pattern-based ontology engineering
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Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering
Krzysztof JanowiczSTKO Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
GeoVoCamp 2015, Santa Barbara, CA, March 23-25, 2015
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
The Semantic Value Proposition
The Smart Data Argument
One of the key arguments underlying the Semantic Web andLinked Data paradigms is to make data smart, not applications.Instead of developing increasingly complex software, theso-called business logic should be moved to the (meta)data.The rationale is that smart data will make all future applicationsmore usable, flexible, and robust, while smarter applicationsfail to improve data along the same dimensions.
(http://goo.gl/fBHie6)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
The Semantic Cube
The Semantic Cube
René Descartes (1637): ‘[As] for logic, its syllogisms and the majority of its other precepts are of avail
rather in the communication of what we already know,[...] than in the investigation of the unknown.’
http://goo.gl/fBHie6Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontologies in a Nutshell
Ontologies in Computer/Information Science
An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization used toachieve a shared understanding of a particular domain of interest.Information science ontologies aim at making differences explicit, not atdefining ‘truth’.In contrast, philosophical ontology aims at answering questions aboutwhat exists in ‘reality’.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Entities, Concepts and Categories
Entities, Concepts and Categories
An entity is an individual (real world) object.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Entities, Concepts and Categories
Entities, Concepts and Categories
A concept/class is a (mental) template used for grouping entities.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Entities, Concepts and Categories
Entities, Concepts and Categories
A category is the set of entities grouped using a particular concept.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Subsumption
Subsumption
Concepts can be organized within hierarchical structures.[The subClassOf relation is transitive]
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Engineering
Ontology Design Patterns in a Nutshell
Modular but self-containedbuilding blocksNot necessarily atomicSome patterns are strategiesReusable and extendibleEven huge ontologies can bemodularized using ODP (forexample DOLCE)No need to import full ontology andall ontological commitmentsDifferent types of patterns, e.g.content vs. logicalHow many patterns are there?
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Engineering
Heterogeneity-Preserving Ontology Engineering
Local and crisp microtheoriesinstead of global ontologiesMine ontological primitives out of realobservation dataAssist domain experts in becomingknowledge engineers by developingreusable patternsDefer the introduction of classes thatare heavy on ontologicalcommitments (e.g., ‘vulnerability’)Be driven by publishing, discovery,reuse, and integration needs.
Monolithic and overly abstract ontologies do not perform well inhighly heterogeneous settings.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Reuse Difficulties
Vocabulary/Ontology Reuse
A typical statement:’Reuse external vocabularies whenever possible.’
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)>...
geo:lat"9.7"^^xsd:decimal;
geo:long"20.0"^^xsd:decimal;
...adbpedia-owl:Crater,...ns5:Place,
...
Concerns:Most ontologies are under-specific, intended meaning or scope remainsunclear, versioning /evolution strategies are unclear, contact persons oftennot available, potential legal issues, lack of proper documentation, differentcommunity-based use,...
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Reuse Difficulties
Reuse Difficulties Example
The Fluidops interface renders the DBpedia RDF data from the Copernicuscrater and places it on the surface of the Earth instead of realizing that thegiven coordinates are selenographic coordinates.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Screenshot from the LCA Earthster Eco Ontology.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Class/relationship names and comments (CO2Flow and CO2Emission aside) are taken from the LCA Earthster Eco Ontology.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
A single axiom can have severe conequences for an (monolithic) ontology; try to keep damage local.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Axiomatization Difficulties
Roles versus Subclasses; Ontological Commitments )
The Semanticscience Integrated Ontology (SIO).
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Alignment Difficulties
Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties
a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)
a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)
∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)
a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)
a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)
b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)
b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)
b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)
u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Alignment Difficulties
Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties
a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)
a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)
∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)
a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)
a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)
b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)
b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)
b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)
u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Alignment Difficulties
Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties
a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)
a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)
∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)
a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)
a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)
b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)
b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)
b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)
u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Alignment Difficulties
Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties
a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)
a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)
∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)
a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)
a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)
b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)
b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)
b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)
u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Alignment Difficulties
Naive Vocabulary/Ontology Alignment Difficulties
a:flowsInto v a:IsConnected (1)
a:IrrigationCanal v a:Canal (2)
∃a:flowsInto.a:AgriculturalField v a:IrrigationCanal (3)
a:Waterbody u a:Land v ⊥ (4)
a:AgriculturalField v a:Land (5)
b:flowsInto v b:IsConnected (6)
b:Canal v (≥2 b:IsConnected.b:Waterbody) (7)
b:IrrigationCanal ≡ (�1 b:isConnected.b:Waterbody)
u (�1 b:flowsInto.b:AgriculturalField) (8)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Design Patterns
A Semantic Trajectory Pattern
A pattern for discrete trajectories of people, wildlife, vessels, and so forth.
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Design Patterns
Ontology Design Patterns Can Be Specialized
Trajectories that model the research cruises of scientific vesselsPattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Micro-Ontologies
A Micro-Ontology for Cruises
Combining the InformationObject, Event, Vessel, and Trajectory patterns
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontologies and Modules
W3C Semantic Sensor Network XG Ontology
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Standardizing Meaning
The Ontology Standartization Argument
Given the early success of data format standardization, weassume that standardizing meaning (via ontologies) is lessdifficult and more persistent than aligning and translating local(micro-) ontologies. What if standardization is the more difficulttask?
(http://goo.gl/2e751)
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
Ontologies in a Nutshell Ontologies Engineering ODOE Framework
Ontology Virtualization
Towards Ontology Virtualization
In analogy to hardware virtualization: given a set of ontology designpatterns and their combination into micro-ontologies, we can abstract fromthe underlying axiomatization by:
Dynamically reconfiguring patterns in a plug&play styleBridging between different patterns an micro-theoriesProviding ontological views and semantic shortcuts that suitparticular provider, user, and use case needs by highlighting or hidingcertain aspects of the underlying ontological modelMap between major modeling styles,e.g., the use of instancesversus classes
Pattern-based Ontology Engineering K. Janowicz
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