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STPM/S(E)964STPM/S(E)964
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
((MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCILMALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL))
PEPERIKSAANPEPERIKSAANSIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
(( MALAYSIA HIGHER MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXSCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION AMINATION ))
BIOLOGYBIOLOGY
Syllabus, Specimen Papers and Specimen Syllabus, Specimen Papers and Specimen ExperimentExperiment
This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 session and thereafter until further notice.session and thereafter until further notice.
FALSAFAH PENDIDIKAN KEBANGSAANFALSAFAH PENDIDIKAN KEBANGSAAN
“Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan“Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan
ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu secarasecaramenyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yangmenyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yang
seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi,seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi,
dan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyatdan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyat
Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia,Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia,
bertanggungjabertanggungjawab, berketerampilan, wab, berketerampilan, dan berkeupayaandan berkeupayaan
mencapai kesejahteraamencapai kesejahteraan diri n diri serta memberi sumbanganserta memberi sumbangan
terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga,terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga,
masyarakat dan negara.”masyarakat dan negara.”
FOREWORDFOREWORD
This revised Biology syllabus is designed to This revised Biology syllabus is designed to replace the existing syllabus which has been in use sincereplace the existing syllabus which has been in use sincethe 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 the 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 and the first examinationand the first examination
will also be held the will also be held the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the changes made bychanges made by
the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the existing STPM examination. Through the newexisting STPM examination. Through the new
system, sixth-form study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit system, sixth-form study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit for an examination atfor an examination at
the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the requirements of this new system. The mainrequirements of this new system. The main
objective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching and learningobjective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching and learningorientation in sixth form so as to orientation in sixth form so as to be in line with the be in line with the orientation of teaching and learning in collegesorientation of teaching and learning in colleges
and universities.and universities.
The revision of the Biology syllabus incorporates current developments in biology studies to be The revision of the Biology syllabus incorporates current developments in biology studies to be moremorerelevant to the current global developments. Biology is a science that deals with relevant to the current global developments. Biology is a science that deals with the study of livingthe study of living
organisms. It is dynamic and affects every aspect of our daily lives, from food and organisms. It is dynamic and affects every aspect of our daily lives, from food and health, to thehealth, to the
responsibilities towards our environment. The cumulative discoveries and developments in responsibilities towards our environment. The cumulative discoveries and developments in biologybiology
have tremendously enhanced our understanding and perceptihave tremendously enhanced our understanding and perception towards both the unity on towards both the unity and diversity of and diversity of
life. With this understanding, we have become more aware of our interdependence with our richlife. With this understanding, we have become more aware of our interdependence with our rich
biodiversity and natural resources. The application biodiversity and natural resources. The application of biology together with of biology together with modern technologiesmodern technologies
leads to the evolution of biotechnology. Furthermore, the assessment tools of this syllabus leads to the evolution of biotechnology. Furthermore, the assessment tools of this syllabus consist of consist of
written papers and coursework. The written papers and coursework. The written papers evaluate candidates’written papers evaluate candidates’ knowledge and understandingknowledge and understanding
of the subject, while the coursework provides an opportunity for candidates to trigger their of the subject, while the coursework provides an opportunity for candidates to trigger their inquisitiveinquisitive
biological reasoning. This also biological reasoning. This also enhances their understanding and application of biological sciencesenhances their understanding and application of biological sciences
and develops the candidates’ soft skills.and develops the candidates’ soft skills.
The syllabus contains topics, The syllabus contains topics, teaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, gradeteaching periods, learning outcomes, examination format, gradedescription, and sample questions.description, and sample questions.
The design of this syllabus was The design of this syllabus was undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Emeritus Dato’ Dr.undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Emeritus Dato’ Dr.
Latiff bin Mohamad of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Other committee members consist of Latiff bin Mohamad of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Other committee members consist of
university lecturers, representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of university lecturers, representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of
Education Malaysia, and experienced teachers teaching Biology. On behalf of Education Malaysia, and experienced teachers teaching Biology. On behalf of the Malaysianthe Malaysian
Examinations Council, I would like Examinations Council, I would like to thank the to thank the committee for their commitment and invaluablecommittee for their commitment and invaluable
contribution. It is hoped that this contribution. It is hoped that this syllabus will be a guide for syllabus will be a guide for teachers and candidates in the teachingteachers and candidates in the teaching
and learning process.and learning process.
OMAR BIN ABU BAKAROMAR BIN ABU BAKARChief ExecutiveChief Executive
Malaysian Examinations CouncilMalaysian Examinations Council
CONTENTSCONTENTS
Syllabus 964 BiologySyllabus 964 Biology
PagePage
AimsAims
ObjectivesObjectives
ContentContent
First Term: Biological Molecules and MetabolismFirst Term: Biological Molecules and Metabolism
Second Term: PhysiologySecond Term: Physiology
Third Term: Ecology and GeneticsThird Term: Ecology and Genetics
Practical Syllabus (School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4))Practical Syllabus (School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4))
Written Practical Test (Paper 5)Written Practical Test (Paper 5)
Scheme of AssessmentScheme of Assessment
Performance DescriptionsPerformance Descriptions
Reference BooksReference Books
Specimen Paper 1Specimen Paper 1
Specimen Paper 2Specimen Paper 2
Specimen Paper 3Specimen Paper 3
Specimen Experiment Paper 4Specimen Experiment Paper 4
Specimen Paper 5Specimen Paper 5
11
11
22 – – 88
99 – – 1515
1616 – – 2121
2222
2323
2424 – – 2525
2626
2727
2929 – – 4343
4545 – – 6363
6565 – – 8181
8383 – – 8686
8787 – – 101101
SYLLABUS SYLLABUS 964 BIOLOGY964 BIOLOGY
AimsAims
This syllabus is designed to enhance candidates’ knowledge and understanding of biology andThis syllabus is designed to enhance candidates’ knowledge and understanding of biology andbiological issues, to prepare and equip the candidates for their tertiary education, to pursue careers inbiological issues, to prepare and equip the candidates for their tertiary education, to pursue careers in
related fields and to promote continuous awareness of the importance of biology in life.related fields and to promote continuous awareness of the importance of biology in life.
ObjectivesObjectives
This syllabus enables candidates to:This syllabus enables candidates to:
((aa))
((bb))
((cc))
((d d ))
((ee))
understand the biological phenomena, principles and theories;understand the biological phenomena, principles and theories;
evaluate biological information critically and deduce logical conclusion;evaluate biological information critically and deduce logical conclusion;
plan and carry out experiments scientifically and plan and carry out experiments scientifically and make deductions;make deductions;
develop abilities and skills in handling develop abilities and skills in handling materials and apparatus correctmaterials and apparatus correctly and safely, and;ly and safely, and;
cultivate proper attitudes and values on social, technological, and environmental issues incultivate proper attitudes and values on social, technological, and environmental issues in
biology.biology.
11
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
1 Biological Molecules1 Biological Molecules
1.1 Water1.1 Water
1.2 1.2 CarbohydraCarbohydratestes
2424
22
66
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the ) describe the chemical propertiechemical properties (solvent, bonds (solvent, bond
angles and hydrogen bond) of water and relateangles and hydrogen bond) of water and relate
its physiological roles in the organisms;its physiological roles in the organisms;
((bb) describe the ) describe the physical properties (polarity,physical properties (polarity,
cohesiveness, density, surface tension, specificcohesiveness, density, surface tension, specific
heat capacity, and latent heat of heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporisation)vaporisation)
of water and relate its physiological roles inof water and relate its physiological roles in
organisms.organisms.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) classify carbohydrates into ) classify carbohydrates into monosaccharide,monosaccharide,disaccharide and polysaccharide with respectdisaccharide and polysaccharide with respect
to their physical and to their physical and chemical properties;chemical properties;
((bb) classify monosaccharide according to the) classify monosaccharide according to the
number of carbon atoms and the number of carbon atoms and the functionalfunctional
groupsgroups
(i) triose e.g. gl(i) triose e.g. glyceraldehyyceraldehydes,des,
(ii) pentose e.g. ribose and deoxyribose,(ii) pentose e.g. ribose and deoxyribose,
(iii) hexose e.g. glucose and fructose,(iii) hexose e.g. glucose and fructose,
((cc) illustrate the molecular structure of a) illustrate the molecular structure of a
monosaccharimonosaccharide and de and differentiate between thedifferentiate between the
reducing and non-reducing ends;reducing and non-reducing ends;
((d d ) describe the formation of glycosidic bond in) describe the formation of glycosidic bond in
disaccharides (maltose and sucrose) anddisaccharides (maltose and sucrose) and
polysaccharides (starch, glycogen andpolysaccharides (starch, glycogen andcellulose);cellulose);
((ee) relate the structure of ) relate the structure of disaccharides anddisaccharides and
polysaccharides to their functions in livingpolysaccharides to their functions in living
organisms.organisms.
