lessons from malaysian sanitation experience
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Lessons from Malaysian
Sanitation Experience
Dorai Narayana
October 2018
MALAYSIA: 50 years ago
Direct discharges
Bucket toilet
Sewer overflows
Crumbling STPs
Polluted rivers
© dorainarayana 2018
Today
Diseases: cholera, dysentery
Weak management
Poor infrastructure condition
Legal / regulatory / institutional shortcomings
Awareness lacking
Capacity in Govt / private sector weak
Infrastructure
Governance
Legislative / regulatory
Institutional
Awareness
2018 and
beyond
2008
1970s &
1980s
Before
1957
• Local authorities
• Rural sanitation policy
• Urban policy to provide
basic sanitation
• Low technology
• Stringent but ineffective
regulations
1996
Poor sanitation
Prevalence of
waterborne diseases
• Federalisation & privatization
• Infrastructure improvement
• Operational improvement
• Integration water /
wastewater
• Owner / operator
• Focus on water resources
• Appropriate contextual strategy
• Resource recovery focus
• Sustainable business model
THE MALAYSIAN
JOURNEY
© dorainarayana 2018
SANITATION / SEWERAGE
MANAGEMENT UNDER LOCAL
AUTHORITIES
DEVELOPER DRIVEN
INFRASTRUCTURE
1994
FEDERALISATION &
PRIVATISATION
FEDERALISATION & PRIVATISATION
• Basic health first : toilets & containment
• Water resource pollution next : proper containment, emptying, treating, grey water
• Quick and uniform improvements through Centralised control
© dorainarayana 2018
1. Sewerage Services
2. Septic tank services
Regulate Effluent
Discharge
1. Policy / Strategy .
2. Regulate
Sewerage
Services
MINISTRY OF
FINANCE
MINISTRY OF ENERGY,
GREEN TECHNOLOGY
& WATER
MINISTRY OF NATURAL
RESOURCES &
ENVIRONMENT
GOVERNANCE & INSTITUTIONAL
SEPARATE REGULATORS FOR
SERVICES AND EFFLUENT QUALITY© dorainarayana 2018
Policy & targets
Economic regulation
Protect customers and
ensure sustainability of
operator
Operate / Provide services Funding / Asset
SPAN
Facilty Licensee Service Licensee
Policy
&
regulation
Asset
provision
Sewerage
services
Government
Capital Projects
GOVERNANCE & INSTITUTIONAL
SEPARATE REGULATION / OWNERSHIP
/ OPERATIONS© dorainarayana 2018
OVERALL SANITATION GOVERNANCE
MINISTRY OF
WATERMINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENTGOVT
CAPEX Regulate Effluent
Discharges
Regulate Services,
technical, economic
Operator Sewerage
(Public Sewerage
Systems)
Septic tank services
Funding / provide assets
Facilty LicenseeOperate private
sewerage facility
Class Licensee
Desludging, Construction
Permit holder
DEVELOPER
CAPEX
© dorainarayana 2018
Lease
Source: SPAN
CLEAR ROLES
Effluent discharge standards
• 1974 EQA: : Stringent / absolute : largely ignored
• Based on location:
• Standard A : Upstream of drinking water intake
• Standard B : Downstream of drinking water intake
• 2009: Time based Categories
• Licence to contravene
• Self regulation through design, operational procedure, accredited operator / audit
sampling
• Appropriate contextualised standards
© dorainarayana 2018
IST AREA
IST AREA
NEW
DEVELOPMENT
NEW
DEVELOPMENT
NEW
DEVELOPMENT
VILLAGE AREA
TOWN CENTRE
&
COMMERCIAL AREA
PROPOSED
UNIVERSITY
FUTURE
DEVELOPMENT
AREA
LEGEND :
EXISTING SEWER
FUTURE SEWER
EXISTING SEWER AREA
NEW DEVELOPMENT
PROPOSED UNIVERSITY
U
0 5
km
RAUB STP
Combination of sanitation /
sewerage systems : -
• connected to sewer,
• decentralised
• community system
• septic tank
• pits
ON SITE SYSTEMS
WILL REMAIN
AND MUST BE MANAGED.
