module 1-sentence and clauses

Elizabeth Valentinelizabeth.valentin@outlook.com

Structure 2 Fall 2012

Pertemuan I : 9 September 2012Clauses and Sentence

Universitas Terbuka Korea Selatan

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Perkenalan Matakuliah

• Buku Pegangan : Structure 2 – Univ Terbuka• Buku ini terdiri dari 12 modul, namun akan dibahas dalam 8 kali

pertemuan– Pertemuan 1 : Sentences dan Clauses– Pertemuan 2 : Conjunctions– Pertemuan 3 : Questions – Pertemuan 4 : Passive Sentences– Pertemuan 5 : Infinitives dan Gerunds– Pertemuan 6 : Comparisons– Pertemuan 7 : Noun Clauses and Reported Speech– Pertemuan 8 : Adverbial Clauses

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Module 1Unit 1

Clauses

kelompok kata yang saling

berhubungan yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat

A clause is a group of related words

containing a subject and a verb

Introduction

Apa itu Clauses (klausa) ?

Clause : building block for making a sentence

Clauses Classification

• Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense.

• An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent clauses and with dependent clauses.

Independent Clause

• Kelompok kata yang saling berhubungan yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat dan dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat lengkap dan utuh simple sentences

Independent Clause

Example•Rudy is my son•I know that boy•Martha is very happy•English is international language•I have been to Alaska•She wanted to know•We went to supermarket yesterday

Independent Clause

• Dependent: A clause that cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else (independent clause).

• If a dependent clause trying to stand by itself, it would be a sentence fragment.

• Klausa yang mempunyai subjek dan predikat tetapi tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat yang lengkap karena tidak mengekspresikan pemikiran yang lengkap

Dependent Clauses

Examples•That he is a banker.•Whether you go by bus or by train.•If you go with us.•Who is sitting alone.•Whose hair is long.•Because he did not have any money.•After you arrive in Bali.•Whereas anita is diligent.•Why he cried.

Dependent Clause

Depedent Clause Classification

• Noun clauses bisa digunakan sebagai subjek, sebagai objek kata kerja atau preposisi dan sebagai pelengkap.

• Noun clauses dapat menempati posisi kata benda dalam independent clause kata benda it.

• Subordinate conjunctionthat,whether if, what, dsb.

Noun Clause

• How he gets the money is his own affair• What they did does not concern me.• That he is a liar is obvious• Where they work is not important to me.• Why you asked me that question matters to

me.

Examples noun clauses as subject/subjek

• He suggested that I continue my studies at the famous university.

• She wanted to know whether I had some money.

• I don’t know where he lives.• The teacher asked me what my name was.

Examples noun clauses sebagai objek kata kerja

• My question is why you did not come last night.

• The main problem is they don’t have a car.• The most important point is how to increase

the company product.• My concern is how to pay the workers.

Examples noun clauses sebagai complement/pelengkap

Independent clause Noun ClauseIs his own affair How he gets the moneyHe suggested That I continue my studies

at the famous universityShe wanted to know Whether I had some

moneyI don’t know Where he lives

Dependent clause as Noun Clause

• Adjective clauses yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat atau menerangkan kata benda.

• Biasanya menggunakan relative pronouns misalnya which, who, whom, whose dll.

• Adjective clause bisa menempati posisi tengah atau posisi akhir kalimat.

Adjective clauses

• The boy who/that gave me the book is Mr.Anwar’s son.• The girl whose hair is braded is my daughter.• Anita, who lives next to my house, is very rich.• He gave the money to the man who had done the

work.• Here is the book which/that describes animals.• I like the novel that he wrote.

Examples of adjective clause

Independent clause adjective ClauseHe gave the money to the man

Who had done the work

The boy is Mr. Anwar Son Who/that gave me the book

Here is the book Which/that describes animals

The girl is my daughter Whose hair is braded.

Dependent clause as of adjective clauses

• Berfungsi sebagai adverbmenjelaskan kata kerja, frasa kata kerja, kata sifat, kata keterangan atau menjelaskan seluruh kalimat.