FIRST TERM: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND METABOLISMFIRST TERM: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES AND METABOLISM
22
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
1.3 Lipids1.3 Lipids
1.4 Proteins1.4 Proteins
1.5 Nucleic acids1.5 Nucleic acids
33
66
33
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the structures, properties and) describe the structures, properties anddistribution of triglycerides, phospholipidsdistribution of triglycerides, phospholipids
(lecithin) and steroid (lecithin) and steroid (cholesterol);(cholesterol);
((bb) state the functions of triglycerides,) state the functions of triglycerides,
phospholipids (lecithin) and steroidsphospholipids (lecithin) and steroids
(cholesterol);(cholesterol);
((cc) differentiate between saturated and unsaturated) differentiate between saturated and unsaturated
fatty acids.fatty acids.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) classify amino acids into four main classes) classify amino acids into four main classesbased on their side chains: polar, non-polar,based on their side chains: polar, non-polar,
acidic and basic;acidic and basic;
((bb) describe the structure of an amino acid and the) describe the structure of an amino acid and the
formation of peptide bonds in formation of peptide bonds in polypeptides;polypeptides;
((cc) explain the ) explain the properties of protein (amphoteric,properties of protein (amphoteric,
isoelectric point, buffer and colloid);isoelectric point, buffer and colloid);
((d d ) differentiate the various levels ) differentiate the various levels of organisationof organisation
of protein sof protein structure (primary, secondary,tructure (primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary) and relate thetertiary and quaternary) and relate the
functions of each structure to the organisationfunctions of each structure to the organisation
of proteins;of proteins;
((ee) explain the denaturation and renaturation of ) explain the denaturation and renaturation of
protein;protein;
(( f f ) classify proteins according to their structures,) classify proteins according to their structures,
compositions (simple and conjugated) andcompositions (simple and conjugated) and
functions.functions.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the structures of nucleotides and the) describe the structures of nucleotides and theformation of phosphodiester bonds in aformation of phosphodiester bonds in a
polynucleotide;polynucleotide;
((bb) distinguish between DNA and RNA and the) distinguish between DNA and RNA and the
three types of RNAs three types of RNAs (mRNA, tRNA and(mRNA, tRNA and
rRNA);rRNA);
((cc) describe the structure of DNA based on) describe the structure of DNA based on
Watson and Crick model.Watson and Crick model.
33
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
1.6 Analytical techniques1.6 Analytical techniques
2 Structure of Cells and2 Structure of Cells and
OrganellesOrganelles
2.1 Prokaryotic and2.1 Prokaryotic andeukaryotic cellseukaryotic cells
2.2 Cellular components2.2 Cellular components
2.3 Specialised cells2.3 Specialised cells
44
1616
44
66
66
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the basic principles of paper) describe the basic principles of paperchromatograchromatography in phy in pigment separation,pigment separation,
electrophoresis for protein and nucleic acidelectrophoresis for protein and nucleic acid
separation.separation.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) state the cell theory;) state the cell theory;
((bb) compare the structures of ) compare the structures of prokaryotic andprokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells;eukaryotic cells;
((cc) compare typical animal and plant cells as seen) compare typical animal and plant cells as seen
under electron under electron microscopes;microscopes;
((d d ) describe the basic principles of light and) describe the basic principles of light and
electron microscopy.electron microscopy.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) identify the cellular components of typical) identify the cellular components of typicalplant and animal cells;plant and animal cells;
((bb) describe the structures of organelles and state) describe the structures of organelles and state
their functions;their functions;
((cc) explain the basic principles of differential) explain the basic principles of differential
centrifugation used to fractionate cellularcentrifugation used to fractionate cellular
components (components (gg andand S S values).values).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) outline the structures, functions and) outline the structures, functions anddistributions of unspecialised cells found indistributions of unspecialised cells found in
plants (meristematic cells);plants (meristematic cells);
((bb) describe the structures, functions and) describe the structures, functions and
distributions of specialised plant cells found indistributions of specialised plant cells found in
epidermal, ground and vascular tissue;epidermal, ground and vascular tissue;
((cc) describe the structures, functions and) describe the structures, functions and
distributions of specialised animal cells founddistributions of specialised animal cells found
in connective, nervous, muscular and epithelialin connective, nervous, muscular and epithelial
tissues, including the formation of endocrinetissues, including the formation of endocrine
and exocrine glands.and exocrine glands.
