelas (unambiguously defined) unik
Satu set nilai koordinat 2D, 3D
Sistem koordinat satah atau melengkung
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Sistem koordinat satah Sistem koordinat 2-dimensi
Sistem koordinat Kartesian
Sistem koordinat polar
Sistem koordinat 3-dimensi
Sistem koordinat Kartesian
Sistem koordinat polar
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Koordinat kartesian 2-D
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Koordinat polar
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Koordinat polar 3-D
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Sistem koordinat melengkung
(geografi/geodetik) Latitud, Longitud geografi
Meridian Utama dan Khatulistiwa adalah
satah rujukan untuk nilai latitud andlongitud.
Latitud adalah sudut dari satah khatulistiwake titik melalui meridian yang
mengandungi titik tersebut Longitud adalah sudut dari Meridian utama
ke meridian yang mengandungi titik
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2-jenis sistem koordinat1. Koordinat mendatar
Jaringan kawalan mendatar
2. Ketinggian
Jaringan kawalan ketinggian/aras
3. Koordinat 3-dimensi
Not to confuse Z and height!
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A flat Earth or a curved Earth? Flat Earth
Mapped area is small (eg. 10km)
Simple coordinate system Horizontal axes (N and E) aligned in the
direction of North and East
The horizontal plane is defined to coincide withsea-level surface
Height axis (H) is perpendicular to horizontalplane and coincide with the direction of gravity
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Flat Earth coord. system
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Flat Earth Position of point identified by a set of
(N, E) value at respective Northing and
Easting axes Height (H) is measured from sea level
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Curved Earth Mapped area is bigger (eg. > 10km)
Complicating factors;
Curvature of the Earth Variation in composition of the Earths interior
Representation of the earths
curvature/shape; Spheresimple model
Ellipsoid/spheroid
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Reference ellipsoid Best mathematical representations of
the earths shape
A figure generated by rotating an ellipseabout its minor axis.
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Geoid (surface) Equipotential surface
Sea level surfacegravity field
Composition of the earths interior
Irregular and complex
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Relations of earths references
surfaces
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What are the implications? Cerapandi atas permukaan
(topografi) Bumi
Ketinggiandi atas geoid (msl)
Hitungandi atas permukaan ellipsoid
Petadi atas satah
GPSkoordinat atas permukaanellipsoid!
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Geodesi Geodesy
A branch of science dealing with the
determinations of the size and shape of theearth.
Includes processing of measurements oncurved surfaces, and
Analysis of gravity measurements
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Geodetic datums A curved-earth reference model
Characteristics;
A simplified mathematical representations of theshape and size of the earth
Usually in the form of an ellipsoid/spheroid
Serve as basis for mathematical computations andas reference surface for mapping
Positioned such that it best-fit the sea-surface (ie.to geoid)
Sea-surface is widely used as reference surface forheighting
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Reference Ellipsoid Global/geocentric datum
Fits the whole earth
Eg. WGS84
Local datum
Fits local area
Eg. Kertau, Everest
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Local geodetic datumlocal
fit
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Global geodetic datum
global fit
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Position on the ellipsoid Position of a point is defined by;
Latitude
Longitude
Ellipsoidal/Spheroidal height
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Sistem koordinat melengkung
(geodetik) Latitud, longitud dan ketinggian geodetik
Latitud geodetik suatu titik adalah sudut dari satahkhatulistiwa ke arah pugak garis normal kepada
ellipsoid rujukan. Longitude geodetik adalah sudut antara satah
rujukan dengan satah yang mengandungi titiktersebut, dimana kedua-dua satah bersudut tepat
dengan satah khatulistiwa. Ketinggian geodetik adalah jarak dari ellipsoid
rujukan ke titik berkenaan melalui arah garisnormal di titik berkenaan.
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Earth Centered Earth Fixed
(ECEF) coord. system
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Conversion of 3-D Cartesian
and Polar coordinate
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