motorcycle management in taiwan - jason chang - national taiwan university - taipei city -...

Motorcycle Management Policy in Taiwan: From Dilemma to Reality !

Transforming Transportation 2013!

!   Presented at Transforming Transportation 2013!

!   S.K. Jason Chang, PhD!!   Professor, National Taiwan University!!   Advisor, Taipei City Government!

Motorcycle  Management  Policy    in  Taiwan:  From  Dilemma  to  Reality    

S.K.  Jason  Chang,  Ph.D.  Professor,  Na+onal  Taiwan  University  

Advisor,  Taipei  City  Government    skchang@ntu.edu.tw  

The  10th    Transforming  Transporta.on  Annual  Conference    In  The  World  Bank,  Washington,  DC,  

Jan  17-­‐18,  2013,    

Agenda •  Background  •  Traffic  Engineering  •  Parking  Management  •  Safety  Issues  •  Environmental  and  External  Effects  •  Concluding  Remarks

Population / k㎡ >15000 5000-15000 3000-5000 1000-3000 500-1000 300-500 100-300 <100

Taipei

Taichung

Tainan & Kaohsiung

Hsinchu

Taiwan  •  94% of Taiwan’s Population Live along the West Corridor (20% of land) •  Area:  36,000  sq  km          Popula+on:  23  million  •  Nice  Weather:  Summer-­‐  28~35oC  Winter:  12~25oC  

Taiwan and Urban Areas •  Vehicles:  Cars  6.8  mi,  Motorcycles  14  mi    •  Taipei:  3000  sq  km,  Pop  6.8  mi  

Car-­‐  2.5  mi,  Motorcycle-­‐3.2  mi  MRT  110  km;  Pre-­‐BRT  58  km    

•  Kaohsiung:  2200  sq  km,  Pop  2.8  mi  Car-­‐  0.7  mi,  Motorcycle-­‐  2.3  mi    MRT  43km  

•  i-­‐Bus  and  i-­‐Taxi:  high-­‐quality,  high  availability  and  wide  coverage.  

•  High  Speed  Rail:    the  journey  b/w  Taipei  and  Kaohsiung  (345km)  90  minutes.  

General  Features  of  CiCes  in  Taiwan   •  Stable  Urbaniza+on  and  Motoriza+on  •  Mixed  Land  Use  +  High  Popula+on  Density  •  Personal  Mobility  /  Mixed  Traffic  Flow  Characteris+cs:    Motorcycle    (40%)  +  Car  (25%)  +  PT  (25%)  +  Cycling  &  Walk  (10%)  

Taipei:  MC  (25%)  +  Car  (25%)  +  PT  (35%)  +  Cycling  &  Walk  (15%)  

Kaohsiung:  MC  (60%)  +  Car  (20%)  +  PT  (8%)  +  Cycling  &  Walk  (12%)  

•  Fatality  in  Traffic  Accidents:  80%  MC  

From  1982  to  2012    “Are  they  a  transi+on  step  toward  

full,  car-­‐based  motoriza+on?” NO!!

CharacterisCcs  of  Motorcycles  

9

Less  space  needed  and  easy  parking

Less  cost  for  own  and  use  

Mixed  land  use  Compact  city  environment  CommuCng  Cme:  10-­‐20  min    

Convenience

Affordability

For  short  trip Flexibility

High  modal  share

O&M  Cost  ($/km):  MC  0.09  Car  0.38  

Free  parking  or  $0.7  per  day    MC:  1/6  space  of  car  

Ownership  

2000  

2005  

2010  

2011 Growth  Rate  

(00~11)

PopulaCon  (Age:  >  20) 1,940,976   2,064,619 2,153,491   2,168,018   11.7%  

Household 874,986 949,121 1,022,493 1,035,012 18.3%

Motorized  Vehicle 1,715,548 2,039,320 2,259,019   2,304,532   34.2%  

Motorized  Vehicle  per  capita  (MC)  

0.88  (0.63)  

0.99  (0.68)

1.05  (0.71)  

1.06  (0.72)  

20.5%  

Motorized  Vehicle  per  household  (MC)  

1.96  (1.38)  

2.15  (1.46)

2.21  (1.47)  

2.23  (1.49)  

13.8%  

10

Fatality – Traffic Accidents

Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)

Motorcycles contribute 80%.

0    

500    

1,000    

1,500    

2,000    

2,500    

3,000    

3,500    

96年   97年   98年   99年   100年  

機車  

其他車種  

　 Others Motorcycle Total M/C %

2007 643 2,325 2,968 78.34%

2008 563 2,152 2,715 79.26%

2009 490 2,038 2,528 80.62%

2010 483 2,110 2,593 81.37%

2011 514 2,119 2,633 80.48%

MC Others

Injury: Traffic Accidents

M o t o r c y c l e s contribute 90%.