• Subordinate conjunctions (kata penghubung subordinasi), misalnya when, after, while,before,as soon as, as long as, whenever, every time, dan if

akan dibahas detail di modul 10-12.

Adverbial clause

• You may begin when you are ready.

• Before you go to bed, you have to lock the doors.

• You may play after you have finished doing your homework.

Examples of adverbial clause

Independent clause adverbial ClauseYou may begin When you are readyYou have to lock the doors Before you go to bed

Dependent clause as of adverbial clauses

Module 1Unit 2

Sentences

• Frank (1972) kalimat /sentences adalah:

makna: suatu pemikiran yang utuh

fungsi: terdiri dari subjek dan predikat

Sentences

• Classifications by types:– Declarative sentences (statement)– Interrogative sentences (questions)– Imperative sentences (commands and

request)– Exclamatory sentences (exclamations)

Classifications of sentences

• Classifications by number of full predications:– Simple sentences– Compound sentences– Complex sentences– Compound-complex sentences

Classifications of sentences

Declarative sentences (statement)

• Digunakan untuk memberi informasi atau pendapat.

• Mempunyai subject dan predikat yang normal urutanya: S+P+0(pelengkap)

• Diakhiri tanda titik.• Misal:

Carol is happy.

I have just bought my books.

Interrogative sentences (questions)

• Kalimat tanya digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu informasi.

• Pada kalimat tanya letak subjek dan kata bantu terjadi pembalikan.

• Dalam statement subject terletak di awal kalimat, tapi disini kata kerja bantu mengawali kalimat

• Intonasiyes/no answer, intonasi naik. Question word intonasi turun.

• Yes-no question:– Did the child eat his dinner?– Is it your book? – Are you maya?

• Question-word question– What is your name?– Where did you buy this?– How to go there?

Interrogative sentences (questions)

Imperative sentences (commands and request)

• Kalimat perintah atau kalimat permintaan digunakan untuk memberi informasi apa yang harus dilakukan oleh lawan bicara.

• Beda command dan request adalah pada cara penyampaian. Request lebih sopan, menggunakan kata please.

• Diakhiri tanda seru!• Example:

Stop the bus, please!

Eat your dinner!

Or shorter : go!, stop! Help!

• Kalimat yang digunakan untuk mengekspresikan emosi misalnya heran, gembira, atau emosi lainnya.

• Dimulai dengan frasa exclamatory yang terdiri dari What, atau how dan bagian dari predikatnya.

• Diikuti dengan subjek dan predikatnya. Diakhiri dengan tanda seru !

• Example:

What a good dinner that was!

What beautiful hair she has!

How beautiful she is!

How far his house is!

Exclamatory sentences (exclamations)

Simple sentences(kalimat sederhana)

• Kalimat sederhana hanya terdiri dari satu klausa saja, yaitu main independent clause, dan hanya punya satu subject dan satu predikat saja.

• Examples:

Tedi Bought a house.

Ratih is happy.

Ratih and rita swim every day.

The boys and the girls are friendly.

Compound sentences(kalimat majemuk setara)

• Kalimat majemuk merupakan gabungan dari dua kalimat sederhana atau dua klausa utama atau lebih.

• Example:

The rain fell, and the wind blew.

He was so tired, so he went to bed

I want to go away to school, but my family needs me at home

Complex sentences(kalimat kompleks)

• Terdiri dari satu main independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent (subordinate) clause,

Example:• You should lock the doors before you leave the

house.• Although john is a good athlete, he does not

spend too much time in sports.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE+DEPENDENT CLAUSE=COMPLEX SENTENCES!!

Compound-complex sentences

• Terdiri dari dua atau lebih main clause (klausa utama) dan satu atau lebih dependent clause (anak kalimat)

• Example:- Although the farmers always work long hours, they

seem to enjoy their work, and they usually have a long time rest during the dry season.

- Whenever I feel sad,I choose a humorous book to read, but it never cheers me up