nsw hsc exam 2013
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2013H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E
E X A M I N A T I O N
Physics
General Instructions
•Readingtime–5minutes
•Workingtime–3hours
•Writeusingblackorbluepen
Blackpenispreferred
•Drawdiagramsusingpencil
•Board-approvedcalculatorsmay
beused
•Adatasheet,formulaesheetsand
PeriodicTableareprovidedat
thebackofthispaper
•WriteyourCentreNumberand
StudentNumberatthetopof
pages13,17,19,23and25
Total marks – 100
Section I Pages2–27
75 marks
Thissectionhastwoparts,PartAandPartB
PartA–20marks•AttemptQuestions1–20
•Allowabout35minutesforthispart
PartB–55marks
•AttemptQuestions21–31
•Allowabout1hourand40minutesforthispart
Section II Pages29–39
25 marks•AttemptONEquestionfromQuestions32–36
•Allowabout45minutesforthissection
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Spacecraft
ToSaturn
Jupiter
NOTTO
SCALE
Section I75 marks
Part A – 20 marks
Attempt Questions 1–20
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Usethemultiple-choiceanswersheetforQuestions1–20.
1 Aninvestigation isdesigned todetermine the sizeof the generated current when the
strengthofamagnetisvaried.
Whichistheindependentvariableforthisinvestigation?
(A) Speedofthemagnet
(B) Strengthofthemagnet
(C) Sizeofthegeneratedcurrent
(D) Distancebetweenthecoilandthemagnet
2 ThisdiagramshowsthepathofaspacecraftasitgoespastJupiterandheadstowards
Saturn.
Whicheffectinfluencesthepathofthespacecraft?
(A) Frictional
(B) Motor
(C) Photoelectric
(D) Slingshot
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3
4
Thediagramshowsequipmentattachedtoabattery.
N
DC power
sourceMetal dish
Conducting
liquid
Magnetic field lines
Current
X
Y
InwhichdirectionwillthewireXY move?
(A) Clockwise
(B) Anticlockwise
(C) Towardsthemagnet
(D) Awayfromthemagnet
Studentsperformedaninvestigationtodeterminetheinitialvelocityofaprojectile.
Whichrowcorrectlyidentifiesahazardofthisinvestigationandarelatedprecaution?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Hazard Safety precaution
flyingprojectile wearingsafetyglasses
rangeofprojectile measuringtherangewithatapemeasure
enclosedshoes limitingtherangeoftheprojectile
safetyglasses flyingprojectile
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5 ThediagramrepresentsanexperimentthatwasconductedbyHertz.
SparkDCpower
source
Transmitter Receiver
WhatwasHertztryingtoinvestigate?
(A) Photoelectriceffect
(B) Electricalinduction
(C) Blackbodyradiation(D) Propertiesofradiowaves
6 Thisdiagramshowsthepathofacannonball,firedfromacannon.
Which set of vectors represents the horizontal and vertical components of the
cannonball’svelocityalongthepath?
Horizontal Vertical
(A) → → → → ↓
↓ ↓
↓
(B) → → → → ↑ ↑ ↓
↓
(C) → → → → ↑ ↑ ↓
↓
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(D) → → → → ↓
↓ ↓
↓
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7 Eddycurrentsareamajorsourceofenergylossinanironcoretransformer.
Whatisonewaytominimisethisenergyloss?
(A) Laminatetheironcorewithaninsulator
(B) Putfewerturnsofwireintheprimarycoil
(C) Operatethetransformerwithahighercurrent
(D) Decreasethedistancebetweentheprimaryandsecondarycoils
8 Whichofthediagramsbestrepresentsanexampleofaninertialframeofreference?
(A)
v
(B)
a
(C)
a
(D)
v
9 Threepotentiallyhazardousconditionsthatcanbeexperiencedbyastronautsinspaceare
listed.
I Extremeheat
II Weightlessness
III Communicationblackout
Whichcombinationof theseconditions isassociated with safe re-entryof a manned
spacecraft?