　 Other  Veh Motorcycle Total M/C  % 2007 21,340     174,298     195,638     89.09%  2008 19,682     184,616     204,298     90.37%  2009 19,261     201,444     220,705     91.27%  2010 22,858     243,089     265,947     91.41%  2011 23,860     262,916     286,776     91.68%  

0    

50,000    

100,000    

150,000    

200,000    

250,000    

300,000    

350,000    

96年   97年   98年   99年   100年  

機車  

其他車種  

Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)

MC Others

Traffic Accidents-Fatality in Urban Area

Total Motorcycle M/C  % Taipei 145   79   54.48%  

New  Taipei 385   168   62.45%  Taichung 404   275   68.07%  Tainan 368   225   61.14%  

Kaohsiung 385   290   75.32%  

0  50  

100  150  200  250  300  350  400  450  

臺北市   新北市   臺中市   臺南市   高雄市  

其他車種  

機車  

l  Urban  area  has  comparaCvely  lower  MC  fatality.    Traffic  management,    enforcement    and  speed  are  key  factors.

總數最高

機車比例最高

Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)

•  Actually  Paid  /  Should  Pay    Walk:    100.0%    Bike:    96.6%      Motorcycle:  34.8%      Car:      59.6%      Taxi:    47.8%    Bus:    81.6%      Metro:    89.7%  

Personal  mobility  of  using  private  motorized  mode  has  been  heavily  subsidized  by  social  resources  

Motorcycle pay far less than should pay (including External Cost)

Source:  hfp://michaelturton.blogspot.com  

The “convenience” of motorcycles provide necessary mobility for economy. However, lack of policy, management and pricing scheme has caused huge social loss.

•  Na+onal  policy  on  motorcycle  

•  Benefits  iden+fied    w/  a  good  management  on  safety  and  environmental  issues  

•  PCE  of  Motorcycle:  0.15~0.45  in  various  mixed  rate  and  composi+ons  Source:  Dr.  Kent  Wang,  DG  of  Kaohsiung  DOT  (2011)

30 Years Re-think about the Role of Motorcycle and Management

Bus only

Bus only

Bike

Bike Walk Walk

Energy  Efficiency  of  Motorcycle  

Source: Vision of Low Carbon Transportation, MOTC, 2011.

17

Motorcycle: 0.024 liter per trip km, same as Bus.

Domestic air

Motorcycle

High Speed Train

Bus Car Taxi

Conventional Rail

Metro

Motorcycle Management Traffic Engineering

Parking, Enforcement and Policy

Source: Lung, Chang and Hong (1986)

Traffic  Engineering  and  RegulaCon  

Junction: Safety and Efficiency -Motorcycle Floodgate -Two Stage Left Turn

Left Turn for Motorcycles first cross the street parallel and reach the waiting area to cross the main street

Traffic  Engineering  and  RegulaCon  Junction: Safety and Efficiency Motorcycle Floodgate

Source: Lung, Chang and Hong (1986)

Speed Limit and Lane Regulation for Motorcycles

Parking Management

Before After

7

Before After

27

Side Walk Clear Program

30

Intermodal Mobility MC+ Metro, Railway & Ferry

Parking Fee

- Motorcycle Helmet Law - Motorcycle w/ Bus and Heavy Vehicle - Enforcement and Education

Motorcycle Safety

Motorcycle  Safety  Manual

1994, Trial Law of Helmet in Taipei City A pilot study showed an increase in helmet use from 21% to 79% and a 56% reduction in motorized vehicle–related fatality. 1997, National Helmet Law A 50.2% reduction in motorized vehicle–related fatality from 1998 to 2008.

Helmet

Source: Implementation of a Motorcycle Helmet Law in Taiwan and Traffic Deaths Over 18 Years, America Medical Association, 2011.

Pre-BRT has reduced 85% of motorcycle-related accidents in those corridors.

Motorcycle w/ Bus & Truck

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Enforcement and Education

Education and Training 1. Wear Hamlet and other safety equipment 2. Watch closely on your partner seating behind you 3. Respect right of way 4. Keep reasonable distance and follow the signal 5. Always respect Pedestrian 6. Always think about family……

Environmental Issues 1.  Stop two stroke MC since 2004 2.  New Energy: e2W

e2W  1.   Demo  Project:  Peng  Hu  Island  Low  

Carbon  Village:  5,000  MCs  w/  subsidy  $250~$1,200  per  MC  +300  staCons,  powered  by  solar  and  wind.    

2.    NaConal  Encouragement  Project:  15,000  MCs  per  year  subsided  with  US$800  per  MC.

Concluding Remarks ¡ Clear  Management  Policy.  ¡ Research  on  Mixed  Traffic  Flow  and  Travel  Behaviors.  

¡ External  Cost  and    Social  Equity.  ¡ Speed  and  Safety.  ¡ New  Energy  Applica+on:  M2W  vs.  e2W.  

¡ Interna+onal  Coopera+on.

Thanks skchang@ntu.edu.tw

Transforming Transportation 2013!

!   Co-organized by EMBARQ and The World Bank!!   More information at:!! EMBARQ.org!! worldbank.org/transport!

!   Questions? Comments? Contact us at embarq@wri.org!!   Follow us on Twitter: @EMBARQnetwork!

Transforming Transportation 2013!