mr. vinod tare and ms. birgit vogel iewp @ workshop on water allocation, water economics and eflows...
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India-EU Water PartnershipWorkshop on Water Allocation, Water Economics and Eflows
In River Basin Management
14-15 September 2016, New Delhi
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the Ganga River Basin Management Plan
IEWP WorkshopWater Allocation, Water Economics and Ecological Flows in River Basin Management14 – 15 September 2016, New Delhi (India)
Professor Vinod Tare – IIT (Kanpur, India)
Birgit Vogel – IEWP TA Team (Vienna, Austria)
Content
Three parts of the presentation
1. Insight on water allocation and economics in Ganga River Basin according to the GRBMP
2. Status of the water allocation regime in the GRB Initial test of the OECD Health Check / Ganga RBMP
3. Lessons learned and reflection on RBM steps towards improved water allocation and linked economic instruments
Insight on water allocation and economics in Ganga
River Basin according to the GRBMP
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Ganga River Basin: 907,000 sq km; Covering 11 States in India
Ganga River Basin and the River Ganga River Ganga ≈ 2500 km
Main Streams: Bhagirathi, Alaknanda, Mandakini, Dhauli Ganga, Nandakini and Pindar
Important Confluences: Vishnu Prayag, Nand Prayag, Karn Prayag, Rudra Prayag, Dev Prayag and Prayag Raj
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Key Features of National River Ganga Basin - Geomorphology
Geomorphic Map of Ganga River Valley
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Upper Ganga Segment (UGS)
294 km up to Bhimgauda Barrage, Haridwar in Hilly Terrain
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Upper Ganga Segment (UGS)
• Flows on steep and narrow bed, mostly rocks and boulders.
• Carries cold water, is subjected to much less anthropogenic pollution.
• Has highly sensitive and fragile ecosystem and biodiversity, and
• Most importantly considered to have potential for harnessing hydropower.
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Water and Urban Systems
Biota Movement and
Sediment Transport
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Middle and Lower Ganga Segment Middle Ganga≈ 1071 km Bhimgauda Barrage to Varanasi
Lower Ganga ≈ 1145 km Varanasi to Ganga Sagar
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Middle Ganga Segment (MGS)
• Enters and flows in plains, meandering mostly on bed of fine sand.
• Has wide river bed and flood plain, and
• Most importantly modified through human interventions in terms of huge quantities of water diversion/abstraction and subjected to high degree of pollutant loads from domestic, industrial and agricultural activities.
Water BodiesPollution and Carrying Capacity
Flooding
Misusing Water BodiesPollution and Carrying Capacity
Seasonal Streams to Perennial StreamsDue to GW pumping and
Long Distance Transport of Water across River Basins
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Lower Ganga Segment (LGS)
• River has experienced considerable changes in the sediment transport and deposition.
• Causes wide spread flooding.
• Undergoes frequent changes in her channel path, and
• Most importantly is subjected to international disputes on flows and interventions made and/or are being carried out/planned.
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Industrializa
tionUrbanizatio
n
Agriculture & Rural Activities
Deforestation/
Denudation
Pollution
Overload
Water Under-
Replenishment
Over Use of Natural Resources
River
Mutilation
Geol
ogic
Di
srup
tion
River Basin or Watershed
Life
styl
e C
hang
es
Issues and Concerns of the NRGB Environment
Five Major Types of Degradation Factors Major Human Activities Affecting the Aquatic
Environment of NRGB
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Loss of Ecosystems Services
Provisioning Services(Food, Freshwater, Fibres, Energy)
Regulating Services(Flood Attenuation, Groundwater Recharge, Prevention of Saltwater Intrusion)
Supporting Services(Nutrient Recycling, Soil Formation, Biodiversity)
Cultural Services(Spiritual Fulfilment, Recreation)
Impact on Humans
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
WATER RESOURCES AND RIVER SYSTEMS
• An impending water crisis stares the country in her face today.
• Many of our rivers and water bodies are heavily polluted, posing severe health problems
• Many cities and towns face acute water shortage every year• Much of the population has no access to safe drinking water• Over-exploited groundwater resources are affecting
agricultural output in large tracts of the country
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
WATER RESOURCES AND RIVER SYSTEMS
• Rapidly vanishing water bodies have gravely damaged aquatic ecosystems and their resilience.
• The low efficiencies of irrigation water use and poor water management practices and policies at all levels have contributed to the overall aquatic crisis.
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Scope for Interventions
Industrialization
Urbanization
Lifestyle Changes
Profit Making Activities & Activities of Relatively Effluent Section of the Society
Agriculture and Other Rural Activities
Deforestation & Denudation
Basic Needs and Livelihoodof Relatively Poor or Marginal Sections of Society
Scope for Interventions
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Wastes
Point
Non-PointSolid Liquid
Domestic
Irrigation Return Flows
Industrial
CitiesTanneries
Pulp & Paper
Sugar & Distillery
TextileOthers
Villages
Non-Hazardous HazardousStorm Runoff
Class I
Class II
Class III
Mission Nirmal Dhara or Un-polluted Flow: Various Types of Waste Generated
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Most Sensitive SectorsImplementation of GRBMP: Challenges
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Water
The Nexus
Food
Waste Pollution
Health Economy
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Water
The Nexus
Food
Waste Pollution
Health Economy
CostExpendpiture
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
GRBMP• Long journey 25 to 30 Years or even more
• Will require reforms and investments of the order of INR 6,00,000 Crores (US $ 100 b)
• Dynamic, will evolve as we learn to gather more systematic information
• Show how to begin this journey
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Degr
ee o
f Bas
in P
lann
ing
DCA
BA
UK
France
Portugal
NetherlandGermany
Meuse
Characterization of River Basin Management
BA: Watershed/Basin Approach: Hydrological Model River Basin Authority
International River France, Germany, and Netherland
Level of Coordination
India
Low
High
TotalNone
DCA:Decentralized Approach
25 – 30 Years Journey
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Governance
• Encroachment, Abstraction and Waste Disposal• Licenses, Permits and Policing to Recognizing, Responding,
and Responsibility• Empower through knowledge
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
GRBMP
Activities in Ganga Basin
• Prohibited
• Restricted
• Promoted
Regulated
National Ganga River Basin Management Act[ NGRBM Act ]
National Ganga River Basin Management Commission[ NGRBMC]
Ganga River Basin Management Plan
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Objective: Ensure strict adherence to the provisions of the NGRBM Act
Both in Letter and Spirit
Role: Non Executive
Knowledge and Information/Data
Coordination and Advice
Investigation Public Interface Adjudication
Seed from IIT ConsortiumSown, Nurtured and Grown to a Big
Banian Tree
Sanctions
National Ganga River Basin Management Commission[ NGRBMC]
Coordination and Not a Compromise Model
Intellectual Capital and Finances
Initial Seed Grant from Central Government
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Implementation of GRBMP– Comprehensive Legislation on Management of NRGB
– Review of Existing Legislative Framework
– Competence of Parliament to legislate on Interstate Rivers in Public Interest
– Article 246; Entry 56
– Prohibition, Regulation and Promotion of Activities in NRGB
– Setting up Commission
Dr Vinod TareIIT Kanpur
Water Allocation and the Economic Dimension in the GRBMPThursday, September 15, 2016
IEWP WorkshopNew Delhi
Implementation of GRBMP (Provisional)
– Objective of National River Ganga Basin Management Commission
To serve as a custodian of National River Ganga Basin (NRGB) and work for its upkeep and
improvement on the premise that health of National River Ganga is a key indicator of the
health of the Basin as a whole
Status of the water allocation regime in the GRB:Applying the OECD Health Check
What is the status of the allocation regime
and its economic background on the Ganga River Basin ?
What elements are in place and which ones are missing ?
Water Allocation and the Basin-Wide ScaleThe basin wide-scale and management of water allocation and economic mechanisms is a specific challenge. Why? Usual involvement of several countries and states across basin Hence, variation of natural, legal and economic conditions
including regulations, enforcement and control Coordination becomes and issue
Example Danube River Basin and RBMP: Danube RBMP reflects hydrological alterations including abstraction; Water allocation and regimes not addressed Economic analysis reflected to certain degree
Coordination on basin-wide level: a challenge Information on water abstraction is scarce for basin-wide level Water scarcity and allocation has not been a driver so far Different approaches Linkage between national – international level
Number of surface water abstractions in the Danube RB (rivers with catchment areas > 4.000 km2)
How to tackle issues on water allocation and economics in large river basins ?
Firstly, get an appropriate overview on related status, gaps and improvement needs
Ganga RBMP and OECD Health CheckUndertook very first attempt to test the OECD Health Check (2015*) to the water
allocation aspects in the Ganga RBMP (Main Document and Aviral Dhara):
To better/holistically understand aspects regarding water quantity and allocation
in the Ganga River Basin
*Water Resources Allocation – Sharing Risks and Opportunities (OECD, 2015)
What is the OECD Health Check?
Tool to review current allocation arrangements Assessment scales: national, state, provincial, basin-wide
Key questions:
Are elements of a well-designed allocation regime in place ? Robust and adaptable to changing conditions
What are the areas of potential improvement ?
