notes 1 intro to physical science
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SCIENCE
a large b ody of knowledge b ased on facts andtruth known by actual experience an d
observation.
It is a lso d ened as search for t he a cceptedand accumulated knowledge which has beensystematically coordinated and formulatedto serve as t he basis f or t he discovery ofgeneral truth.
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TECHNOLOGY
refers t o the practical application of theprinciple o f physics.
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BRANCHES OFPHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physics - deals with matter and energyand their interactions i n the eld ofmechanics, acoustics, optics, heat,electricity, magnetism, and radiation. Thestudy of natural forces and energy.
Chemistry - deals w ith composition,structure a nd properties of substancesand the changes they u ndergo.
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Astronomy - deals w ith heavenly bodiesand their l ocations, sizes, compositions,motions, and other aspects.
Geology - deals w ith the h istory of earthand its l ife, as reco rded in rocks. Petrologyis on e ex ample of this s cience w hich deals
with rocks.
Meteorology - deals w ith the st udy ofweather and climate.
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IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Research on the importance of physicalscience i n everyday living.
To be written in one whole sheet ofyellow paper.
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MATTEREverything that has mass and volume.
STATES OF MATTER
SolidLiquid
Gas
Plasma
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STATES OF MATTER
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Have a definite shapeHave a definite volume
Molecules are held close together andthere is very little movement betweenthem .
Kinetic Molecular Theory
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Have an indefinite shapeHave a definite volumeKinetic Molecular Theory
Atoms and molecules have more spacebetween them than a solid does, but lessthan a gas (ie. It is more fluid .!
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Have an indefinite shapeHave an indefinite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Molecules are moving inrandom patterns with varyingamounts of distance between
the particles.
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At "##$%, water
becomes watervapor, a gas.Molecules canmove randomlyover largedistances.
&elow #$%, watersolidifies to becomeice. In the solidstate, watermolecules are heldtogether in a rigidstructure.
&etween #$% and"## $%, water is ali'uid. In the li'uidstate, watermolecules are closetogether, but canmove about freely.
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%hanging states re'uires energy in either theform of heat. %hanging states may also bedue to the change in pressure in a system.
Heat of formation, H f . Heat of vapori ation, H v
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)lasma is by far the most commonform of matter. )lasma in the starsand in the tenuous space betweenthem ma*es up over ++ of thevisible universe and perhaps most ofthat which is not visible.
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-n earth we live upon an island of ordinarymatter. /he different states of matter generallyfound on earth are solid, li'uid, and gas. 0ehave learned to wor*, play, and rest using these
familiar states of matter.
Sir William Crookes , an 1nglish physicist,
identified a fourth state of matter, now calledplasma, in "23+.
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)lasma temperatures and densities range fromrelatively cool and tenuous (li*e aurora! to very hotand dense (li*e the central core of a star!. -rdinarysolids, li'uids, and gases are both electricallyneutral and too cool or dense to be in a plasmastate.
/he word "PLASMA" was first applied to ioni ed
gas by Dr. Irving Langmuir an American chemistand physicist, in "+4+ .
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Atom comes from the Greek wordatomos not sliceable.
- the smallest particle of matter.
The a tomic concept is very old and datingback to ancient Greek philosophers about
2,500 years a go.
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Democritus developed the AtomicTheory of Matter in the 4 th B.C.
- he coined the t erm atom .
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John Dalton an English chemist whoreintroduced the a tomic concept of matterin the e arly 1800s
The summary of his theory:1. Indivisible m inute p articles ca lled atoms
make up all matter.
2. All the a toms of an element are exa ctlyalike in shape an d mass.
3. The a toms of different elements differfrom one a nother in their masses.
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J.J Thompson discovered electron negatively charged particle.
Robert A. Millikan measured thecharge a nd mass of the el ectron.
charge on an electron 1.60x10 raise t onegative 19 coulombmass of an electron 9.11x 10 raise t onegative 3 1 kgs.
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Ernest Rutherford he concluded thatan atom must have a tiny, massive andpositively charged nucleus surrounded by
electron.- electrons moving around the n ucleusare a t the d istance 1 00,000 times theradius of the n ucleus.- discovered the positive chargedparticle called proton.
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James Chadwick identied theneutral particle i n the n ucleus c alledneutron in 1932 .
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It turns ou t that protons, neutrons, anda zoo of other exot ic p articles a re n owthought to b e c omposed of six particles
called quarks .
These p articles have b een given the
names up, down, strange, charm,bottom, and top.
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The up, charm, and top quarks each carrya charge eq ual to t hat of the proton.
whereas the down, strange, and bottomquarks each carry a charge eq ual to t heelectron.
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PHYSICS
Physics - deals with matter and energyand their interactions in the eld ofmechanics, acoustics, optics, heat,
electricity, magnetism, and radiation. Thestudy of natural forces and energy.
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BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
1. Classical PhysicsMechanics deals w ith the st udy ofmotion of macroscopic bodies.
Kinematics is the b ranch of mechanicsthat deals w ith the description ofmotion. It studies m otion without regardto t he f orces p resent.Dynamics is the b ranch of mechanicsthat deals w ith the b ehavior of objectsunder t he action of external forces.
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Thermodynamics deals w ith the s tudy ofheat transfer and the changes t hat result fromit. It also studies h eat and its re lationshipwith other forms of energy.
Electromagnetism deals with the s tudy of
the rel ationship between electricity andmagnetism and describes al l kinds o felectromagnetic phenomena, from atomic toglobal scales.
Optics deals with the st udy of the p hysicalproperties of light and its n ature a nd behavior.
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2. Modern Physics Atomic Physics studies t he p roperties o f
matter at the at omic scale an d examines thestructure, behavior, and properties of atoms.
Biophysics applies t he t ools a nd techniques
of physics i n studying living organisms.
Chemical Physics involves t he u se o f theprinciples a nd theories of physics in studyingchemical processes
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Cryogenics studies t he b ehavior of materials a tvery low temperatures.
Fluid mechanics studies t he n ature, behavior,and movements of gases and liquids.
Geophysics deals w ith the s tudy of Earthusing the p rinciples o f physics.
Health physics involves the protection of
people a gainst health hazards esp eciallyradiation.
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Mathematical Physics emphasizes themathematics used as a m edium forunderstanding physics.
Nuclear P hysics deals with the s tudy ofthe st ructure, properties, and reactions of
atomic nucleus, and their applications.
Plasma Physics deals with the b ehaviorand properties of fully ionized plasma.
Planetary Physics studies t he origin,structure, and evolution of planets a ndplanetary systems.
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Quantum Physics studies the qu antumtheory, which deals w ith interactionsbetween matter and electromagneticradiation.
Relativity describes o bjects n early at the
speed of light.
Solid state Physics examines thestructures a nd properties of materials i nsolid state u sing quantum physics.
Space Physics is t he study of planetaryand interplanetary m agnetized plasmas.
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APPLICATION OF PHYSICS
Research on the d ifferent application ofphysics in the m odern society.
To be written in one whole sheet ofyellow paper.
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Refers to t he s ystematic method used ininvestigations or a logical way approach to t hesolution of problems
1. Problem - know what specicproblem is.2. Observation - gathered data orinformation3. Hypothesis -educated guess4. Test Hypothesis - experimentation5. Theory/Conclusion
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MEASUREMENT
The p rocess that brings p recision to adescription by specifying how much and ofwhat of a property in particular s ituation.
A number expresses the va and the n ame of the u nit tells you what thereferent is a s w ell as i mplies t he procedure f orobtaining the number.
When standards ar e es tablished the r eferentunit is c alled standard unit.
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2 MAJOR SYSTEMS OFMEASUREMENT
English System - adopted in England (FPS)foot-pound-second
Metric System - originally in France ( 1791) SI or known as System
Internationale
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ENGLISH SYSTEM
Some of the ad opted units of this system wereoriginally b ased on the p art of the h uman body.
