lecture on landfill engineering systems by m. … · landfill components gas collection &...

LECTURE ON

LANDFILL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

BYBYM. VENKATARAMAN

NON‐ENGINEERED WASTE DUMPS

BIRD MENACEBIRD MENACE GASGASRODENTS & RODENTS & 

PESTSPESTS

FIRE HAZARDFIRE HAZARD

PRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION PESTSPESTSODOURODOUR

DUSTDUST

LITTERLITTER WASTE DUMPWASTE DUMP

LEACHATELEACHATE

GROUND WATER GROUND WATER SURFACE WATER SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATION

CONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATION

LANDFILL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

An engineered landfill is a controlled method of waste

disposal.p

The objective of a landfill facility is to contain the waste in a

manner that is protective to human health and themanner that is protective to human health and the

environment.

Landfills perform by controlling and managing the movements Landfills perform by controlling and managing the movements

of fluids.

Landfills are engineered facilities for the disposal of Landfills are engineered facilities for the disposal of

•Municipal Solid Waste

• Hazardous Waste

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES

Based on Site Topography and Capacity Requirements: 

Above Ground Landfill (Area Landfill)

Below Ground Landfill (Trench Landfill)( )

Above and Below Ground Landfill

Slope Landfill

Valley Landfill (Canyon Landfill)

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES

Above ground landfill / Area landfill:

• Landfill progresses with little or no excavationLandfill progresses with little or no excavation

• Used in areas with high ground water / terrain is unsuitable

Above ground landfill

Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES

Below ground landfill / Trench landfill:

• Waste is filled in a series of deep and narrow trenches• Waste is filled in a series of deep and narrow trenches 

• Used for small waste quantities

Below ground landfill

Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES

Above and below ground landfill:

• Combination of two previously mentioned landfill typesCombination of two previously mentioned landfill types

• Excavation area is much larger than in a trench landfill 

• Depth of excavation normally depends on the depth of ground water table.

Above and below ground landfill

Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES

Valley landfill / Canyon landfill:

• Waste is filled between the hills or rolling terrainWaste is filled between the hills or rolling terrain

• Control of surface drainage is often a critical factor

Valley Landfill

Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ‐ TYPES

Slope landfill:

• In some places, it is not possible to find flat ground forIn some places, it is not possible to find flat ground for landfills. In such cases slope landfills have to be adopted.

• Control of inflowing water from hill slopes is a critical factor in design.

Slope Landfill

Courtesy: Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills, CPCB guidelines, 2001

p

CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS 

1. Site Selection

– Location criteria 

– List of potential sites

– Selection of few best ranked sites

Environmental impact assessment– Environmental impact assessment

– Final site selection

2. Site Investigation

‐ Subsoil investigation

d / d l i l i i i‐ Ground water/ Hydrogeological investigation

‐ Topographical investigation

Geological and Seismic investigation‐ Geological and Seismic investigation

‐ Environmental investigation

CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS 

3. Landfill Planning & Design 

E i l– Essential components

– Design life

– Waste volume, waste compatibility and landfill

– Landfill layout and section

– Phased operation

– Estimation of leachate quantity

– Liner system

– Leachate drainage, collection and removal

Contd…

CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS 

3. Landfill Planning & Design 

– Leachate managementLeachate management

– Landfill gas management

– Final cover systemFinal cover system

– Surface water drainage system

Base stability slope stability and seismic aspects– Base stability, slope stability and seismic aspects

– Site infrastructure

E i t l it i t– Environmental monitoring system

– Closure and post‐closure maintenance system

CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS 

4. Construction of landfill and operation criteria

Landfill site construction and development‐ Landfill site construction and development

‐ Site procedures : Record keeping and waste inspection

‐ Phase development

‐ Phase operation

‐ Pollution prevention and safety during operation

‐ Phase closure

‐ Landfill Closure

‐ Post‐closure vegetative stabilization‐ Post‐closure vegetative stabilization

CRITERIA FOR LANDFILLS 

5. Inspection, monitoring and record keeping criteria

‐ During construction of liners and covers

‐ During operation

‐ During closure and post‐closure period

E i t l it i t‐ Environmental monitoring systems

6. Post‐closure Criteria

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF LANDFILL

LANDFILL COMPONENTS

Major Components:

B tt d id li t Bottom and side liner system

Leachate collection and removal system

L k d i Leak detection system

Gas collection and removal system

Top liner system

Storm water management system

Environmental monitoring system

Other infrastructure

LANDFILL COMPONENTS

LANDFILL COMPONENTS

Bottom & Side Liner System:

‐ Single most important element of a landfillg p

‐ Placed at the bottom and sides of a landfill

To prevent migration of leachate to the surrounding‐ To prevent migration of leachate to the surrounding soil and water

‐ Liner consists of multiple barrier and drainage layersLiner consists of multiple barrier and drainage layers

‐May consists of compacted clay liner, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, geotextiles and/or a combination   g y y , g /of these.

LANDFILL COMPONENTS

Leachate Collection & Removal System:

‐ To collect the leachate produced in a landfillp

‐ To prevent the buildup of leachate head on the liner and to drain leachate effectively outside the landfill for treatment

Leak Detection System:

‐ To drain the leachate if at all present in the secondary liner system

LANDFILL COMPONENTS

Gas Collection & Removal System:

M i i l lid l i i f‐Municipal solid waste can generate large quantities of gas during decomposition.

Two primary constituents : Methane and Carbon dioxide‐ Two primary constituents : Methane and Carbon dioxide

‐ System to collect and extract gas from within the landfill

‐ Landfill gas can either be used to produce energy or flared under controlled conditions

T Li S t Top Liner System:‐ Enhances surface drainage, prevents infiltrating water and supports surface vegetation

LANDFILL COMPONENTS

Top Liner System:

C i f b i d d i l‐ Consists of barrier and drainage layers

‐Main purpose is to minimize the water infiltration into the landfill to reduce amount of leachate generatedthe landfill to reduce amount of leachate generated after closure

‐ Soil layer is included at the top to protect theSoil layer is included at the top to protect the underlying layers against intrusion, damage and to enhance surface drainage & vegetation

SINGLE COMPOSITE LINER SYSTEM

Liner system for municipal solid waste & nonhazardous  waste landfills

Waste

waste landfills

Drainage layer

Non‐woven geotextileLeachate collection pipe

HDPE geomembraneCompacted clay liner

Existing subgrade

Typical liner systemTypical liner system

DOUBLE COMPOSITE LINER SYSTEM

Waste

Liner system for hazardous  waste landfills

Drainage layer

Non‐woven geotextileLeachate collection pipe

MARY

gHDPE geomembrane

Compacted clay liner

PRIM

Drainage layer

Non‐woven geotextileLeak detection pipe

DARY

HDPE geomembrane

Compacted clay liner SECO

ND

Existing subgradeTypical liner system

TOP LINER SYSTEM

Surface vegetation layerSurface vegetation layer 

N t til

Drainage layer

Non‐woven geotextile

HDPE geomembrane

Compacted clay liner

Waste

Compacted clay liner

T i l li tTypical liner system

GEOSYNTHETICS IN LANDFILLS

Geosynthetic Products:

G th ti l li Geosynthetic clay liner

HDPE geomembrane

N il Nonwoven geotextile

Geonet & geocomposite drain

Geogrid

Woven geotextile

Geomat & Geocell

Geopipe

GEOSYNTHETICS IN LANDFILLS

Alternatives to conventional materials:

Compacted clay liner p y

Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL)

Drainage layer with sand & aggregates on slopesa age aye t sa d & agg egates o s opes

Geonet & geocomposite drain

Advantages: Advantages:

Creates extra landfill capacity by replacing conventional 

clay liner with geosynthetics like GCLclay liner with geosynthetics like GCL

Geosynthetic reinforced embankments can reduce the 

base width of embankment which result in substantial 

savings in earthwork for high rise embankments

INSTALLATION OF GEOSYNTHETICINSTALLATION OF GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS

INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRANES

Joining of geomembrane: key aspect in landfill construction

Hot wedge welding ( d h hi i f ibl t t )‐ Hot wedge welding (used where machine is feasible to operate)

‐ Extrusion welding (corners, intermediate joints, repairs/patches)

Testing of Seams:

‐ Non destructive testing 

‐ Air pressure test (seams by hot wedge welding)

‐ Vacuum Box test (mostly seams by extrusion welding)

‐ Destructing testing (by tensiometer)

‐ Shear test (seams by hot wedge welding)‐ Shear test (seams by hot wedge welding)

‐ Peel Test (seams by hot wedge welding)

INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRANES

Receiving Electrode Current 

electrodeElectrical current passed into landfill

electrode

LANDFILL

HDPE LINER

Current flow through defect in liner

Leak Detection Test: Two Electrode Method

INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRANES

Hot wedge welding on Slope in Progress

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

GEOMEMBRANE MACHINERIES/INSTRUMENTS

Hot Wedge Welding Machine 

Extrusion Welding Machine 

Tensiometer

Air Pressure Vacuum Pump V T tAir Pressure Needle Tester

Vacuum Pump Vacuum Tester

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

(AIR PRESSURE TESTING OF SEAMS)( )

Principle Method

Instrument Field TestCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

GEOMEMBRANE INSTALLATIONNON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Testing of Seams: Vacuum Box MethodCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING SHEAR TEST

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

SampleSample

Shear & Peel Test ‐ TensiometerCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

INSTALLATION OF GEOSYNTHETIC CLAY LINERLINER

Joining by overlaps – 200 mm, self healing capacity

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

GEOTEXTILE INSTALLATIONINSTALLATION OF GEOTEXTILE

Joining of Geotextiles ‐ Stitching

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

INSTALLATION OF GEONET

Overlap

Plastic Flanges

Joining : Plastic Flanges at the overlap at Regular Intervals

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

JOINING OF HDPE PIPES

Mirror WeldingMirror Welding

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEMGROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM

LANDFILL

Up gradient Monitoring Well Down gradient 

Monitoring Wells

UNSATURATED ZONE

SATURATED ZONE SATURATED ZONE

Monitoring of ground water quality – During operation & after closure of landfill

CASE STUDIES – LANDFILLS : (executed by Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd.,Pune)

Municipal Solid Waste Landfillsp

Hazardous Waste Landfills

Landfill CappingLandfill Capping

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLSMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐ JAIPUR

Clay Liner Installation 

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐ JAIPUR

Geomembrane Installation

Drainage and leachate collection system installationDrainage and leachate collection system installation

Geonet as drainage layer on slopesCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE VALLEY LANDFILL – PCMC PUNELANDFILL – PCMC, PUNE

Base PreparationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL –PCMC PUNEPCMC, PUNE

Liner InstallationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐INDOREINDORE

Liner InstallationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

MUNICIPAL SOILD WASTE LANDFILL ‐RAMPURRAMPUR

Liner InstallationCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

NONHAZARDOUS LANDFILL – CAIRN ENERGY, BARMER RAJASTHANBARMER ‐ RAJASTHAN

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

HAZARDOUSWASTE LANDFILLSHAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILLS

HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI

Project: Height raising of Jarosite pond by 3 m to create  

additional capacity, HZL ‐ Debariadd t o a capac ty, eba

Features of the Pond:

• Area                                             : 18 hectares

• Existing embankment height: 3 ‐ 11 m

• Length of embankment : 1500 m

HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI

• Limited base width to create a permanent stable slope 

Issues :

for higher embankment heights

• Huge earthwork quantity

• Geotextile reinforced embankment

Solution :

• Geotextile reinforced embankment

• Final embankment height : 6.0 m to 14.0 m

HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI

Typical cross‐section of 6.0 m high reinforced embankmentyp g

Typical cross‐section of 14.0 m high reinforced embankment

Construction of reinforced embankment in progressprogress

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

Reinforced embankment 14.0 m high ‐ After completioncompletion

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

HEIGHT RAISING OF JAROSITE POND ‐ DEBARI

Floating approach to raise the height of infiltration wells:

Length – 25 m

Embankment

Infiltration well

HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL – POND 2, HZL VIZAGHZL VIZAG

Base Preparation and Clay Liner Installation

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL – POND 2, HZL VIZAGHZL VIZAG

Geogrid reinforced embankment

Geomembrane and Drainage Installation

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILL – POND 2, HZL VIZAGHZL VIZAG

After completion

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

HAZARDOUS LANDFILL – POND 1 & 2, HZL VIZAG

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

HAZARDOUS LANDFILL – CAIRN ENERGY, BARMER RAJASTHANBARMER, RAJASTHAN

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

LANDFILL CAPPINGLANDFILL CAPPING

CLOSURE & CAPPING OF INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE POND

Project: Design, Engineering and implementing the Closure  

and Capping of the Industrial Sludge Pond, HZL Vizaga d Capp g o t e dust a S udge o d, ag

Features of the Sludge Pond:

• Area:  52, 000 sqm

• Height: 7‐8 m

V l A d 4 00 000• Volume: Around 4,00,000 cum

• Emb Slope: 1:1 

Properties:Unit weight ‐ 17 kN/Cum Cohesion     ‐ 4.0 kPa

CLOSURE & CAPPING OF INDUSTRIAL SLUDGE POND

Filled Facility Ready for Closure

FILLED FACILITY READY FOR CLOSURE

What

can

happen ?

Vertical

DisplacementDisplacement.

STABILIZATION OF SLUDGE SURFACE

Multi-layered high strength woven geotextiles (70 & 80 kN/m) for strengthening the sludge surface ) g g gfor :

Provide initial access for construction

Materials and equipments on to the top surface

S t th l d i f th il Support the load coming from the soil cover

Top liner systemp y

DESIGN OF GEOTEXTILE STABILIZED SOIL LAYER

Criteria for strength and number of Geotextiles:

LAYER

Type and load of construction equipment

H i ht f il t bili i l f h Height of soil stabilizing layer of each cap

Weight of top liner system

Construction methodology of the closure

GEOMETRY OF CLOSURE

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

SECTIONAL DRAWINGS

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

Finger fill soil placement techniqueCourtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

CONSRUCTION OF GEOTEXTILE STABILIZED LAYER IN PROGRESSLAYER IN PROGRESS

Finger Fill Soil Placement Technique

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

CONSTRUCTION OF TOP LINER SYSTEM IN PROGRESSPROGRESS

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

CLOSURE AFTER INSTALLATION OF HDPE GEOMEMBRNAEGEOMEMBRNAE

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

CAPPING ‐ AFTER COMPLETION

Courtesy: Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd., Pune

NEW APPLICATIONSNEW APPLICATIONS

GENERATION OF SOLAR ENERGY !!!

REFERENCES

• “Criteria for hazardous waste landfills”, Central PollutionControl Board, 2001.

“M l f d i t ti d lit t l f li• “Manual for design, construction and quality control of linersand covers for hazardous waste landfills”, Central PollutionControl Board, 2001.

• “Manual on municipal solid waste management”, CentralPublic Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation,first edition 2000first edition, 2000.

• Xuede Qian, Robert M. Koerner, Donald H. Gray, “Geotechnical aspects of landfill design and construction”,Prentice‐Hall, Inc.

THANK YOU

M.VenkataramanEx‐Advisor, Geosynthetics Division

Garware‐Wall Ropes Ltd.Plot No. 11, Block D‐1, M.I.D.C. Chinchwad, Pune‐ 411019, 

India.Phone: + 91‐20‐30780000, 30780150,30780187

Fax: + 91‐20‐30780350.Fax:      91 20 30780350. Email : mvenkatraman@garwareropes.com

geo@garwareropes.comWebsite : www garwareropes comWebsite : www.garwareropes.com