44
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
3 Membrane Structure and3 Membrane Structure and
TransportTransport
3.1 Fluid mosaic model3.1 Fluid mosaic model
3.2 Movement of 3.2 Movement of substance acrosssubstance across
membranemembrane
4 Enzymes4 Enzymes
4.1 Catalysis and4.1 Catalysis andactivation energyactivation energy
4.2 Mechanism of action4.2 Mechanism of actionand kineticsand kinetics
88
33
55
2020
33
55
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the structure of a membrane based on) describe the structure of a membrane based onSinger-Nicolson fluid mosaic model;Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model;
((bb) explain the roles of ) explain the roles of each component of theeach component of the
membrane.membrane.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the processes of passive and active) explain the processes of passive and activetransports, endocytosis and exocytosis;transports, endocytosis and exocytosis;
((bb) explain the concepts of water potential, solute) explain the concepts of water potential, solute
potential and pressure potential;potential and pressure potential;
((cc) calculate the water potential of a plant cell in ) calculate the water potential of a plant cell in aa
solution.solution.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain that enzyme is a globular protein) explain that enzyme is a globular proteinwhich catalyses a metabolic reaction;which catalyses a metabolic reaction;
((bb) explain the mode of action of enzymes at) explain the mode of action of enzymes at
active site involving active site involving enzyme-substraenzyme-substratete
complex and lowering of the complex and lowering of the activation energyactivation energy
and enzyme specificity.and enzyme specificity.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) illustrate enzyme specificity using induced fit) illustrate enzyme specificity using induced fit
(Koshland) and lock and key (Koshland) and lock and key (Fischer) models;(Fischer) models;
((bb) explain the time course of an ) explain the time course of an enzyme-enzyme-
catalysed reaction by measuring the rate of catalysed reaction by measuring the rate of
formation of product(s) or rate of formation of product(s) or rate of
disappearance of substrate(s) as the rate of disappearance of substrate(s) as the rate of
reaction;reaction;
((cc) deduce the Michaelis-Menten constant () deduce the Michaelis-Menten constant (K K mm))
from the from the Michaelis-MeMichaelis-Menten and nten and LineweaveLineweaver-r-
Burk plots;Burk plots;
((d d ) explain the significance of ) explain the significance of K K mm andand V V maxmax;;
((ee) explain the ) explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzymeeffects of temperature, pH, enzyme
concentration and substrate concentration onconcentration and substrate concentration on
the rate of an the rate of an enzyme-enzyme-catalysed reaction.catalysed reaction.
55
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
4.3 Cofactors4.3 Cofactors
4.4 Inhibitors4.4 Inhibitors
4.5 Classification of 4.5 Classification of enzymesenzymes
4.6 Enzyme technology4.6 Enzyme technology
5 Cellular Respiration5 Cellular Respiration
5.1 The need for energy in5.1 The need for energy inlivingliving
5.2 Aerobic respiration5.2 Aerobic respiration
33
44
22
33
1212
11
88
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the roles of ) explain the roles of cofactors (ion activatorcofactors (ion activators,s,coenzymecoenzymes and s and prosthetic groups) in anprosthetic groups) in an
enzymatic reaction;enzymatic reaction;
((bb) explain the importance of vitamins and) explain the importance of vitamins and
minerals as precursors of minerals as precursors of
coenzymes/cofactors.coenzymes/cofactors.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the effects of competitive and non-) explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitions on the rate of enzymecompetitive inhibitions on the rate of enzyme
activity of reversible inhibition;activity of reversible inhibition;
((bb) relate the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the effect of ) relate the Lineweaver-Burk plot to the effect of
inhibition oninhibition on K K mm andand V V maxmax values.values.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe enzyme classification according to) describe enzyme classification according toInternational Union of International Union of Biochemistry (IUB)Biochemistry (IUB)
e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase,e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase,
lyase, isomerase and ligase.lyase, isomerase and ligase.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the importance and the main) explain the importance and the maintechniques of enzyme immobilisation namelytechniques of enzyme immobilisation namely
adsorption, entrapment and covalent coupling;adsorption, entrapment and covalent coupling;
((bb) explain the application of enzyme) explain the application of enzyme
immobilisation in the development of immobilisation in the development of
biosensors.biosensors.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) outline the importance of energy and) outline the importance of energy and
respiration in living organisms;respiration in living organisms;
((bb) describe the ) describe the structure of the energy carriersstructure of the energy carriers
such as ATP, NADH and FADHsuch as ATP, NADH and FADH 22 ..
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the various stages of aerobic) describe the various stages of aerobicrespiration and its location in the cells;respiration and its location in the cells;
((bb) describe glycolysis, and calculate the net) describe glycolysis, and calculate the net
energy produced in glycolysis;energy produced in glycolysis;
66
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
5.3 Anaerobic respiration5.3 Anaerobic respiration
6 Photosynthesis6 Photosynthesis
6.1 Autotroph6.1 Autotroph
6.2 Light-dependent6.2 Light-dependentreactionsreactions
33
1616
33
33
((cc) describe the various steps involved in the) describe the various steps involved in the
Krebs cycle (including the link Krebs cycle (including the link reaction);reaction);
((d d ) explain the formation of NADH, FADH) explain the formation of NADH, FADH 22 , GTP, GTP
and ATP during the and ATP during the Krebs cycle;Krebs cycle;
((ee) describe oxidative phosphorylation and) describe oxidative phosphorylation andchemiosmosis in the electron transport system;chemiosmosis in the electron transport system;
(( f f ) explain the role of NADH, FADH) explain the role of NADH, FADH 22 and ATPand ATP
synthase in the electron transport chain;synthase in the electron transport chain;
((gg) calculate and explain the net energy produced) calculate and explain the net energy produced
in aerobic respiration per molecule of in aerobic respiration per molecule of glucoseglucose
in liver and muscle cells;in liver and muscle cells;
((hh) describe the effects of cyanide and carbon) describe the effects of cyanide and carbon
monoxide on respiration;monoxide on respiration;
((ii) explain how lipid and ) explain how lipid and protein act as alternativeprotein act as alternative
energy sources.energy sources.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the anaerobic respiration in yeast and) explain the anaerobic respiration in yeast andmuscle cells;muscle cells;
((bb) describe the applications of anaerobic) describe the applications of anaerobic
respiration in food industries (bread,respiration in food industries (bread, tapaitapai, and, and
yogurt).yogurt).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) classify autotroph into photoautotroph and) classify autotroph into photoautotroph and
chemoautotroph;chemoautotroph;
((bb) describe photosynthetic pigments;) describe photosynthetic pigments;
((cc) explain the absorption spectrum and action) explain the absorption spectrum and action
spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain photo-activation of ) explain photo-activation of chlorophyllchlorophyll aaresulting in photolysis of water;resulting in photolysis of water;
((bb) explain the cyclic and non-cyclic) explain the cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation including electronphotophosphorylation including electron
transport system resulting in the production of transport system resulting in the production of
ATP and NADPH.ATP and NADPH.