(A) IandIIonly
(B) IandIIIonly
(C) IIandIIIonly
(D) I,IIandIII
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10 Thediagramrepresentsthetransferofelectricalenergyfromapowerstationtoalaptop
computer.
Whichflowdiagramshowsthecorrectuseoftransformersinthistransfer?
(A) Step-down Step-up Step-up Step-down
(C) Step-up Step-down Step-down Step-down
(B) Step-down Step-down Step-up Step-up
(D) Step-up Step-up Step-down Step-up
11 WhydidtheBraggsuseX-raystodeterminethecrystalstructureofmetals?
(A) X-rayshavealowfrequency.
(B) X-rayshaveashortwavelength.
(C) X-rayscanpassthroughmetals.
(D) X-raystravelatthespeedoflight.
12 Why is a magnet able to hover above a superconductor that is below its critical
temperature?
(A) Thesuperconductorexcludesmagneticflux.
(B) Thesuperconductorlosesconductivepropertieswhenplacedinamagneticfield.
(C) Theeddycurrentinthesuperconductorcreatesapotentialdifferencebetweenthe
magnetandthesuperconductor.
(D) Thegravitationalforceonthemagnetisbalancedbytheforcecreatedbythecrystal
latticestructureofthesuperconductor.
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Power Regional Local In-homestation substation substation laptop
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13 Differentmagneticfieldsarepassingthroughtwocopperrings,P andQ,asshown.
P Q
Whichrowofthetablecorrectlyidentifiestheringwiththegreatermagneticfluxandthe
ringwiththegreatermagneticfluxdensity?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Greater magnetic flux Greater magnetic flux density
P P
Q Q
P Q
Q P
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Distance
14 Twochargedplatesareinitiallyseparatedbyadistanceasshowninthediagram.
Thepotentialdifferencebetweentheplatesremainsconstant.
Whichofthegraphsbestrepresentsthechangeinelectricfieldstrengthasthedistance
betweenthetwoplatesisincreased?
(A)
Distance
E l e c t r i c f
i e l d
s t r e n g t h
(B)
Distance
E l e c t r i c f
i e l d
s t r e n g t h
E l e c t r i c f i e l d
s t r e n g t h
(C)
Distance
s t r e n g t h
(D)
E l e c t r i c f i e l d
Distance
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15 Thediagramshowsasingle-loopmotor.
°
N
Y
Z
SN
30°
X
W
Y
Z
S
DCpowersupply
Theequationsτ = nBIA cosθ and F = BI l sinω canbeusedtocalculatethetorqueinthemotorandtheforceonthelengthofwireWX respectively.
Whatanglesarerepresentedbyθ andω intheaboveequations?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
θ ω
30° 90°
30° 30°
60° 90°
60° 30°
16 Whichphysicalphenomenonallowscurrenttoflowthroughametalwire?
(A) Holescanmovethroughawire.
(B) Chargedatomscanmovethroughawire.
(C) Electronsinafullyfilledbandcancarrychargethroughawire.(D) Electronsinapartiallyfilledbandcancarrychargethroughawire.
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17 WhichgraphbestrepresentsthechangeintorqueforaDCmotor,witharadialmagnetic
field,fromstartuptooperatingspeed?
Motorspeed
Torque(A)
(B) Torque
Motorspeed
(C) Torque
Motorspeed
(D) Torque
Motorspeed
18 MichelsonandMorleyconductedanexperimenttomeasuretherelativevelocityofthe
Earththroughtheaether.
Whyistheresultoftheexperimentsignificant?
(A) TheresultsupportedMichelsonandMorley’shypothesis.
(B) Theresultshowedtheirhypothesiswasincorrectbecausetheirinvestigationwas
notaccurateenough.
(C) Thefailuretodetecttheexpectedrelativevelocitycontributedtothedevelopment
ofspecialrelativity.
(D) The successful verification of the expected relative velocity contributed to the
developmentofspecialrelativity.
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19 Aspaceshipmovesclosetothespeedoflight,relativetoaplanet.
Therest-framelengthofthespaceshipcanbedeterminedbyanobserverwhois
(A) onthespaceshipmeasuringthetimetakenforlighttotravelbetweentwopointson
theplanet.(B) ontheplanetmeasuringthetimetakenforlighttotravelfromthefronttotheback
ofthespaceship.
(C) onthespaceshipmeasuringthetimetakenforlighttotravelfromthefronttothe
backofthespaceship.
(D) ontheplanetmeasuringthedifferenceinthearrivaltimeoflightfromthefrontand
thebackofthespaceship.
20 Thegraphshowsthemaximumkineticenergy( E )withwhichphotoelectronsareemitted
asafunctionoffrequency( f )fortwodifferentmetals X andY .
E X Y
50 10 15 f (×1014H z)
Themetalsareilluminatedwithlightofwavelength450nm.
Whatwouldbetheeffectofdoubling the intensityofthis lightwithoutchangingthe
wavelength?
(A) For metal X , the number of photoelectrons emitted would not change but the
maximumkineticenergywouldincrease.
(B) For metal X , the number of photoelectrons emitted would increase but the
maximumkineticenergywouldremainunchanged.
(C) Forbothmetals X andY ,thenumberofphotoelectronsemittedwouldnotchange
butthemaximumkineticenergywouldincrease.
(D) Forbothmetals X andY ,thenumberofphotoelectronsemittedwouldincreasebut
themaximumkineticenergywouldremainunchanged.
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BLANKPAGE
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©Board of Studies NSW 2013
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section I (continued)
Part B – 55 marksAttempt Questions 21–31
Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes f or this part
Answerthequestionsinthespacesprovided.Thesespacesprovideguidancefortheexpected
lengthofresponse.
Showallrelevantworkinginquestionsinvolvingcalculations.
CentreNumber
StudentNumber
Question 21 (4marks)
Duringthecourseyoustudiedoneofthefollowingscientistswhohascontributedto
thedevelopmentofspaceexploration:
• Tsiolkovsky
• Oberth
• Goddard
• Esnault-Pelterie
• O’Neill
• vonBraun
Nameofscientiststudied: .................................................................
(a) OutlineONEcontributionmadebythenamedscientisttothedevelopmentof
spaceexploration.
2
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(b) Outlinehowtoensurethatsecondarysourcesofinformationaboutthescientist
arereliable.
2
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V e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y ( m s
– 1 )
0.3
0
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
Time (s)
3
Question 22 (3marks)
Thissetofdatawasobtainedfromamotioninvestigationtodeterminetheacceleration
duetogravityonaplanetotherthanEarth.
Time(s)
0.60
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.80
Verticalvelocity(ms –1)
0.02
0.09
0.12
0.17
0.23
Plotthedatafromthetable,andthencalculatetheacceleration.
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Question 23 (5marks)
Aplanetorbitsthestar,Pollux,atadistanceof1.64astronomicalunits(AU).Ittakes
590Earthdaystocompleteoneorbit.
(a) WhydoesthemassoftheplanetplayNOroleindeterminingitsorbitalspeedaroundPollux?
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2
(b) AsatelliteorbitsPolluxwithaperiodof365Earthdays.
HowfaristhesatellitefromPolluxinastronomicalunits(AU)?
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BLANKPAGE
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©Board of Studies NSW 2013
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section I – Part B (continued)CentreNumber
StudentNumber
Question 24 (5marks)
Withtheaidofadiagram,explainhowaphotocellworks.
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Question 25 (4marks)
P,Q and R arestraightcurrent-carryingconductors.
ConductorsP and R arefixedandunabletomove.ConductorQ isfreetomove.
P Q R
6A 2A 2A1m
5mm 2.5mm
(a) InwhichdirectionwilltheconductorQ moveasaresultofthecurrentflowin P
and R?
1
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(b) CalculatethemagnitudeoftheforceexperiencedbyQ asaresultofthecurrents
throughP and R.
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3
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section I – Part B (continued)CentreNumber
StudentNumber
Question 26 (5marks)
Anelectricfieldisproducedbetweentwochargedparallelplates, M and N .
M
N
(a) Theplates, M and N ,are1.0cmapartandhaveanelectricfieldof15Vm–1
.
Calculatethepotentialdifferencebetweentheplates.
2
(b) Thepotentialdifferenceisnowchangedandamagneticfieldof0.5Tisplacedperpendiculartotheplates,asshowninthediagrambelow.
3
Electron M
N
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Determinethemagnitudeanddirectionoftheelectricfieldrequiredtoallowthe
electrontotravelthroughundeflected,iftheelectronismovingat1 × 104m s–1.
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3
Question 27 (7marks)
(a) Ageneratorstartsatthepositionshownandisrotatedbyonerevolutioninthe
firstsecond.Itisthenrotatedbytworevolutionsinthenextsecond.
motionN
S
Sketchagraphontheaxesshowingtheelectromotiveforce(emf)producedby
thisgeneratorforthesetwoseconds.
emf
10 time(s)
2
Question 27 continues on page 21
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4
Question27(continued)
(b) Anelectricmotorcanbeusedtopropelavehicle.Theelectricmotorcanbe
madetooperateasageneratorwhenthevehicleismoving.Thiswillhavea
brakingeffectonthevehicle.
Explain thephysicsprinciples involved in thepropellingandbrakingof this
vehicle.
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End of Question 27
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©Board of Studies NSW 2013
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section I – Part B (continued)CentreNumber
StudentNumber
Question 28 (6marks)
AssessEinstein’scontributiontoquantumtheory.
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Question 29 (5marks)
A0.05kgmassisliftedataconstantspeedbyaDCmotor.Themotorhasacoilof
100turnsina0.1Tmagneticfield.Theareaofthecoilis0.0012m2.Themotorshaft
hasaradiusof0.004m.
String
Motor
Motorshaft
Table
Mass
(a) Determinetheforceneededtoliftthemass. 2...............................................................................................................................
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(b) Calculatetheminimumcurrentrequiredinthecoiltoliftthemass. 3
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section I – Part B (continued)CentreNumber
StudentNumber
Question 30 (4marks)
The diagram shows a futuristic space station designed to simulate gravity in a
weightlessenvironment.
Astronaut
NOTTO
SCALE
Rotation
(a) Explainhowrotatingthespacestationsimulatesgravityfortheastronaut.
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Question 30 continues on page 26
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2
Question30(continued)
(b) Calculatetherotationalspeedthataspacestationwithadiameterof550mwould
needforastronautstoexperience1g ofacceleration.
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End of Question 30
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7
Question 31 (7marks)
Explainhowchangingtheelectricalpropertiesofmaterialshasledtothedevelopment
ofnewtechnologieswhichcanbenefitsociety.
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BLANKPAGE
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©Board of Studies NSW 2013
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section II
25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 32–36
Allow about 45 minutes for this section
ForQuestion32
• answerparts(a)–(c)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
• answerparts(d)–(f)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.
ForQuestions33,34and36
• answerparts(a)–(d)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
• answerparts(e)–(f)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.
ForQuestion35
• answerparts(a)–(c)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
• answerparts(d)–(e)ofthequestioninSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.
Showallrelevantworkinginquestionsinvolvingcalculations.
Pages
Question32 Geophysics ...........................................................................30–31
Question33 MedicalPhysics ...................................................................32–33
Question34 Astrophysics.........................................................................34–35
Question35 FromQuantatoQuarks .............................................................36
Question36 TheAgeofSilicon...............................................................37–39
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Question 32 — Geophysics (25marks)
Answerparts(a)–(c)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
(a) DescribehowONEpieceofgeophysicsequipmentdetectsseismicwaves. 3
(b) (i) Describeaprocedurethatcouldbefollowedtodeterminethedensityof
rocktypes.
(ii) Howcouldthereliabilityoftheresultsofpart(b)(i)bedetermined? 2
3
(c) ThediagramshowstheageandpositionofeachislandintheHawaiianislandchain.
lands
b e
olde
AgeinmillionsofyearsN m.y.
Hawaii(
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Question32(continued)
Answerparts(d)–(f)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
(d) ThegraphsshowtheobservedgravityanomalyacrosstheJapanTrenchanditsrelationship to topography. The earthquake zone is dipping away from the
trench.
