natural reproductive success of first-generation hatchery steelhead spawning in the kalama river

Natural Reproductive Success Natural Reproductive Success of First-generation Hatchery of First-generation Hatchery

Steelhead Spawning in the Kalama Steelhead Spawning in the Kalama River River

CAMERON SHARPECAMERON SHARPE

PAT HULETTPAT HULETT

CHRIS WAGEMANNCHRIS WAGEMANN

MAUREEN SMALLMAUREEN SMALL

WDFWWDFWKALAMA RESEARCH TEAM & KALAMA RESEARCH TEAM &

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY UNITCONSERVATION BIOLOGY UNIT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

KALAMA HATCHERY STAFFKALAMA HATCHERY STAFF

NOAA/MITCHELL ACTNOAA/MITCHELL ACT

ANNE MARSHALL, HOWARD ANNE MARSHALL, HOWARD FUSS, TODD PEARSONS, BILL FUSS, TODD PEARSONS, BILL HOPLEY, STEVE LEIDERHOPLEY, STEVE LEIDER

KALAMA WILD BROODSTOCK KALAMA WILD BROODSTOCK PROGRAMPROGRAM

CURTAIN CURTAIN OF OF

DENIALDENIAL

THE BROODSTOCKTHE BROODSTOCK

SELECTED TO REPRESENT SELECTED TO REPRESENT PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF THE PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF THE WILD STOCKWILD STOCKRUN TIMING (RUN TIMING (NOTNOT SPAWN TIMING) SPAWN TIMING)ADULT SIZE (ADULT SIZE (NOTNOT AGE STRUCTURE) AGE STRUCTURE)

Probably an adequate proxyProbably an adequate proxy

98 WILDBROODSTOCK

98 WILDUPSTREAM

99 WILDBROODSTOCK

99 WILDUPSTREAM

00 WILDBROODSTOCK

00 WILDUPSTREAM

For

k Le

ngth

(m

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98 WILDBROODSTOCK

98 WILDUPSTREAM

99 WILDBROODSTOCK

99 WILDUPSTREAM

00 WILDBROODSTOCK

00 WILDUPSTREAM

98 WILDBROODSTOCK

98 WILDUPSTREAM

99 WILDBROODSTOCK

99 WILDUPSTREAM

00 WILDBROODSTOCK

00 WILDUPSTREAM

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98 WILDBROODSTOCK

98 WILDUPSTREAM

99 WILDBROODSTOCK

99 WILDUPSTREAM

00 WILDBROODSTOCK

00 WILDUPSTREAM

‘‘9898 ‘‘0000‘‘9999‘‘9898 ‘‘0000‘‘9999

THE RETURNING ADULTSTHE RETURNING ADULTS

WILD- & HATCHERY-ORIGIN WILD- & HATCHERY-ORIGIN PASSED UPSTREAMPASSED UPSTREAM

HATCHERY FISH SELECTED TO HATCHERY FISH SELECTED TO MATCH THAT YEAR’S MATCH THAT YEAR’S RETURNING WILD FISHRETURNING WILD FISHABUNDANCE/TIME – 50:50 H:WABUNDANCE/TIME – 50:50 H:WSEX RATIO – MATCHED H:WSEX RATIO – MATCHED H:WNON-SELECTIVE FOR SIZE NON-SELECTIVE FOR SIZE

‘‘0202 ‘‘0404‘‘0303‘‘0202 ‘‘0404‘‘0303

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k Le

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(m

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2002H

2002W

2003H

2003W

2004H

2004W

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2002H

2002W

2003H

2003W

2004H

2004W

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2002W

2003H

2003W

2004H

2004W

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IDEALLY:IDEALLY:

HH11 HH22

HH33HH44

WW11 WW22

WW33WW44

XX

HH11WW33

HH11HH44

WW22WW33

SPAWNERSSPAWNERS OFFSPRINGOFFSPRING

CategoryCategoryBrood YearBrood Year

20032003 20042004 20052005

WB hatchery total WB hatchery total to KFH to KFH 2,6152,615 700700 905905

WB hatchery WB hatchery upstreamupstream 878878 464464 391391

Wild upstreamWild upstream 921921 530530 427427

Wild total to KFHWild total to KFH 991991 588588 481481

REALITY:REALITY:

HH11 HH22HH33

HH44

WW11 WW22

WW33WW44

XX HH11WW33

UU22 HH44

WW22WW33

SPAWNERSSPAWNERS OFFSPRINGOFFSPRING

XXUU11 UU22

UU33UU44

UU33 WW33

UU11WW33

HH1 1 UU44

POTENTIAL SPAWNERSPOTENTIAL SPAWNERS

WILD ANADROMOUSWILD ANADROMOUSF1 HATCHERY ANADROMOUSF1 HATCHERY ANADROMOUSRESIDUAL HATCHERYRESIDUAL HATCHERYRESIDENT TROUTRESIDENT TROUT

ALL ONLY PARTIALLY SCREENEDALL ONLY PARTIALLY SCREENED

BROOD YEARBROOD YEAR % ANADROMOUS % ANADROMOUS SPAWNERS SCREENEDSPAWNERS SCREENED

20032003 94%94%

20042004 59%59%

20052005 69%69%

SMOLTSMOLT

LG RESIDUALLG RESIDUAL

SM RESIDUALSM RESIDUAL

MIGRANTS & RESIDUALSMIGRANTS & RESIDUALS ( (BY ’00BY ’00 & & BY ’99BY ’99))

0

20

40

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100

120

FORK LENGTH (mm)FORK LENGTH (mm)

FR

EQ

UE

NC

YF

RE

QU

EN

CY

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8

12

16

20

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

MIGRANTSMIGRANTS

RESIDUALSRESIDUALS

SEX RATIOS OF RESIDUAL SR STEELHEAD CAPTURED IN 2005

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

2002 2003 2004

BROOD OF ORIGIN

PR

OP

OR

TIO

N

% M % F

RESIDUALSRESIDUALS

NUMEROUSNUMEROUSWELL-DISTRIBUTEDWELL-DISTRIBUTEDPERSISTANTPERSISTANTMOSTLY MALEMOSTLY MALEMOSTLY MATURE OR MOSTLY MATURE OR

MATURINGMATURING

Brood of Brood of OriginOrigin NN

Mean FL Mean FL (mm)(mm)

% Mature or % Mature or Maturing MalesMaturing Males

19991999 11 390390 100%100%

20012001 11 442442 100%100%

20022002 44 358358 33%33%

20032003 88 302302 43%43%

20042004 8585 187187 48%48%

2005 RESIDUALS SAMPLED2005 RESIDUALS SAMPLED

RESIDENTRESIDENT

A FISH THAT DOESN’T A FISH THAT DOESN’T ADOPT ANADROMY. ADOPT ANADROMY. EVER.EVER.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

FORK LENGTH (mm)

PE

RC

EN

T IN

SA

MP

LE

WILD SMOLTS RESIDENT TROUT

N = 13,960

N = 143

Sample Year

NMean Size (FL, mm)

SE

1998 36 321.4 7.51999 16 341.7 8.52000 16 338.4 11.42001 6 314.8 15.92002 12 360.8 15.52003 54 365.2 5.92004 4 357.0 15.62005 10 357.1 18.7

TOTAL 154    

RESIDENT TROUTRESIDENT TROUT

THE PARENT POOLTHE PARENT POOL

SCREENED HATCHERYSCREENED HATCHERYSCREENED WILDSCREENED WILDRESIDENTSRESIDENTSRESIDUALSRESIDUALS

  Offspring Returns by Fresh Water/Salt Water Age (n.n) & Offspring Returns by Fresh Water/Salt Water Age (n.n) & Calendar YearCalendar Year

   20052005 20062006 20072007 20082008 20092009 20102010 20112011   

2003 2003 SpawnersSpawners

1.11.1 2.12.1 3.13.1 1-salt1-salt

1.21.2 2.22.2 3.23.2 2-2-saltssalts

      1.31.3 2.32.3 3.33.3      3-3-

saltssalts

2004 2004 SpawnersSpawners

1.11.1 2.12.1 3.13.1 1-salt1-salt

1.21.2 2.22.2 3.23.2 2-2-saltssalts

         1.31.3 2.32.3 3.33.3   3-3-

saltssalts

2005 2005 SpawnersSpawners

1.11.1 2.12.1 3.13.1 1-salt1-salt

1.21.2 2.22.2 3.23.2 2-2-saltssalts

            1.31.3 2.32.3 3.33.3 3-3-saltssalts

Importance Importance of return of return

yearyear0.0050.005 0.0890.089 0.2830.283 0.3260.326 0.2440.244 0.050.05 0.0020.002   

85.30%85.30%

  Experimental Experimental Genotyped Genotyped

ParentsParents  

Returning Anadromous Returning Anadromous Offspring by Parental Offspring by Parental

CrossCrossG-test StatisticsG-test Statistics

   HH WW    HHHH HWHW WWWW GG dfdf PP

2003 2003 BroodBrood 873873 897897

Obs.Obs. 2424 3434 30304.864.86 22 0.090.09

Exp.Exp. 2121 4444 2323

2004 2004 BroodBrood 496496 531531

Obs.Obs. 1919 4141 26260.520.52 22 0.770.77

Exp.Exp. 2020 4343 2323

PRELIMINARY: 1PRELIMINARY: 1STST TWO REPS TWO REPS

Experimental Experimental Genotyped Genotyped

ParentsParents   

Returning 2007 Returning 2007 Anadromous Anadromous

Offspring by Parental Offspring by Parental Type (Single-parent Type (Single-parent

Offspring only)Offspring only)

   HH WW    HH WW GG dfdf PP

2003 2003 BroodBrood 873873 897897

Obs.Obs. 2323 43436.116.11 11 0.010.01

Exp.Exp. 3333 3333

AN ODDITYAN ODDITY

WILD RESIDENT TROUT WILD RESIDENT TROUT

Offspring from Residents: 19 Offspring from Residents: 19 from 15 (single) parentsfrom 15 (single) parents

Anadromous Offspring / Resident Parent

0

2

4

6

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10

12

14

1 2 3

# Offspring Detected

# R

es

ide

nt

Tro

ut

Pa

ren

ts

RESIDUAL HATCHERY FISH RESIDUAL HATCHERY FISH

Offspring from Residual Hatchery Offspring from Residual Hatchery Steelhead:Steelhead:Zero, Zip, BupkisZero, Zip, Bupkis