77
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
6.3 Light-independent6.3 Light-independent
reactionsreactions
6.4 Limiting factors6.4 Limiting factors
88
22
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe Calvin cycle;) describe Calvin cycle;
((bb) explain photorespiration;) explain photorespiration;
((cc) describe the anatomical structure of C) describe the anatomical structure of C 44 leaf leaf (Krantz anatomy) in comparison to C(Krantz anatomy) in comparison to C 33 leaf;leaf;
((d d ) explain carbon dioxide fixation in C) explain carbon dioxide fixation in C 44 plantsplants
and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
plants;plants;
((ee) differentiate the metabolism of C) differentiate the metabolism of C 33 , C, C 44 andand
CAM plants.CAM plants.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain limiting factors of photosynthesis) explain limiting factors of photosynthesis(light intensity, carbon dioxide (light intensity, carbon dioxide concentrationconcentration
and and temperaturetemperature););
((bb) relate the roles of C) relate the roles of C 33 , C, C 44 and CAM plants onand CAM plants onthe increasing carbon dioxide emission andthe increasing carbon dioxide emission and
global warming.global warming.
88
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
7 Gas Exchange7 Gas Exchange
7.1 Gaseous exchange in7.1 Gaseous exchange in
humanshumans
7.2 Breathing cycle7.2 Breathing cycle
7.3 Gaseous exchange in7.3 Gaseous exchange inplantsplants
8 Transport in Animals and8 Transport in Animals and
PlantsPlants
8.1 Transport system in8.1 Transport system inmammalsmammals
1212
77
33
22
1616
88
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) outline the structure of human respiratory) outline the structure of human respiratory
system, including the microscopic structure of system, including the microscopic structure of
the wall of an alveolus;the wall of an alveolus;
((bb) describe the ) describe the structure of haemoglobin;structure of haemoglobin;
((cc) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in blood;dioxide in blood;
((d d ) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of ) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of
haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetalhaemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal
haemoglobin;haemoglobin;
((ee) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the
oxygen dissociation curve.oxygen dissociation curve.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the ) explain the control of breathing mechanism,control of breathing mechanism,including the role including the role of chemoreceptor;of chemoreceptor;
((bb) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung
capacity, inspiratory reserve volume,capacity, inspiratory reserve volume,
expiratory reserve volume and residualexpiratory reserve volume and residual
volume.volume.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the structure and functions of stomata;) describe the structure and functions of stomata;
((bb) describe the mechanism of opening and) describe the mechanism of opening and
closing of stomata based on potassium ionclosing of stomata based on potassium ionaccumulation hypothesis.accumulation hypothesis.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the ) describe the structure of a mammalian heart;structure of a mammalian heart;
((bb) define systole and diastole, and explain the) define systole and diastole, and explain the
sequence of events in a sequence of events in a cardiac cycle includingcardiac cycle including
changes in pressure and volume in aorta, leftchanges in pressure and volume in aorta, left
atrium and left ventricle;atrium and left ventricle;
((cc) describe the initiation and regulation of heart) describe the initiation and regulation of heart
beat;beat;
SECOND TERM: PHYSIOLOGYSECOND TERM: PHYSIOLOGY
99
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
8.2 Transport system in8.2 Transport system in
vascular plantsvascular plants
9 Control and Regulation9 Control and Regulation
9.1 Nervous system9.1 Nervous system
88
2222
1616
((d d ) explain ) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis,hypertension, atherosclerosis,
arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, andarteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and
state their causes and state their causes and preventions;preventions;
((ee) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the
blood circulatory system;blood circulatory system;(( f f ) determine the direction of fluid movement at) determine the direction of fluid movement at
the arterial and venous ends of the capillariesthe arterial and venous ends of the capillaries
by calculating the differences betweenby calculating the differences between
osmotic pressure/solute potential andosmotic pressure/solute potential and
hydrostatic pressure.hydrostatic pressure.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the uptake of water and mineral ions) explain the uptake of water and mineral ionsfrom the soil by the root hairs from the soil by the root hairs involving waterinvolving water
potential;potential;
((bb) describe the ) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolarapoplast, symplast and vacuolar
pathway of water movement through the pathway of water movement through the rootroot
tissues;tissues;
((cc) describe the root ) describe the root pressure, cohesion-tensionpressure, cohesion-tension
theory and transpiration pull in relation totheory and transpiration pull in relation to
water movement from the roots to water movement from the roots to leaves;leaves;
((d d ) explain translocation using the mass flow,) explain translocation using the mass flow,
electro-osmelectro-osmosis, cytoplasmic osis, cytoplasmic streaming andstreaming and
peristaltic waves hypotheses;peristaltic waves hypotheses;
((ee) explain the concept of source and sink, and) explain the concept of source and sink, and
phloem loading and unloading in translocationphloem loading and unloading in translocation