3
Explainthesignificanceoftheshapeofthegravityanomalylinewithreference
tothegraphs.
(e) TheEarthhasaradiusof6357kmthroughthepoles.Showhowtheacceleration
duetogravityattheNorthPolecanbedetermined.
3
(f) Discusstheeffectivenessofusinggeophysicalmethodsinmineralexploration
andenvironmentalmonitoring.
End of Question 32
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Question 33 — Medical Physics (25marks)
Answerparts(a)–(d)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
(a) OutlinedifferencesbetweenX-rayimagesandCATscans. 3
(b) Outlineafirst-handinvestigationtodemonstratethetransferoflightbyoptical
fibres.
2
(c) Explain how an endoscope can be used to obtain tissue samples of internal
organs.
3
(d) (i) How is the orientation of the magnetic axis of a hydrogen nucleus
affected bythe applicationofa strong magnetic fieldduring anMRI
scan?
(ii) Explainthedifference intherelaxationtimeofhydrogeninwaterand
therelaxationtimeofhydrogeninothermolecules.
2
Question 33 continues on page 33
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Question33(continued)
Answerparts(e)–(f)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
(e) (i) HowistheDopplereffectusedinultrasonicstoinvestigatebloodflowcharacteristics?
(ii) OutlineTWOtechnologiesthatarerequiredforanultrasoundscan.
3
3
(f) Thedatasetgivesinformationaboutavarietyofradioactiveisotopes,someof
whichcanbeusedindiagnostictoolsformedicine.
6
Radioactive isotope Radiation emitted Half life
Fluorine-18 β + 109.77minutes
Strontium-90 β 28.8years
Carbon-14 β 5730years
Technetium-99m γ 6hours
Cobalt-60 γ 5.27years
Usingtheinformationinthetable,justifywhichradioactiveisotopesaresuitable
foruseindiagnosticimagingtechniques.
End of Question 33
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Question 34 — Astrophysics (25marks)
Answerparts(a)–(d)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
(a) Describeaninvestigationthatcanbeusedtoshowwhyitisdesirableintermsofsensitivityforatelescopetohavealargerdiameterlens. 3
(b) MatarisastarinthesamespectralclassastheSun,yet ithasfourtimesthe
massoftheSun.
(i) Draw a labelled Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram, and mark the
positionofMataronthediagramwithanX.
3
(ii) Contrastthephysicalproperties,otherthanmass,ofMatarandtheSun. 2
(c) DescribethedominantnuclearreactioninanA2mainsequencestar. 3
(d) Describethetransitionprocessofa G2mainsequencestar, suchastheSun,
evolvingintoaredgiant.
3
Question 34 continues on page 35
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Question34(continued)
Answerparts(e)–(f)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
(e) Thegraphsgiveinformationthatcouldbeusedtocalculatethedistancefrom
EarthtoaType1CepheidVariable.
Light Curve for the Cepheid6.0
6.5
7.0
Time(days)
A p p a r e n t m a g n i t u d e s
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
The Period-Luminosity Relationship
–6
–5
–4
–3
–2
–1
0
Period(days)
A b s o l u t e m a g n i t u d e s
2.5 5 10 20 40 80
(i) Thestarisclaimedtobeapproximately1260parsecsfromEarth.
Showhowthisclaimissupportedorrefutedbytheinformationinthe
graphs.
3
(ii) State an advantage and a disadvantage of using the graphs above
tocalculatethedistancetoastar.
2
(f) How is light analysed, using physics principles, in order to determine the
standardpropertiesforthemainsequencestarsofSpectralClassAshowninthis
table?
6
End of Question 34
–35–
Awaiting copyright
Acknowledgement: CSIRO
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Question 35 — From Quanta to Quarks (25marks)
Answerparts(a)–(c)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
(a) (i) OutlinethekeyfeaturesoftheRutherfordmodeloftheatom. 2
(ii) Explain how the Bohr model of the atom overcomes an identified
limitationoftheRutherfordmodeloftheatom.
3
(b) Thisequationdescribesanuclearreaction.
