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My Mission This Morning
• Exciting report of my visit to this Congress
• Exciting Introduction to ACI
• Boring talk about concrete
To give you:
I have seen and enjoyed beautiful things
this week…
And I have seen the bright future
of IBRACON
and our Industry
Intro
to
ACI
Good Friend,
Trusted
Companion,
Expert Concrete
Engineer
ACI’s Leadership:
And
Executive Vice
President
(Chief of Staff)
(Executive Director)
of
ACI
ACI’s Leadership:
• Technical & educational society
• Dedicated to improving design,
construction, maintenance, & repair of
concrete structures
• Large and growing connecting point for
access to world-wide concrete knowledge
• A Trade or Promotional Association
• A Government Agency
• A University
“Provide
knowledge and
information for the
best use of
concrete”
ACI’s Mission:
A worldwide
unified concrete
community made
up of equal
partners
ACI’s Vision:
• Nearly 20,000 Members in 129 countries
• 5400 members outside North America
• Over 6000 Student Members
• 1000 Organizational Members
• 3900 Volunteers
Architects
Consultants
Contractors
Educators
Engineers
Materials Suppliers
Lawyers
Researchers
Students
Laboratory Technicians
ANYONE interested in concrete
• 120 Technical Committees
• 25 Education and Certification Committees
• 30 Administrative Committees
280,000 hours donated
$35,000,000 cash value
• Codes
• Specifications
• Reports and Guides
• References
• Annual Manual of Concrete Practice
• Concrete International (CI)
• ACI Structural Journal
• ACI Materials Journal
• Information for the design, construction,
and repair of concrete and concrete
structures
• Scholarships and fellowships
• Seminars
• Publications
• Online learning
• Student competitions
• Technical sessions at
ACI conventions
Educational Activities
• 101 Chapters Worldwide
• 58 Chapters in the U.S.A.
• 43 Chapters outside the U.S.A.
Certification • Largest certifying body in the concrete industry
• Over 400,000 exams administered
•Over 26,000 exams conducted per year
• Certified individuals residing in 54 countries
• Certification programs in English, Spanish, French,
Chinese
Certification Programs
• Flatwork Finisher
• Field Technician
• Craftsmen
• Strength Technician
• Laboratory Technician
• Aggregate Technician
• Inspector
• Tilt-Up
• Shotcrete Nozzleman
• Transportation Inspector
•Adhesive Anchor Installer
• Spring and fall conventions
• 330 committee meetings
• 40 technical sessions
• Student competitions
• 1400 to 1600 attendees
representing 34 countries
• 2012 Spring Convention
• March, 2012
• Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.
Conventions
Educator Membership Program
•Full-time Concrete Educators
•Not ACI member 5 years
•Free E-Membership
Magazine & Journal Subscriptions
•Member & Student access to ACI resources
•Member rates for convention
A unified, worldwide community of equal
partners
IBRACON
• Open to all International Partners
• Partners supply abstracts of their papers
to ACI
• ACI includes partner journals on the portal.
• Full text of the journal papers can be hosted
at ACI or the partner’s Web site
www.concrete.org
• ACI Committee 130, Sustainability of
Concrete
• ISO TC-71 SC8
• Seminars, sessions, and forums at
ACI conventions
• Two publications via CAM Publishing
• Concrete Joint Sustainability Initiative (JSI)
• An agreement between 26 U.S.
Concrete-related societies
• Establishing an Industry Vision
for a sustainable future
www.concrete.org
From Liquid to Solid:
Transitions in Concrete Behavior:
or
Concrete Waits for No One
From Liquid to Solid:
Transitions in Concrete Behavior:
or
Concrete Waits for No One
Roberto C. A. Pinto
and Ken Hover
From Liquid to Solid:
Transitions in Concrete Behavior:
or
Concrete Waits for No One
Roberto C. A. Pinto
and Ken Hover
Monitoring the Liquid to Solid
Transition in Concrete
with Conventional Tests
Jon Abel, Roberto Pinto
and Ken Hover
Abel, J.H., Pinto, R.C.A., Hover, K.C., Monitoring the liquid to
solid transition in concrete with standard tests, ACI Special
Publication SP-259: Transition from Fluid to Solid: Re-
Examining the Behavior of Concrete at Early Ages, Kyle Riding,
Editor, American Concrete Institute, March 2009.