according to pressure flow hypothesis.according to pressure flow hypothesis.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the organisation of the nervous) describe the organisation of the nervoussystem in humans;system in humans;
((bb) explain the formation of resting and action) explain the formation of resting and action
potentials;potentials;
((cc) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;
((d d ) describe the structure of synapse, and explain) describe the structure of synapse, and explain
the role the role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholineof neurotransmitters (acetylcholine
and norepinephrine);and norepinephrine);
((ee) explain and ) explain and compare the mechanisms of compare the mechanisms of
impulse transmission along the axon andimpulse transmission along the axon and
across the synapse;across the synapse;
1010
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
9.2 Hormones9.2 Hormones
10 Reproduction,10 Reproduction,
Development and GrowthDevelopment and Growth
10.1 Sexual reproduction in10.1 Sexual reproduction in
humanshumans
66
1313
66
(( f f ) describe the structure ) describe the structure of neuromuscularof neuromuscular
junction and sarcom junction and sarcomere;ere;
((gg) explain the ) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum,role of sarcoplasmic reticulum,
calcium ions, myofibril and T tubules incalcium ions, myofibril and T tubules in
muscle contraction;muscle contraction;((hh) explain the ) explain the mechanism of muscle contractionmechanism of muscle contraction
according to the sliding according to the sliding filament hypothesis;filament hypothesis;
((ii) compare the ) compare the sympathetic and parasympatheticsympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems;nervous systems;
(( j j) explain the mechanisms of drug action on) explain the mechanisms of drug action on
nervous system and nervous system and neuromuscular junctionneuromuscular junction
(cocaine and curare).(cocaine and curare).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the mechanisms of action of steroid) explain the mechanisms of action of steroidhormone and non-steroid hormones;hormone and non-steroid hormones;
((bb) explain the roles of ) explain the roles of plant hormones in growthplant hormones in growthand development;and development;
((cc) explain the ) explain the mechanism of phytochrome actionmechanism of phytochrome action
and their roles in photoperiodism andand their roles in photoperiodism and
flowering;flowering;
((d d ) outline the application of plant growth) outline the application of plant growth
regulators (synthetic auxin, syntheticregulators (synthetic auxin, synthetic
gibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) ingibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) in
agriculture.agriculture.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;
((bb) describe the ) describe the passage and development of passage and development of
sperms from the testis to the oviduct forsperms from the testis to the oviduct for
fertilisation;fertilisation;
((cc) describe the process of fertilisation and) describe the process of fertilisation and
implantation;implantation;
((d d ) describe the ) describe the roles of hormones in menstrualroles of hormones in menstrual
cycle and pregnancy;cycle and pregnancy;
((ee) describe briefly the stages ) describe briefly the stages in embryonicin embryonic
development;development;
1111
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
10.2 Sexual reproduction in10.2 Sexual reproduction inflowering plantsflowering plants
10.3 Seed germination10.3 Seed germination
10.4 Growth curves and10.4 Growth curves andpatterns of growthpatterns of growth
11 Homeostasis11 Homeostasis
11.1 Importance of 11.1 Importance of homeostasishomeostasis
22
11
44
1010
22
(( f f ) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic
fluid and allantois in foetal development;fluid and allantois in foetal development;
((gg) explain the process of parturition.) explain the process of parturition.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) outline double fertilisation;) outline double fertilisation;
((bb) describe the ) describe the embryonic developmembryonic development in seedent in seed
and formation of fruit.and formation of fruit.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the mobilisation of nutrients after) explain the mobilisation of nutrients afterimbibition in seed germination;imbibition in seed germination;
((bb) state the ) state the external factors affecting germination.external factors affecting germination.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the types of growth curves (absolute) explain the types of growth curves (absolutegrowth curve, absolute growth rate curve andgrowth curve, absolute growth rate curve and
relative growth rate curve);relative growth rate curve);
((bb) explain with examples the patterns of growth) explain with examples the patterns of growth
(limited growth in humans, unlimited growth(limited growth in humans, unlimited growth
in perennial plant, allometric growth inin perennial plant, allometric growth in
humans, isometric growth in fish andhumans, isometric growth in fish and
intermittent growth in insect);intermittent growth in insect);
((cc) explain the processes of ecdysis and) explain the processes of ecdysis and
metamormetamorphosis in insects, and phosis in insects, and relate the role of relate the role of
hormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenilehormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenile
hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the ) explain the importance of homeostasis;importance of homeostasis;
((bb) describe the homeostatic control ) describe the homeostatic control system insystem in
mammals;mammals;
((cc) explain the ) explain the physiological and behaviouralphysiological and behavioural
control in thermoregulation of endotherms.control in thermoregulation of endotherms.
