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VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD

Ovatko CCU ja hiilenuusiotalous osa ratkaisua?

Hiilitieto ry:n talviseminaari22.3.2018

Tutkimusprofessori Juha Lehtonen

222/03/2018 2

CCU vs. CCS

In CCS CO2 is captured before release to the atmosphere and permanently stored in underground geological formations CCS in connection with utilization of biomass or direct CO2 air capture can

offer negative emissions In CCU, the captured CO2 is utilized as a source of carbon for the

production of energy carriers, chemicals or materials At its best, CCU can be carbon neutral

322/03/2018 3

Carbon Reuse Economy

CO2CO2 CO2

CO2

4

VTT Carbon Reuse Economy

CO2 utilization bycatalytic and

chemical routes

Microbialconversion of C1

compounds Sustainablechemicals, fuelsand materials

withoutfossil resources

Biotechnical upgrading Catalytic upgrading Thermochemical processes Energy systems Modelling Piloting facilities

VTT competence

VTT Mobile Fischer-Tropsch synthesis unit

VTT biotechnical C1 utilization routes

522/03/2018 5

VTT view on CCU

Different drivers should meet to create sustainable business cases

Decreasing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere in order to limit climate change

Expanding the resource basis and energy security of carbon dependent industries

The potential for new business

622/03/2018 6

CCUS hierarchy

Hannula, I. and Reiner, D.M. (2017) The race to solve the sustainable transport problem via carbon‐neutral synthetic fuels and battery electric vehicles. Energy Policy Research Group EPRG, University of Cambridge. EPRG Working Paper 1721. Cambridge Working Paper in Economics 1758. 

722/03/2018 7

Hydrocarbon fuels from carbon dioxide

rWGSFischer-Tropsch

synthesis

hydrocarbonsCO2

H2

rWGS = reverse Water-Gas Shift reaction

CO

H2

8

Hierarchy of propulsion options

Aviation

Marine

Heavy-duty road vehicles

Rail

Light-duty road vehicles &urban servicesPo

ssib

ilitie

s fo

r ele

ctrif

icat

ion

decr

ease

Possibilities for electrification increase

Source: Nils-Olof Nylund, IMECHE Future Fuels 2016.

922/03/2018 9

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GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

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Ger

man

y

Swed

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Net

herla

nds

RED2 Fossil fuel comparator

RED2 70 % limit

GHG balances for CCU-fuels

Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.

18

Soletair, polttoaineita ilmasta ja vedestä

1922/03/2018 19

SYNTHESIS

ELECTROLYSIS+

POWER ELECTRONICS

WATER

ELECTRICITY

CO2 EMISSIONS

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE

2H2

CO2

CO2

CHY

CxHY

SOLETAIR process

20

To integrate all individual components together.To learn how the concept can be

realized in a feasible way. To learn what kind of business

possibilities lie in the PtX concept.

The target KPI’s of the project are Energy efficiency from power to gas

60 % Total nominal investment cost of the

PtG unit < 1,2 €/We or < 2 €/W SNG

Main objectives

2122/03/2018 21

SOLETAIR pilot in LUT campus

All units are inside containers > Fully transferableOperated in the showcase mode May – September, 2017

ELECTROLYSISDAC SYNTHESIS

22

Synteettisiä polttoaineita vetybuustauksella

2322/03/2018 23

Hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels -More than twofold increase in biofuel output

• CC(U)S can have a role in processes relying on thermochemical conversion in future, such as industrial heat production, chemicals recovery, BTL and BTX

• If all sustainably available wastes and residues in the EU were collected and converted only to biofuels, using maximal hydrogen enhancement, the daily production would amount to 1.8 - 2.8 million oil equivalent barrels displacing up to 41 - 63 per cent of the EU’s road transport fuel demand in 2030.

• Economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-GHG hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration

24

Neocarbon food

25

Why Neo-Carbon Food1. One fifth of human caused greenhouse gas

emissions is connected to food production.2. World population 7.5 → 9 billion by 2050.3. Climate change and draughts reduce food yields.

Global over fishing: peak annual catch in 1996.

26

Protein produced with microorganisms is calledsingle-cell protein; SCP.

”Algae” Spirulina and Chlorella are producedusing direct sunlight.

Mycoprotein Quorn is produced from sugarusing a Fusarium fungus. Produced in closedbioreactors.

Minimal requirements for proteinproductionElectricity

CO2

Water

Minerals

MicroorganismsFood & Feed

27

Indicative development roadmap

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Academy of Finland projectPiloting project TT100

Construction of theproduction facility

2022 2023

Novel food testing Start of production

TRL 3 100 mL

TRL 45 L

0.01 kg/d

TRL 6 2000 L10 kg/d

TRL 7 20,000 L550 kg/d

TRL 9 200,000 L5500 kg/d

CCUS ja metsäteollisuus

2922/03/2018 29

There is a constant progress in the forest industries to increase positive GHG effect Carbon efficiency of processes is increasing

More efficient use of side-streams like lignin Modern pulp mill is carbon neutral and over self-sufficient in energy

Expanding product lifecycle, e.g. pulp into structural products Production of fuels and chemicals to replace fossil-based

products in co-operation with other industries Technological development towards novel fractionation

technologies to replace current pulping processes in the future

Reforestation (increases carbon stocks in forests and secures future raw material supply)

3022/03/2018 30

Steps to negative emissions in forest industry

31

Summary

3222/03/2018 32

GHG impact of presented cases

CCSIn forestindustry

Neocarbonfood

(Additionalrenewable energy

input)

Negative

Positive

kt

Mt

t

GHG emission (in comparison to fossi reference)

0-100% 100%

GH

G im

pact

(sin

gle

inst

alla

tion

pote

ntia

l)

HydrogenEnhancedSyntheticbiofuels

Soletair(Additionalrenewable

energy input)

CCUIn forestindustry

3322/03/2018 33

Conclusions

Different drivers of CCUS have to meet in order to createsustainable business Impact mechanisms of CCS and CCU on climate change

mitigation are different By bio-CC(U)S, negative emissions can be reached There is a constant progress in the forest industry to become

carbon neutral Business cases with near zero or even negative emissions can

be established already now

TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS

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