neurotransmitters 4 major categories 4) neuropeptides 1) ach 2) amino acids 3) biogenic amines

Neurotransmitters

4 major Categories

4) Neuropeptides

1) ACh

2) Amino Acids

3) Biogenic Amines

2) Amino Acids

Autonomic N.S.- Parasympathetic

- Sympathetic

Somatic N.S.1) ACh

3) Biogenic Amines

4) Neuropeptides

Glutamate (aspartate)

GABA (glycine)

C.N.S.

Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)

Dopamine

Serotonin (5-HT)

Substance P

Enkephalins and Endorphins

• Central Nervous System

– Brain

– Spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System

– Autonomic N.S.

– Somatic N.S.

The Road Ahead

Divisions of the Brain

1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

3. Midbrain

4. Cerebellum

5. Pons

6. Medulla Oblongata

Central Nervous System: The Brain

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

OccipitalLobe

TemporalLobe

In General - our conscious mind enables us to: Functions of the Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe - memory, behavior, personality, movement.

Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory perception.

Temporal Lobe - auditory and olfactory perception.

Occipital Lobe - visual perception.

Insula Lobe - visceral perception.

Cerebrum has 5 Lobes

Be aware of ourselves and sensations.

Initiate and control voluntary movements.

Cerebral Lobes

Homunculus - Motor and Sensory

Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe

Broca’s area

Wernike’s area

Thinking

Hearingwords

Seeingwords

Speakingwords

Left Brain Functions                                                            

Right Brain Functions                                                             

Uses logic •Detail oriented •Facts rule •Words and language •Present and past •Math and science •Comprehension •Knowing •Acknowledges •Order/pattern perception •Knows object name •Reality based •Forms strategies •Practical •Safe

Uses feeling •“Big picture” oriented •Imagination rules •Symbols and images •Present and future •Philosophy and religion •Gets the “meaning” •Believes •Appreciates •Spatial perception •Knows object function •Fantasy based •Presents possibilities •Impetuous •Risk taking

The Limbic System = “Emotional Brain”

e.g., Cingulate gyrus Allows us to shift between

thoughts.

Interprets pain as unpleasant.

e.g., Amygdala Detects menacing glances from

others.

Emotional recognition of faces.

1) Epithalamus

Diencephalon = 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus

Includes the pineal gland. Secretes hormones melatonin and serotonin under influence of the hypothalamus.

* Dimethyl-tryptamine (DMT) also released from Pineal gland.

Melatonin and Sleep/Wake Cycle

2) Thalamus

* Makes up 80% of

the diencephalon.

* Act as the “gateway”

to cerebral cortex.

3) Hypothalamus

Main visceral control center of the body

Tb and Sexual Dimorphism

Circadian rhythms Olfaction and

Memory

Sweating

Shivering

Heart Rate and BP

Satiety

Feeding

Thirst andHunger

PosteriorPituitary

Adrenal gland

HypothalamusMajor Functions include the following:

3. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles

1. Regulation of body temperature

Control of behavior

Control of emotional responses

5. Control of the endocrine system

4. Control of the autonomic nervous system and Limbic System

2. Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations

Midbrain

• Cranial Reflexes

e.g., visual reflexes.

e.g., auditory reflexes.

The Cerebellum

Folia

Functions of Cerebellum

1) Controls Postural Reflexes:

2) Produces Skilled Movements:

- coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments of

muscles in body to maintain equilibrium.

- implements routines for fine tuned movements.

Refines learned skills until action becomes routine.

The Brain Stem

Midbrain, Pons, and

Medulla Oblongata

Pons* Contains the pontine

respiratory centers.

* Also contains the centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting and coughing

Vital Centers in the MO include:

1. Cardiac Control Center

2. Vasomotor Center

3. Respiratory Center (Medullary)

Medulla Oblongata

Neurons controlling breathing have µ receptors, to whichopiates, like heroin bind. This accounts for suppressive effect of opiates on breathing.

Images show decreased dopamine (D2) receptors in the brain of a person addicted to cocaine (vs. non-drug user control). *Can result in changes to motivation and diminish sensitivity to natural rewards

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

(Brain and Spinal Cord)

(Nerves and Ganglia)

Peripheral Nervous System

• Somatic N.S. • Autonomic N.S.

Parasympathetic

Division

Sympathetic

Division

Skeletal

Muscle

Cardiac, Smooth Muscle and Glands