235 U + 1 n → 141 Ba + 92 Kr + 3 1 n 92
0
56
36
0
Particle Mass(amu)
235 U 92
235.0439
141 Ba 56
140.9144
92 Kr 36
91.9263
1 n
0 1.008665
(i) Usethedataabovetocalculatetheenergyreleasedinthisreaction. 3
(ii) ApplyEinstein’sideaoftheequivalenceofmassandenergytoexplaintheproductionofenergyinthereactionabove.
2
(c) Pauliissaidtohave‘suggested’theexistenceoftheneutrino.
Explainwhytheneutrinowas‘suggested’butnotdiscoveredbyPauli.
4
Answerparts(d)–(e)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
(d) (i) Identifythefundamentalforcesproposedbythestandardmodelofthe
atom.
(ii) Explainhowthestabilityofatomicnucleiismaintained. 3
2
(e) How did de Broglie use existing concepts and ideas to come up with newinterpretationsthathaveincreasedourunderstandingofthestructureofmatter?
6
–36–
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Question 36 — The Age of Silicon (25marks)
Answerparts(a)–(d)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet1.
(a) Thiscircuitshowshowalight-dependentresistor(LDR)canbeusedtocontrolavoltageoutput. 3
+5V
10k W
V outLDR
TheresponsecurveoftheLDRinthecircuitisshown.
Response curve of LDR
1
10
100
1000
R e s i s t a n c e ( k W )
1 10 100
Illuminance(lux)
WhatwouldthevoltageV outbewhenthelightintensityattheLDRis20lux?
Question 36 continues on page 38
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Question36(continued)
(b) DescribetheroleofaLDRinacamera. 3
(c) Explainhowinputandoutputtransducerscanbeusedtocontrolthetemperature
inaroom.
4
(d) For the logic circuit, construct a truth table showing the output, O, for all
possiblecombinationsofinputsA,BandC.
3
A
B
C
O
Question 36 continues on page 39
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Question36(continued)
Answerparts(e)–(f)inSectionIIAnswerBooklet2.
(e) (i) Describeanidealoperationalamplifier. 2
(ii) Thediagramshowsanoperationalamplifier. 2
Rin=4.7k W
V inV out
Reproducethisdiagraminyourwritingbookletandmodifyittoperform
asaninvertingamplifierwithagainof2.
(iii) ThediagramshowsaninputwaveformV inforaninvertingamplifierwith
againof2.
2
V in
(V)
0
–1
–2
1
2
t (s)
input
SketchtheoutputwaveformV out inyourwritingbooklet.
(f) Assesshowthedevelopmentofelectronicssincetheinventionofthetransistor
hasmettheincreasingcomputingneedsofsociety.
–39–
6
End of paper
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BLANKPAGE
–40–
©Board of Studies NSW 2013
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2013 HIGHER SCHOOL CER TIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
DATA SHEET
Chargeonelectron,qe
Massofelectron,me
Massofneutron,mn
Massofproton,m p
Speedofsoundinair
Earth’sgravitationalacceleration,g
Speedoflight,c
µ 0
Magneticforceconstant, k ≡
2π
Universalgravitationalconstant,G