1212
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
11.2 Liver11.2 Liver
11.3 Osmoregulation in11.3 Osmoregulation inmammalsmammals
11.4 Osmoregulation in11.4 Osmoregulation inplantsplants
12 Immunity12 Immunity
12.1 Immune system12.1 Immune system
44
33
11
1010
33
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the structure of liver, and explain the) describe the structure of liver, and explain theroles of its components;roles of its components;
((bb) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver(glycogenesis, glycogenolysis,(glycogenesis, glycogenolysis,
gluconeogenesis);gluconeogenesis);
((cc) describe protein ) describe protein metabolism (transammetabolism (transamination,ination,
deamination and urea formation) in the deamination and urea formation) in the liver.liver.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the process of ultrafiltration,) explain the process of ultrafiltration,reabsorption and secretion in the reabsorption and secretion in the formation of formation of
urine;urine;
((bb) explain the role of ADH and ) explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, andaldosterone, and
the related hormones in regulating water,the related hormones in regulating water,
sodium and potassium ions of urine;sodium and potassium ions of urine;
((cc) explain the regulation of pH of ) explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.tissue fluid.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the role of stomata in regulation of ) describe the role of stomata in regulation of water loss, and explain the importance of water loss, and explain the importance of
transpiration;transpiration;
((bb) describe the various types of plant adaptations) describe the various types of plant adaptations
to prevent water loss (halophytes andto prevent water loss (halophytes and
xerophytes).xerophytes).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe human lymphatic system, and explain) describe human lymphatic system, and explain
its function in relation to immunity;its function in relation to immunity;
((bb) describe antibody (structure and ) describe antibody (structure and function),function),
antigen, epitope, and the development of Bantigen, epitope, and the development of B
and T cells;and T cells;
((cc) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and
T cells.T cells.
1313
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
12.2 Development of 12.2 Development of
immunityimmunity
12.3 Concept of self and12.3 Concept of self andnon-self non-self
12.4 Immune disorder12.4 Immune disorder
13 Infectious Diseases13 Infectious Diseases
13.1 Infectious disease13.1 Infectious disease
13.2 Dengue13.2 Dengue
13.3 Cholera13.3 Cholera
33
33
11
1313
11
33
33
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain cell-mediated and humoral immune) explain cell-mediated and humoral immuneresponses;responses;
((bb) outline the ) outline the antigen-antibody reactionsantigen-antibody reactions(precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation,(precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation,
complemecomplement nt fixation).fixation).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the concept of self and non) explain the concept of self and non-self and-self andrelate this to tissue rejection in organrelate this to tissue rejection in organ
transplant;transplant;
((bb) explain the ) explain the mechanism of immune suppressionmechanism of immune suppression
(HIV infection).(HIV infection).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic Lupus) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic LupusErythematosus (SLE)).Erythematosus (SLE)).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain what is meant by an ) explain what is meant by an infection and aninfection and an
infectious disease;infectious disease;
((bb) outline the types of infectious agents.) outline the types of infectious agents.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;
((bb) explain the transmission of dengue;) explain the transmission of dengue;
((cc) discuss the roles of s) discuss the roles of social, economical andocial, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of dengue.biological factors in the prevention of dengue.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;
((bb) explain the transmission of cholera;) explain the transmission of cholera;
((cc) discuss the roles of s) discuss the roles of social, economical andocial, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of cholera.biological factors in the prevention of cholera.
1414
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)
13.5 Malaria13.5 Malaria
33
33
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the causes and symptoms of ) describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB);tuberculosis (TB);
((bb) explain the transmission of TB;) explain the transmission of TB;((cc) discuss the roles of s) discuss the roles of social, economical andocial, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of TB.biological factors in the prevention of TB.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the ) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria;causes and symptoms of malaria;
((bb) explain the ) explain the transmission of malaria;transmission of malaria;
((cc) discuss the roles of s) discuss the roles of social, economical andocial, economical and
biological factors in the biological factors in the prevention of malaria.prevention of malaria.