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Concrete’s
Time Scale
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Concrete’s
Time Scale
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Construction
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Fresh Concrete
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Hydration
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Finance
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Service Life
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Durability
Maintenance
Repair
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
Construction =
(1/10)%
Service Life
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives Income
“Early Age”
= (1/10)%
Service Life
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Time After Batching Concrete (hrs)
1 s
ec
1 m
in
10 m
in
1 h
our
1 d
ay
1 w
eek
28-d
ays
56-d
ays
90-d
ays
6 m
onth
s
1 y
ear
2 y
ears
5 y
ears
10 y
ears
15 y
ears
20 y
ears
50 y
ears
1 L
ifetim
e100 y
ears
MixingTransport
Ca(OH)2 Production
Slump Loss Setting
Strength Gain
Hydration
Placing
Testing Fresh Concrete
Finishing
Testing Hard Concrete
Slip Forming
Form RemovalForm Tightening
Shore/Falsework RemovalConstruction Loading
Service LoadingInitial Concrete Temperature
Curing Environment
Service Environment
Prestressing
First-Season Scaling
Later-Season Scaling
Steel Corrosion Appears
Structural RepairMaterial Expense Incurred
Material Invoiced
Material Charged to OwnerOwner Pays ContractorContractor Pays Supplier
Owner Derives IncomeFresh State =
(2/1000) %
Service Life
Concrete is hard
for a very long time
(durability problems
notwithstanding)
Concrete is hard
for a very long time
It is fresh for a very short time
Concrete is hard
for a very long time
It is fresh for a very short time
And the rate of transition
matters!
Who worries about this transition
and its rate?
Who cares about this transition
and its rate?
The Contractor!
The contractor is in a race with
the concrete
Time,
Time,
and Tide,
wait for
no
Contractor
Time,
and Tide,
and Concrete
wait for
no
Contractor
(or Engineer)
Time,
and Tide,
and Concrete
wait for
no
Contractor
(or Researcher)
Time,
and Tide,
and Concrete
Aggregates Paste
Aggregates Paste
Aggregates can Move in Workable Concrete
Aggregates Paste
LubricantFresh
Concrete
Aggregates Paste
LubricantFresh
Concrete
Hardened
ConcreteAdhesiveHardened
ConcreteAdhesive
A Look Inside
What drives the liquid-to-solid
transition?
Aggregates Paste
LubricantFresh
Concrete
Hardened
ConcreteAdhesiveHardened
ConcreteAdhesive
Development of internal
Shear Resistance
81°
Figure 2
Slump Angle of
Repose
0 mm (0 in) 81°
50 mm (2 in) 76°
100 mm (4 in) 6888
150 mm (6 in) 54°°
200 mm (8 in) 34°
250 mm (10 in) 11°
Assuming constant volume and conical shape
Original Shape
“Slumped” Shape
qo=
81o
q
68°
Hydration
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Degree of
Hydration
Time (hours to days)
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Heat
Released
Time (hours to days)
Heat of
Hydration
About 450 kJ
per
Kg Cement
Heat of
Hydration
About 450 kJ
per
Kg Cement
About 10-15% of Heat
Energy input at Cement
Plant returned to
Contractor
(at no extra charge)
Cornell University, June 21, 2004 Kenneth C. Hover, P.E., Ph.D.
Contractor’s Heat Bonus
How fast is this heat of hydration produced?
333 kg Cement / m3
3 - 250 Watt Heat Lamps / m3
333 kg Cement / m3
2 - 250 Watt Heat Lamps / m3
Average over first 24 hours
Isothermal Calorimetry
Field Calorimeter
As defined by our ability
to track changes
3-Stages in the
Early Life of Concrete
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Slump Loss
Strength Gain
Setting
Time (hours to days)
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Slump Loss
Setting
Time (hours to days)
Slu
mp
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Slump Loss
Strength Gain
Setting
Time (hours to days)
Pen
etr
ation
Resis
tan
ce
~ 6 mm footprint
~ 0.03-0.04 MPa foot pressure
Measuring Penetration Resistance
Penetrate 1 in
in 10 seconds Contact Area
Force Required
Mortar
ASTM C403
Setting Time
Prof. Roberto C.A. Pinto
U.F.S.C.
Performed
on mortar
sieved
from concrete
Penetration
Test
in concrete
Prof. Roberto C.A. Pinto
U.F.S.C.
Probe sized to simulate a typical
footprint.
~ No footprint
6 mm @ ~ 0.1 MPa concrete
pressure
Window of Finishability
Begin
Finishing
End Finishing
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
es
ista
nc
e
Time (hours)
Slump Loss
Strength
Gain Setting
Time (hours to days)
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Slump Loss
Strength
Gain Setting
Time (hours to days)
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Slump Loss
Strength Gain
Setting
Time (hours to days)
Hydration
A Single
Case History
•28 MPa mix
•Air Entrained
•333 kg cem/m3
•13 cm slump
@45 min
•19 mm stone
•Ready-mixed
(Dry Batch Plant)
•Summer
Prof. Roberto C.A. Pinto
U.F.S.C.
Prof. Roberto C.A. Pinto
U.F.S.C.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time After Batching (hrs)
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Air
Te
mp
era
ture
(C
)
40
50
60
70
80
Re
lative
Hu
mid
ity
Environmental Data
Air Temperature
Relative Humidity
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
(F)
0 1 2 3 4
Time After Batching (hrs)
70
75
80
85
90
Fre
sh
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
F)
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34F
resh C
oncre
te T
em
pera
ture
(C
)
Concrete Temperature
In Troughs
Continuously Agitated
0 1 2 3 4
Time After Batching (hrs)
70
75
80
85
90
Fre
sh
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
F)
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34F
resh C
oncre
te T
em
pera
ture
(C
)
Concrete Temperature
In Troughs
Continuously Agitated
Solar Heating?
Faster Hydration?
No sun?
Air cooling?
Slower Hydration?
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time After Batching (hrs)
2
3
4
5
6
AS
TM
C 2
31 A
ir C
onte
nt (%
)
Fresh Air Content
Measured Air
Air Apparent per Density
Continuously agitated
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time After Batching (hrs)
2
3
4
5
6
AS
TM
C 2
31 A
ir C
onte
nt (%
)
Fresh Air Content
Measured Air
Air Apparent per Density
Outlier?
Continuously agitated
0 1 2 3 4
Hours after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slu
mp (
inches)
Slump
Unagitated
Continuously Agitated
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp (
mm
)
0 1 2 3 4
Hours after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slu
mp (
inches)
Slump
Unagitated
Continuously Agitated
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp (
mm
)
Slump Loss Models
Linear 75 mm/Hr
50 mm/Hr
0 1 2 3 4
Hours after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slu
mp (
inches)
Slump
Unagitated
Continuously Agitated
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp (
mm
)
Slump Loss Models
Linear
Parabolic
0 1 2 3 4
Hours after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slu
mp (
inches)
Slump
Unagitated
Continuously Agitated
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp (
mm
)
Slump Loss Models
Linear
Parabolic
Exponential decay
Half-Life = 25 min
0 1 2 3 4
Hours after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
5
Slu
mp (
inches)
Slump
Unagitated
Continuously Agitated
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp (
mm
)
Slump Loss Models
Linear
Parabolic
Exponential decay
Half-Life = 25 min
CONSTANT
30 State & Federal Highway Engineers
vs. 1 Truckload of Concrete
“What is the slump
of the concrete?”
30 60 90 120
Minutes after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
Slu
mp
(in
ch
es)
National Highway InstituteConcrete Materials Module
University of Nevada at Reno, 1994
25 mm
50 mm
75 mm
100 mm
30 60 90 120
Minutes after Batching
0
1
2
3
4
Slu
mp
(in
ch
es)
National Highway InstituteConcrete Materials Module
University of Nevada at Reno, 1994
25 mm
50 mm
75 mm
100 mm Slump loss rate
about
50 mm / Hour
0 2 4 6Hours after Batching
1
2
3
4In
ch
es
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
Slump & Setting
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Initial Set
Final Set
Slump
ASTM C143
0 2 4 6Hours after Batching
1
2
3
4In
ch
es
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
Slump & Setting
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Initial Set
Final Set
Penetration Resistance
(Setting)
ASTM C403
0 2 4 6Hours after Batching
1
2
3
4In
ch
es
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
Slump & Setting
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Initial Set
Final Set
Measurable
Penetration Resistance at
about zero slump
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours After Batching
0
100
200
300
400
500
Co
mpre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
psi)
First 12 Hours
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Compression Cyls
0
1
2
3C
om
pre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
C 403 Time
of Final Set
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours After Batching
0
100
200
300
400
500
Co
mpre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
psi)
First 12 Hours
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Compression Cyls
0
1
2
3C
om
pre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
C 403 Time
of Final Set
Extrapolate strength-gain
to about Zero slump
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours After Batching
0
100
200
300
400
500
Co
mpre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
psi)
First 12 Hours
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Compression Cyls
0
1
2
3C
om
pre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
C 403 Time
of Final Set
Extrapolate strength-gain
to about Zero slump
Measurable Comp. Str.
At about C403 final set
0 40 80 120 160 200
Hours After Batching
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Te
mp
era
ture
(C
)
80
85
90
95(F
)
Ambient Air
Concrete & Mortar
Maturity Hours
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ma
turi
ty E
qu
iva
len
t H
ou
rs @
20
C
Arrhenius-Type Maturity, Tref = 20C (68F), Ea = 33.5 kJ/mol
1 10 100 1000 10000
Maturity (Equivalent Hours @20C)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
50
100
150
200
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d B
TU
/lb
Ce
me
nt
Field Calorimeter Results
Haybox output
Fitted Curve
1 10 100 1000 10000
Maturity (Equivalent Hours @20C)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
50
100
150
200
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d B
TU
/lb
Ce
me
nt
Field Calorimeter Results
Haybox output
Fitted Curve
1 10 100 1000 10000
Maturity (Equivalent Hours @20C)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
50
100
150
200
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d B
TU
/lb
Ce
me
nt
Field Calorimeter Results
Haybox output
Fitted Curve
[Time, Concrete T, Ea] → Maturity
[Maturity and Calorimetry] → Heat release = f(Maturity)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Maturity (Equivalent Hours @20C)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
50
100
150
200
Cu
mu
lative
He
at
Re
lea
se
d B
TU
/lb
Ce
me
nt
Field Calorimeter Results
Haybox output
Fitted Curve
[Time, Concrete T, Ea] → Maturity
[Maturity and Calorimetry] → Heat release = f(Maturity)
Heat Release = f (degree of hydration)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours After Batching
0
100
200
300
400
500
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
psi)
First 12 Hours
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Compression Cyls
Heat Released
0
1
2
3C
om
pre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cu
mu
lative
He
at R
ele
ase
d B
TU
/lb
0
50
100
150
200
kJ/k
g
C 403 Time
of Final Set
Heat
Released
Typical Heat Evolution
with Time
Heat Evolution with Time
Cumulative heat evolution
Typical Heat Evolution with Time
Cumulative heat evolution
Re-set origin: If expt. begins 1-1/2 hrs after batching
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours After Batching
0
100
200
300
400
500
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