MassofEarth
Planckconstant,h
Rydbergconstant, R (hydrogen)
Atomicmassunit,u
1eV
Densityofwater,ρ
Specificheatcapacityofwater
2717 –41 –
–1.602× 10–19C
9.109× 10–31kg
1.675× 10–27kg
1.673× 10–27kg
340ms–1
9.8ms–2
3.00× 108ms–1
2.0× 10–7NA–2
6.67× 10–11Nm2kg–2
6.0× 1024kg
6.626× 10–34Js
1.097× 107m–1
1.661× 10–27kg2931.5MeV / c
1.602× 10–19J
1.00× 103kgm–3
4.18× 103Jkg–1K–1
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FORMULAE SHEET
v = f λ
1
I ∝ 2d
v sin i 1 =
v sin r 2
F E =
q
V R =
I
P = VI
Energy = VI t t
m m E = − G 1 2 p
r
F
= mg
2 2v = u x x
v = +u at
v 2 = u 2 + 2a ∆ y y y y
∆ x = u t u x
1 2 y u t +∆ = a t y y2
3r GM =
T 2 4π 2
r ∆
vav =
t ∆
F
=
Gm
m1 2
d 2
aav
= v
t
∆ ∆
therefore aav
= v u
t
− E = mc2
F Σ = maa lv
== l0
−1 v
c
2
2
F = mv 2
E k
=
r
mv 21
2
t v =
−
t
v
c
0
1 2
2
W = Fs m =
m0
v
2
1 − v
p = mv 2c
Impulse = F t
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FORMULAE SHEET
F I I 11 2 d = = k pl d
F = BI l sinθ d M = m − 5log 10
τ = Fd I (m − m ) 5 A B A = 100 I
τ = nBIA cosθ B
2 344π r V n m + m =
p p
1 2
2 =
GT
V ns s
1 1 1F = q sinθ = R − qvB
λ 2 2 n f ni
V E =
hd λ = mv
E = h f
V c = f λ out A = 0
V iin
V Z = ρ v ou t = −
R f
V Rin
i
Z 2
I r Z 2 − 1
=
2 I 0
Z 2
+ Z 11
–43–
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1 1 2 C n
C o p e r n i c i u m
9 F 1 9 . 0 0
F l u o r i n e
1 7 C l
3 5 . 4 5
C h l o r i n e
3 5 B r
7 9 . 9 0
B r o m i n e
5 3 I
1 2 6 . 9
I o d i n e
8 5 A t
A s t a t i n e
7 N 1 4 . 0 1
N i t r o g e n
1 5 P
3 0 . 9 7
P h o s p h o r u s
3 3 A s
7 4 . 9 2
A r s e n i c
5 1 S b 1 2 1 . 8
A n t i m o n y
8 3 B i
2 0 9 . 0
B i s m u t h
5 B 1 0 . 8 1
B o r o n
1 3 A l
2 6 . 9 8
A l u m i n i u m
3 1 G a
6 9 . 7 2
G a l l i u m
4 9 I n
1 1 4 . 8
I n d i u m
8 1 T l
2 0 4 . 4
T h a l l i u m
1 0 7 B h
B o h r i u m
1 0 8 H s
H a s s i u m
1
0 9 M t
M e i
t n e r i u m
1 1 0 D s
D a r m s t a d t i u m
1 1 1 R g
R o e n t g e n i u m
m
8 9 – 1 0 3
A c t i n o i d s
1 0 4 R f
R u t h e r f o r d i u m
1 0 5 D b
D u b n i u m
1 0 6 S g
S e a b o r g i u m
E L E M E N T S
T H E
T A B L
E
O F
P E R I O D I C
K
E Y
2 H e
4 . 0 0 3
H e l i u m
2 u m
A t o m i c N u m b e r
S y m b o l
S t a n d a r d A t o m i c W e i g h t
N a m e
7 9 A u
1 9 7 . 0
G o l d
6 C 1 2 . 0 1
C a r b o n
8 O
1 6 . 0 0
O x y g e n
1 0 N e
2 0 . 1 8
N e o n
1 u m
1 4 S i
2 8 . 0 9
S i l i c o n
1 6 S
3 2 . 0 7
S
u l f u r
1 8 A r
3 9 . 9 5
A r g o n
8 m
2 1 S c
4 4 . 9 6
S c a n d i u m
2 2 T i
4 7 . 8 7
T i t a n i u m
2 3 V
5 0 . 9 4
V a n a d i u m
2 4 C r
5 2 . 0 0
C h r o m i u m
2 5 M n
5 4 . 9 4
M a n g a n e s e
2 6 F e
5 5 . 8 5
I r o n
2 7 C o
5 8 . 9 3
C
o b a l t
2 8 N i
5 8 . 6 9
N i c k e l
2 9 C u
6 3 . 5 5
C o p p e r
3 0 Z n
6 5 . 3 8
Z i n c
3 2 G e
7 2 . 6 4
G e r m a n i u m
3 4 S e
7 8 . 9 6
S e l e n i u m
3 6 K r
8 3 . 8 0
K r y p t o n
1 u m
3 9 Y
8 8 . 9 1
Y t t r i u m
4 0 Z
r
9 1 . 2 2
Z i r c o n i u m
4 1 N b
9 2 . 9 1
N i o b i u m
4 2 M o
9 5 . 9 6
M o l y b d e n u m
4 3 T c
T e c h n e t i u m
4 4 R u
1 0 1 . 1
R u t h e n i u m
4 5 R h
1 0 2 . 9
R h
o d i u m
4 6 P d 1 0 6 . 4
P a l l a d i u m
4 7 A g
1 0 7 . 9
S i l v e r
4 8 C d
1 1 2 . 4
C a d m i u m
5 0 S n 1 1 8 . 7 T i n
5 2 T e
1 2 7 . 6
T e l l u r i u m
5 4 X e
1 3 1 . 3
X e n o n
3 m
5 7 – 7 1
L a n t h a n o i d s
7 2 H f
1 7 8 . 5
H a f n i u m
7 3 T a
1 8 0 . 9
T a n t a l u m
7 4 W 1 8 3 . 9
T u n g s t e n
7 5 R e
1 8 6 . 2
R h e n i u m
7 6 O s
1 9 0 . 2
O s m i u m
7 7 I r
1 9 2 . 2
I r i d i u m
7 8 P t
1 9 5 . 1
P l a t i n u m
7 9 A u
1 9 7 . 0
G o l d
8 0 H g
2 0 0 . 6
M e r c u r y
8 2 P b 2 0 7 . 2
L e a d
8 4 P o
P o l o n i u m
8 6 R n
R a d o n
L a n t h a n o i d s
5 7 L a
1 3 8 . 9
L a n t h a n u m
5 8 C e
1 4 0 . 1
C e r i u m
5 9 P
r
1 4 0 . 9
P r a s e o d y m i u m
6 0 N d
1 4 4 . 2
N e o d y m i u m
6 1 P m
P r o m e t h i u m
6 2 S m 1 5 0 . 4
S a m a r i u m
6 3 E u
1 5 2 . 0
E u r o p i u m
6 4 G d
1 5 7 . 3
G a d o l i n i u m
6 5 T b
1 5 8 . 9
T e r b i u m
6 6 D y
1 6 2 . 5
D y s p r o s i u m
6 7 H o
1 6 4 . 9
H o l m i u m
6 8 E r
1 6 7 . 3
E r b i u m
6 9 T m 1 6 8 . 9
T h u l i u m
7 0 Y b
1 7 3 . 1
Y t t e r b i u m
7 1 L u
1 7 5 . 0
L u t e t i u m
A c t i n o i d s
8 9 A c
A c t i n i u m
9 0 T h
2 3 2 . 0
T h o r i u m
9 1 P a
2 3 1 . 0
P r o t a c t i n i u m
9 2 U
2 3 8 . 0
U r a n i u m
9 3 N p
N e p t u n i u m
9 4 P u
P l u t o n i u m
9 5
A
m
A m e r i c i u m
9 6 C m
C u r i u m
9 7 B k
B e r k e l i u m
9 8 C f
C a l i f o r n i u m
9 9 E s
E i n s t e i n i u m
1 0 0 F m
F e r m i u m
1 0 1 M d
M e n d e l e v i u m
1 0 2 N o
N o
b e l i u m
1 0 3 L r
L a w r e n c i u m
E l e m e n t s w i t h a t o m i c n u m b e r s 1 1 3
a n d a b o v e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d b u t n o t f u l l y a u t h e n t i c a t e d .
S t a n d a r d a t o m i c w e i g h t s a r e a b r i d g e
d t o f o u r s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e s .
E l e m e n t s w i t h n o r e p o r t e d v a l u e s i n
t h e t a b l e h a v e n o s t a b l e n u c l i d e s .
T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n o f P u r e a n d
A p p l i e d C h e m i s t r y P e r i o d i c T a b l e o f t h e E l e m e n t s ( F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 0 v e r s i o n ) i s t h e
p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f d a t a . S o m e d a t a m a y
h a v e b e e n m o d i f i e d .
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