ovatkoccu ja hiilen uusiotalousosaratkaisua?...22/03/2018 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0...
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VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND LTD
Ovatko CCU ja hiilenuusiotalous osa ratkaisua?
Hiilitieto ry:n talviseminaari22.3.2018
Tutkimusprofessori Juha Lehtonen
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CCU vs. CCS
In CCS CO2 is captured before release to the atmosphere and permanently stored in underground geological formations CCS in connection with utilization of biomass or direct CO2 air capture can
offer negative emissions In CCU, the captured CO2 is utilized as a source of carbon for the
production of energy carriers, chemicals or materials At its best, CCU can be carbon neutral
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Carbon Reuse Economy
CO2CO2 CO2
CO2
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VTT Carbon Reuse Economy
CO2 utilization bycatalytic and
chemical routes
Microbialconversion of C1
compounds Sustainablechemicals, fuelsand materials
withoutfossil resources
Biotechnical upgrading Catalytic upgrading Thermochemical processes Energy systems Modelling Piloting facilities
VTT competence
VTT Mobile Fischer-Tropsch synthesis unit
VTT biotechnical C1 utilization routes
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VTT view on CCU
Different drivers should meet to create sustainable business cases
Decreasing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere in order to limit climate change
Expanding the resource basis and energy security of carbon dependent industries
The potential for new business
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CCUS hierarchy
Hannula, I. and Reiner, D.M. (2017) The race to solve the sustainable transport problem via carbon‐neutral synthetic fuels and battery electric vehicles. Energy Policy Research Group EPRG, University of Cambridge. EPRG Working Paper 1721. Cambridge Working Paper in Economics 1758.
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Hydrocarbon fuels from carbon dioxide
rWGSFischer-Tropsch
synthesis
hydrocarbonsCO2
H2
rWGS = reverse Water-Gas Shift reaction
CO
H2
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Hierarchy of propulsion options
Aviation
Marine
Heavy-duty road vehicles
Rail
Light-duty road vehicles &urban servicesPo
ssib
ilitie
s fo
r ele
ctrif
icat
ion
decr
ease
Possibilities for electrification increase
Source: Nils-Olof Nylund, IMECHE Future Fuels 2016.
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GHG balances for CCU-fuels
Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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GHG balances for CCU-fuels
Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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GHG balances for CCU-fuels
Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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GHG balances for CCU-fuels
Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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Source: Koponen, Hannula, GHG emission balances and prospects of hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels from solid biomass in the European context, Applied Energy, Volume 200, 15 August 2017, Pages 106-118, ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.014.
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Soletair, polttoaineita ilmasta ja vedestä
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SYNTHESIS
ELECTROLYSIS+
POWER ELECTRONICS
WATER
ELECTRICITY
CO2 EMISSIONS
DIRECT AIR CAPTURE
2H2
CO2
CO2
CHY
CxHY
SOLETAIR process
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To integrate all individual components together.To learn how the concept can be
realized in a feasible way. To learn what kind of business
possibilities lie in the PtX concept.
The target KPI’s of the project are Energy efficiency from power to gas
60 % Total nominal investment cost of the
PtG unit < 1,2 €/We or < 2 €/W SNG
Main objectives
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SOLETAIR pilot in LUT campus
All units are inside containers > Fully transferableOperated in the showcase mode May – September, 2017
ELECTROLYSISDAC SYNTHESIS
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Synteettisiä polttoaineita vetybuustauksella
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Hydrogen enhanced synthetic biofuels -More than twofold increase in biofuel output
• CC(U)S can have a role in processes relying on thermochemical conversion in future, such as industrial heat production, chemicals recovery, BTL and BTX
• If all sustainably available wastes and residues in the EU were collected and converted only to biofuels, using maximal hydrogen enhancement, the daily production would amount to 1.8 - 2.8 million oil equivalent barrels displacing up to 41 - 63 per cent of the EU’s road transport fuel demand in 2030.
• Economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-GHG hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration
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Neocarbon food
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Why Neo-Carbon Food1. One fifth of human caused greenhouse gas
emissions is connected to food production.2. World population 7.5 → 9 billion by 2050.3. Climate change and draughts reduce food yields.
Global over fishing: peak annual catch in 1996.
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Protein produced with microorganisms is calledsingle-cell protein; SCP.
”Algae” Spirulina and Chlorella are producedusing direct sunlight.
Mycoprotein Quorn is produced from sugarusing a Fusarium fungus. Produced in closedbioreactors.
Minimal requirements for proteinproductionElectricity
CO2
Water
Minerals
MicroorganismsFood & Feed
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Indicative development roadmap
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Academy of Finland projectPiloting project TT100
Construction of theproduction facility
2022 2023
Novel food testing Start of production
TRL 3 100 mL
TRL 45 L
0.01 kg/d
TRL 6 2000 L10 kg/d
TRL 7 20,000 L550 kg/d
TRL 9 200,000 L5500 kg/d
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CCUS ja metsäteollisuus
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There is a constant progress in the forest industries to increase positive GHG effect Carbon efficiency of processes is increasing
More efficient use of side-streams like lignin Modern pulp mill is carbon neutral and over self-sufficient in energy
Expanding product lifecycle, e.g. pulp into structural products Production of fuels and chemicals to replace fossil-based
products in co-operation with other industries Technological development towards novel fractionation
technologies to replace current pulping processes in the future
Reforestation (increases carbon stocks in forests and secures future raw material supply)
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Steps to negative emissions in forest industry
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Summary
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GHG impact of presented cases
CCSIn forestindustry
Neocarbonfood
(Additionalrenewable energy
input)
Negative
Positive
kt
Mt
t
GHG emission (in comparison to fossi reference)
0-100% 100%
GH
G im
pact
(sin
gle
inst
alla
tion
pote
ntia
l)
HydrogenEnhancedSyntheticbiofuels
Soletair(Additionalrenewable
energy input)
CCUIn forestindustry
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Conclusions
Different drivers of CCUS have to meet in order to createsustainable business Impact mechanisms of CCS and CCU on climate change
mitigation are different By bio-CC(U)S, negative emissions can be reached There is a constant progress in the forest industry to become
carbon neutral Business cases with near zero or even negative emissions can
be established already now
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TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSINESS