organization - intros and outlines for la 101
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8/3/2019 Organization - Intros and Outlines for LA 101
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Why Study Organization?Why Study Organization?
y Structure clarifies ideas
The art of emphasis
y Education has trained our expectations as
consumers of ideasy Reception of oral messages differs from
written ones
Limited time requires maximum clarity
Big picture Zoning out
Helps sender: brings clarity to thought process
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Basic Speech StructureBasic Speech Structure
y Introduction
y Body
Main Point 1
Main Point 2
Main Point 3
y Conclusion
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Five Components of a SpeechFive Components of a Speech
IntroductionIntroductiony #1:Attention Getter the very first thingyou say
Quotation, shocking statistic, story, how topic
affects audience, identify personally withaudience, suspense, refer to occasion, useanalogy, use humor
Overdone AGs = Questions, Imagine you
are If you need to introduce yourself, do so after
this initial step!
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IntroductionsIntroductions
y #2: Relevance or Connection to the
Audience
Give the audience a reason to keep listening
x Why does/how will this affect them?
Can be combined with Attention Getter (#1),
so it may not be a separate step
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IntroductionsIntroductions
y #3:Establish Your Credibility with theTopic
Boost your ethosgive audience a reason
to trust you
May not be necessary in situations whereaudience knows your expertise (workplace,
when someone else intros you)
Sometimes can be combined with Attention
Getter (#1), so it may not be a separate step
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ThesisThesis
y #4:Thesis StatementMake a claim
Keep it to one clear, declarative sentence
Not simply a topic sentence; make an
argument
x Should be something one could potentially disagree
with, at least initially
Say it slowly and distinctly. Dont rush over
this most important of sentences.
Consider memorizing, even though the rest of
the speech will be extemporaneous.
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IntroductionsIntroductions
y #5: Preview Spell out the structure of
the speech
Provide a roadmap of your speechs structure
Tell us explicitly that youll talk about A, B, and
C
Be more blunt than you would be in a paper
x
Try cues like first, second, etc. Use delivery skills to indicate the end of the
intro: slow down through the preview, and
pause after it
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IntroductionsIntroductions
y Attention Getter
y Relevance to Audience
y Establish Your
Credibility
y Thesis
y Preview
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The Speech BodyThe Speech Body
y Divided into main points (2, 3, or 4 isideal)
y For almost all speeches, think in chunks
of informationy Points connected via explicit transitions
Must reinforce with good delivery (slightlyoveremphasize)
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The Speech Body:The Speech Body:
TransitionsTransitionsy Transitions
Used between main points & some sub points
Summarize previous point, and preview newpointx Now that we understand why current foster home
laws are hurting kids, lets look at what we can doabout it.
x So we all see just how bad the situation is in Darfur.But how did it get this way?
x This is only one example; there are many moreserious consequences. In fact, gambling addictiondoesnt only affect the individualit affects thosearound the addict as well.
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Transitions and FlowTransitions and Flow
y Make sure to connect each idea within a
main point
At least use a connecting phrase to establish
relationship
y The worst transitions:
And another thing is And also
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The Speech BodyThe Speech Body
y Organizing Material into Main Points
Make sure points are discrete from each
other (no overlap)
Make sure points are coherent everything inthat point ties together
Make sure points are roughly balanced in
length
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The ConclusionThe Conclusion
y Goals of all conclusions
The end is near!
Stress the take-home message
Provide a sense of closure
y What about a summary?
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Example ConclusionTechniquesExample ConclusionTechniques
y Quotation
y Personal reference (being reflexive)
y Challenge the audience
y Discuss potential next steps
y Cast a vision (utopian or otherwise)
y Memorable language Metaphor
Symbolism
Parallelism: Ask not what your country can do foryou, ask what you can do for your country. -JFK
Anaphora: I have a dream MLK
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RepetitionRepetition (Conduplicatio)(Conduplicatio)
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How long should each section be?How long should each section be?
y Introduction: 15 to 25%
y Body: 65 to 80%
y Conclusion: 5 to 10%
y Usually I: 20%, B: 70%,C: 10%
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Basics of OutliningBasics of Outlining
I.I. Main Point (Preview pts. I.A + I.B)Main Point (Preview pts. I.A + I.B)A. First Supporting Point
1. Sub point #1
2. Sub point #2
B. Second Supporting Point1. Sub point #1
2. Sub point #2
[Transition: Summarize I.A + I.B]
II.II. Main Point (Preview pts II.A + II.B + II.C)Main Point (Preview pts II.A + II.B + II.C)
A. First Supporting Point
B. Second Supporting Point1. Sub point #12. Sub point #2
C. Third Supporting Point[Transition: Summarize II.A + II.B + II.C]
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Speaking NotesSpeaking Notes
These are bad speaking notes
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Goals of Speaking NotesGoals of Speaking Notes
y Help you remember structure and details of the
talk, while still allowing you to speak
extemporaneously (conversationally, in your
own words)y Let you spend most of your time looking at the
audience. (You should be making genuine eye
contact, for sustained periods, during at least
80% of the speech)y Notes should have FAR less than you planned
on your outline (20%, perhaps). Include a
phrase or a few key words to remind you of
what you want to cover.
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Notes OptionsNotes Options
y #1: Note cards Put only a few key ideas per card
For most people, 5-10 cards is ideal for a 5 minute
speech (more than that and the flipping getsdistracting)
5x7 size is better than 3x5, although either can work
Pro:Lets you rapidly identify info when looking down (as
opposed to scanning a whole page of text)
Pro: Wont magnify shaking hands
Con:Cant visually see where you are in overall speech, or how
ideas fit into the big picture
Con:Can get out of order. Be sure to number them!
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These contain more text than is ideal, but the speaker
only glanced at each card once or twice. (Well managed!)
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Notes OptionsNotes Options
y #2: 8.5x11 Paper Must condense from original written outline. Only use a
word or phrase for each thing you want to cover. (20-30%
of your original, if the outline was fairly thorough.) Use at least 13 pt font. (15 or 16 pt is ideal for most
people.)
Consider limiting to a single front and back to avoid
distracting flipping.
Pro:Lets you see how all elements fit together. Can see entire
structure of speech at a glance.
Con:Can telegraph shaking hands. Consider supporting with a thin
folder.
Con:
Can inhibit natural gesturing.
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Columns approach. Note use ofcolor.
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Handout function of PowerPoint. Nice concept, but full sentences led to him reading too much, and thustoo little eye contact. (Also, the speech topic is pretty poornot novel, not focused on understanding.)
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