Example:
inch end joint of the t humbfoot length of the f ootyard - distance f rom the t ip of the n ose t o t he n edof ngers on an arm held straight out.
cubit - distance f rom the en d of an elbow to t henger t ipfathom distance b etween the ngertips of armsheld straight out.
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METRIC SYSTEM
It was established by t he F rench Academyof Sciences i n 1791.
The academy created a m easurementsystem that was based on invariablereferents in nature, not human body parts.
The S I, is a modernized version of themetric system.
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THE SEVEN BASE UNITS OF SISYSTEM
Property Unit SymbolLength Meter mMass Kilogram kgTime Second s
Electric current Ampere ATemperature Kelvin K
Amount ofsubstance
Mole mol
Luminousintensity
Candela cd
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It uses p rexes t o rep resent larger orsmaller amounts by factors of 10.
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Prex Symbol Meaning Unit
MultiplierExa E Quintillion
Peta P Quadrillion
Tera T Trillion
Giga G Billion
Mega M Million
Kilo k Thousand
Hecto h HundredDeka da Ten
Deci d One-tenth
Centi c One-hundredth
Milli m One-thousandthMicro One- millionth
Nano n One- billionth
Pico p One- trillionth
Femto f One- quadrillionth
Atto a One- quintillionth
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CONVERSION UNITS
Mass 1 kg= 1000g = 2.2 lbs. ( pounds)1 m etric ton= 1000 kg.
Length 1cm= 0.394 in.1m=100 cm.=3.28 ft.=39.4 in.1 km= 1000m= 0.621 mi1 in= 2.54 cm.
1 ft=0.3048 m=30.48 cm1 m i= 5,280 ft.=1,609 m =1.609 km1 yard = 0.9144 m
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Area 1 cm 2 = 0.1550 in 2
1 m 2 = 10,000 cm 2 = 10.76 ft 2
1 ft 2 = 144 in 2 =929 cm 2 = 0.0929 m 2
Volume 1 cm 3 = 0.000001 m 3
1 m 3 = 1,000,000 cm 3 = 1,000 L=264 ga l.1 liter = 1,000 cm 3 = 1.056 qt. = 0.264 gal.
1 ft 3 = 1,728 in 3 = 7.48 gal = 28.3 liters
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Time 1 hr = 60 min. = 3,600 s1 day = 24 h = 1440 min.1 yr = 365 days
Speed 1 m/s = 3.60 km/h = 3.28 ft/s= 2.24 mi/h1 ft/s = 0.682 mi/h = 0.305 m/s = 1.10 km/h
Energy 1 Kcal = 1000 cal.1 J = 0.239 cal = 0.738 ft.lb1 Kcal = 4,184 J = 3.966 Btu
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Power 1 KW = 1000 Watts1 h p = 745.7 W = 2,544.43 Btu/h= 550 ft-
lb/s
Temperature O F = 9/5 O C + 32O C = 5/9 ( O F- 32 )
K = O C + 273
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Also called wer
Notation.
A method does exist or small numbers in a m ore condensed form.
It is u sually expressed as t he p roduct of twonumbers
(1) Number 1 9 that is called coefficient(2) A power of ten
eg. 1.97 X 10 raise t o t he 3 0 th power .
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To multiply scientic notation numbers,the coefficients are m ultiplied as usualand the ex ponents a re a dded algebraically.
To divide two sci entic notationnumbers, the coefficients are d ivided asusual and the exp onents are s ubtracted.
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To add or subtract two numbers in scienticnotation:
Step 1: Adjust the powers of 10 in the 2 n umbers sothat they have the sa me i ndex. (Tip: It is ea sier t oadjust the sm aller i ndex to eq ual the l arger i ndex).
Step 2 : Add or subtract the n umbers.
Step 3: Give t he a nswer in scientic notation .
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EXERCISES ON SCIENTIFICNOTATION
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EXERCISES ONCONVERSION OF UNITS
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