OECD Health CheckBasic features
Structure / Approach of the OECD Health Check 14 elements against which water allocation elements of e.g. Action
Plans/Strategies/RBM Plans/etc. are compared to 10 system level elements of water allocation regime 4 user level elements of water allocation regime
The 14 check elements are reflected very general in this presentation
related to water allocation issues in the Ganga RBMP (taking into account the interlinkage to the State level)
A related Background Document will be available online - outlining more detail
OECD Health Check / Ganga RBMPFindings in Overview
1. Accountability Mechanisms for water allocation in the Ganga Basin ?No voluntary or legally binding accountability mechanism in place to regulate water allocation on the Ganga River basin-wide scale; State basisConcerted effort to legally organise water abstraction is neededGRBMP does not hold status of statutory instrument. However, the GRBMP holds related recommendations regarding water allocation and related mechanisms
2. Clear legal status of water resources ?Indian Constitution grants full control of river waters to States. Still, inter-state rivers can be regulated, developed and managed nationally – for common benefit of national StatesSurface waters are public assets: executive control of States; no coherent regulationGroundwater is largely privately owned: Abstraction control in some States for new abstractions; No coherent regulationContradiction between water ownership and use: Water users not entrusted with maintenance of water resources
3. Availability of water resources and possible scarcity well understood?
Ganga RBMP outlines that quantitative water status is not well understood
Estimates for utilisable water resources potential show high uncertainties due to the use of different methodologies.Water demand projections consider human water needs but not environmental ones
Water demand is not yet considered as function of price, availability and supply quality
4. Are abstraction limits in place reflecting in-situ requirements and sustainable use ?Surface waters: No commonly agreed abstraction limits are introduced yet.Basin-wide: Work on agreements between various States for sharing water in Ganga RB trough tribunals …. Many challenges are faced.Groundwater: No abstraction limits and control are in place
5. Effective approach for effective & fair shortage management to ensure essential uses ?No approach that sets priorities for water uses in case of shortages is in place. In some States/locally but not coherent on basin-wide.
6. Adequate arrangements for dealing with exceptional circumstances ?Exceptional circumstances are currently not specified on basin-wide level - rather handled on ad-hoc basis. An improved approach is being worked on guided by GRBMP.
Developed and implemented accountability mechanisms and regulations for entitlements regarding water allocation
Several recommendations as part of the Ganga RBMP :• Water use and demand control system is very important including realistic
water pricing; incentives to improve water use efficiency; allocation of water rights; stakeholder entitlements; reuse of water;
• Regular monitoring of groundwater levels is essential;• Eventual role of RBO: control non-implementation and impose penalties
through dedicated fund under central Government;
would support development and implementation of
Processes for dealing with new entrants, increasing and/or varying existing entitlements
– Check 7
Currently partly in place. Permits not always granted.
Effective mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement with clear and legally robust
sanctions – Check 8
Currently not in place for State and basin-wide level
but recommended in GRBMP
Is infrastructure in place to store, treat and deliver water for effective functioning of
allocation regime – Check 9
Based on current outlines in GRBMP, difficult to analyse and judge the status and efficiency of related infrastructure.
Survey and register would be needed
Is there policy coherence across sectors that affect water resources allocation ?– Check 10
No complete coherence between relevant water sectors;
Relevant sectors are addressed in the GRBMP – implementation of integrative policy between these poses
challenge – approaches are being worked on
4 User level elements on water allocation scheme (checks 11 – 14)
Check 11: Currently, there is no clear definition of water entitlements. Regulation gap - e.g.: Duration of entitlements; Clear regulation on quantity of water use – metering
lacking. Analyse value of access to water to economy and related contribution to
environment also as basis to define entitlements
Check 12: Currently, no coherent system for abstraction charges in place reflecting the impact of abstraction on resource availability GRBMP recommends to introduce realistic water pricing with incentives
As soon as other water allocation elements are in place as precondition: Specify obligations to return flows and discharges properly specified and enforced (13) Reallocation of water among water users to improve efficiency of the regime (14)
OECD Health CheckFindings in Overview
Economic instruments are not yet addressed in the Ganga RBMP
Assumed that these will be rather a matter on the State level –
What is the role of the basin wide level?
Lessons learned and reflection on RBM steps towards
improved water allocation and linked economic instruments
Policy, regulations and approaches on State level Crucial role for consolidated RBM approaches on basin-wide level; Currently, differences between States regarding water allocation regime Coordination between these towards integrated, basin-wide coordination
Aiming for a feasible frame Basin-wide RBMPs cannot be implemented in one go – also valid for Ganga Water allocation regimes should not be designed for basin-wide scale but be
based on national level and be coordinated as such: Aim to prevent negative impacts: Introduce systematic check points to
overlook, plan and manage water use and allocation RBO to facilitate management and implementation in and between States
Lessons Learned/Reflections
Data gaps and shortcomings Fill gaps in staged approach towards clearly defined data needs Targeted and output oriented data collection
Options towards less ‘data hungry’ systems and approaches manage water use Step 1: Higher effectiveness of water user associations in Ganga River Basin Step 2: Address each water use and related aspects
Economic instruments Due to the status of water allocation regime in the Ganga RB, economic
instruments are lacking What could be appropriate incentives ? Definition of economic visions and objectives on basin-wide level to
coordinated States towards joint aims on the basin-wide level
Lessons Learned/Reflections
Thank you for your attention !
Contacts:Professor Vinod Tare: vinod@iitk.ac.in
Birgit Vogel: bv@rbm-solutions.com
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