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES
© dorainarayana 2018
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES
IN USE
© dorainarayana 2018
INCREMENTAL INTRODUCTION OF TECHNOLOGIES (with co-treatment)
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES
© dorainarayana 2018
Sewer STP
Effluent
Sludge treatment
Tankered sludge
Solid / liquid separation
Co Treatment of sludge / sewage
Dried
solids
Effluent
Dried
solids
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES
GOOD OPTION WHERE STPs EXIST OR ARE
BEING PLANNED, WHEN DONE PROPERLY© dorainarayana 2018
Solutions:
• Manned vs automated
• Outsourcing
• Refurbishment/rationalisation
• Early warning systems
• Electronic security systems
• Routine maintenance & housekeeping
• Preventive and predictive maintenance
• Engagement with regulators
• Risk management and asset
management
• Sludge Strategy; treatment & disposal
area
• Gradual upgrading sludge systems: co-
treatment, trenching, dedicated sites
• Acquiring new tankers
• Scheduled desludging
Operational Issues arising from:
•Stringent effluent Standard / Enforcement
•Growing number of decentralisedSTPs)
•High O&M cost
•Aging assets
•Lack of standardisation
•Theft / vandalism
•Disruption due to Illegal discharges
•Logistics and resources
•Sludge treatment & disposal facilities / sites
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
19981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Cu
rren
t P
E
No
of
STP
Year
NO…
OPERATIONAL ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
© dorainarayana 2018
© dorainarayana 2018
CROSS SUBSIDY
Source: SPAN
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
GOOD
INFRASTRUCTURE
THROUGH CONTROL
OF APPROVAL
PROCEDURES
DESLUDGINGService model
PRIOR TO 2008
• Scheduled Emptying: by
Indah water / outsourced
• Monthly tariff RM 6
• 30% success
POST 2008
• Liberalisation
• Owner may call any permit
holder (incl Indah Water)
• One off charges RM 230 – 300
• Sludge must be brought to Indah
Water facility for treatment
NEW PROPOSAL
• Indah Water to schedule
• Outsource emptying / transport
to permit holders
• Sludge must be brought to
Indah Water facility for treatment
• Volumetric tariff based on water
consumption
SCHEDULED DESLUDGING IS DIFFICULT AND SUCCESS RATE MUST BE ESTIMATED
CORRECTLY
UTILITY : SCHEDULING / BILLING / COLLECTION / TREATMENT
PRIVATE OPERATORS: EMPTYING AND TRANSPORT
Fee & Service not directly linked© dorainarayana 2018
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Septic tank desludging trend
IWK 20170
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
River water quality trend
DIRECT IMPACT OF
REGULAR DESLUDGING
ON RIVER POLLUTION
• Scheduled (Septic tanks, customers)
• Demand - Request by customer other than scheduled.
• Responsive - (non-std septic tanks, private STP, non-customer)
TYPE OF DESLUDGING SERVICES
© dorainarayana 2018
DEDICATED SLUDGE FACILITIES
IWK 2017Source: IWK
TREATMENT FACILITIES
WITHIN SHORT DISTANCE
OF ALL AREAS
Key Reasons for successes
• Driver – federal government : political push
• Policy, Legislative (law & regulations)
• Defined responsibilities
• Investment & infrastructure improvements: funding focus
• Guidelines, Operating instructions for management
• Appropriate technologies & gradual upgrading
• Economics : tariff, charges, subsidy
• Awareness, education & communications
• Training & capacity building: people & skills
© dorainarayana 2018
Neglected issues
• State & Local Governments left out
• Water / sewerage management separated
• Model based on full cost recovery from polluter - Community not ready to pay
• Flawed financial model – CAPEX / OPEX
• Political will to sustain – tariff review
• Asset aging , risks, rising expectations
• Tariff recovery mechanisms
• Desludging , sludge disposal issues
• Resource recovery issues
© dorainarayana 2018
Thank you
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