psi)
First 12 Hours
Un-agitated Slump
Agitated Slump
Setting
Compression Cyls
Heat Released
0
1
2
3C
om
pre
ssiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0
10
20
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cu
mu
lative
He
at R
ele
ase
d B
TU
/lb
0
50
100
150
200
kJ/k
g
C 403 Time
of Final Set
Heat
Released
Re-set origin: Expt. begins 1-1/2 hrs after batching
28-Day Properties
0 200 400 600
Hours After Batching
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Te
mp
era
ture
(C
)
0 7 14 21 28Days After Batching
80
85
90
95
(F)
Ambient Air
Concrete & Mortar
Maturity Hours
Cum. Heat Released
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Ma
turi
ty E
qu
ivale
nt H
ou
rs @
20
C
0
100
200
Cu
mu
lative
Hea
t R
ele
ased
BT
U/lb
Ce
me
nt
0
100
200
300
400
kJ/k
g
Concrete temperature assumed
constant at 26C (79F)
28 days
0 200 400 600
Hours After Batching
0
5
10
15
20
25
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0 7 14 21 28Days After Batching
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
(psi)
Compression Strength
Maturity Hours
Cum. Heat Released
Strength Fit
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Ma
turi
ty E
qu
iva
len
t H
ou
rs @
20
C
0
100
200
Cu
mu
lative
Hea
t R
ele
ase
d B
TU
/lb
Ce
me
nt
0
100
200
300
400
kJ/k
g
0 200 400 600
Hours After Batching
0
5
10
15
20
25
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0 7 14 21 28Days After Batching
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
(psi)
Compression Strength
Maturity Hours
Cum. Heat Released
Strength Fit
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Ma
turi
ty E
qu
iva
len
t H
ou
rs @
20
C
0
100
200
Cu
mu
lative
Hea
t R
ele
ase
d B
TU
/lb
Ce
me
nt
0
100
200
300
400
kJ/k
g
Max Cum. Heat Output
= 350 kj/kg cement
Max Degree of Hydration
= 350 / 450 BTU/lb cement = 80%
0 200 400 600
Hours After Batching
0
5
10
15
20
25
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (
mP
a)
0 7 14 21 28Days After Batching
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
(psi)
Actual Data
FHP Maturity Function
ACI Comm. 209
Maturity Hours
Log Fit
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Ma
turi
ty E
qu
ivale
nt H
ou
rs @
20
C
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Heat Released
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)Heat Evolution
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
Heat Released
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
Concrete Temp
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
Heat Released
Line/Scatter Plot 11
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
Air Temp
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
20C Maturity
Heat Released
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
Maturity
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
20C Maturity
Heat Released
Slump
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
Slump
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
20C Maturity
Heat Released
Setting
Slump
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
Setting
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
Compressive Strength
20C Maturity
Heat Released
Setting
Slump
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
Compr.
Strength
•Rapid changes in slump & setting
= early and short-fuse events
•Hydration just getting good start by end of
slump-loss & setting periods
•Heat-release and maturity
= continuous functions over entire period
•Tracking changes requires multiple testing
specialists, working quickly.
Transitions in Concrete Behavior
Slump Loss
Strength Gain
Setting
Time (hours to days)
Hydration
Batc
h
Tra
nsport
Dis
charg
e
Pla
ce
Consolid
ate
Flo
at
Fin
ish
Cure
Pro
tect
Pre
str
ess
Rem
vove form
s
Ap
ply
Co
nstr
uctio
n L
oa
ds
Accept
Ap
ply
Se
rvic
e L
oa
ds
Pay for
work
com
ple
ted
1 10 100Hours after Batching
80
84
88
92
96
(F)
0
1
2
3
4
5(i
nch
es)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(psi)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
(psi)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ma
rtu
rity
2
0C
Ho
urs
0
40
80
120
160
200
BT
U p
er
lb
Graph 1
Concrete Temp
Compressive Strength
20C Maturity
Heat Released
Setting
Slump
26
28
30
32
34
36
Co
ncre
te T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
0
25
50
75
100
125
Slu
mp
(m
m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
ne
tra
tio
n R
esis
tan
ce
(m
Pa
)
100
200
300
400
He
at R
ele
ase
d k
J/k
g C
em
en
t
0
10
20
Co
mp
ressiv
e S
tre
ng
th (m
Pa
)
top related