1515
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
14 Taxonomy and14 Taxonomy and
BiodiversityBiodiversity
14.1 Taxonomy14.1 Taxonomy
14.2 Diversity of organisms14.2 Diversity of organisms
14.3 Biodiversity in14.3 Biodiversity inMalaysiaMalaysia
14.4 Threats to biodiversity14.4 Threats to biodiversity
14.5 Conservation of 14.5 Conservation of biodiversitybiodiversity
1414
22
66
22
22
22
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the importance of taxonomy in) explain the importance of taxonomy in
biological sciences;biological sciences;
((bb) explain the concept of species, and relate how) explain the concept of species, and relate how
a species is classified into higher categories ina species is classified into higher categories in
a taxonomic a taxonomic hierarchy.hierarchy.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the ) describe the morphological charactmorphological characteristics of eristics of the following phyla in the respectivethe following phyla in the respective
kingdoms: Protoctista (Chlorophyta andkingdoms: Protoctista (Chlorophyta and
Zoomastigina), Fungi (Zygomycota), PlantaeZoomastigina), Fungi (Zygomycota), Plantae
(Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta and(Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta and
AngiospermophyAngiospermophyta) and ta) and Animalia (Porifera,Animalia (Porifera,
Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca,Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca,
Arthropoda and Chordata).Arthropoda and Chordata).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the different levels and examples of ) describe the different levels and examples of biodiversity in Malaysia, namely ecosystem orbiodiversity in Malaysia, namely ecosystem or
community diversity, species or taxonomiccommunity diversity, species or taxonomic
diversity and genetic diversity;diversity and genetic diversity;
((bb) explain the importance of biodiversity in) explain the importance of biodiversity in
Malaysia.Malaysia.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the ) explain the natural and man-made factors thatnatural and man-made factors that
threaten biodiversity in threaten biodiversity in Malaysia;Malaysia;
((bb) explain the steps and efforts taken by various) explain the steps and efforts taken by various
agencies and organisations to address theagencies and organisations to address the
threats.threats.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the various measures taken to) describe the various measures taken toconserve the different levels of biodiversityconserve the different levels of biodiversity
includingincluding in situin situ andand ex situex situ conservation inconservation in
Malaysia.Malaysia.
THIRD TERM: ECOLOGY AND GENETICSTHIRD TERM: ECOLOGY AND GENETICS
1616
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
15 Ecology15 Ecology
15.1 Levels of ecological15.1 Levels of ecologicalorganisationorganisation
15.2 Biogeochemical cycles15.2 Biogeochemical cycles
15.3 Energy flow15.3 Energy flow
15.4 Population ecology15.4 Population ecology
15.5 Carrying capacity15.5 Carrying capacity
15.6 Quantitative ecology15.6 Quantitative ecology
2222
33
33
33
66
33
44
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the concept of hierarchy in an) explain the concept of hierarchy in an
ecosystem and the interaction between theecosystem and the interaction between thebiotic and abiotic components.biotic and abiotic components.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the ) describe the biogeochemicbiogeochemical cycles (carbon,al cycles (carbon,
phosphorus and sulphur), and explain theirphosphorus and sulphur), and explain their
importance.importance.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the energy flow and the efficiency of ) describe the energy flow and the efficiency of energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystemenergy transfer in terrestrial ecosystem
(tropical rain forest) and aquatic ecosystem(tropical rain forest) and aquatic ecosystem
(lake).(lake).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain population growth (S and J ) explain population growth (S and J growthgrowthcurves), biotic potential, natality, mortality,curves), biotic potential, natality, mortality,
migration and survivorship;migration and survivorship;
((bb) explain the characteristics of populations that) explain the characteristics of populations that
show Type I, Type II and Type IIIshow Type I, Type II and Type III
survivorship curves, andsurvivorship curves, and K K -strategies and-strategies and
r r -strategies.-strategies.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain what is meant by carrying capacity and) explain what is meant by carrying capacity and
sustainable development;sustainable development;((bb) explain the factors limiting the population size) explain the factors limiting the population size
and distribution.and distribution.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the use of quadrat and line ) describe the use of quadrat and line transecttransectsampling methods and explain the sampling methods and explain the advantagesadvantages
and disadvantages of using these methods;and disadvantages of using these methods;
((bb) calculate the various ) calculate the various sampling parameterssampling parameters
(frequency(frequency, density, cover , density, cover and their absoluteand their absolute
and relative estimations) and estimate theand relative estimations) and estimate the
population size of organisms;population size of organisms;
((cc) explain the pattern of distribution of organisms) explain the pattern of distribution of organisms
in an ecosystem.in an ecosystem.
1717
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
16 Selection and Speciation16 Selection and Speciation
16.1 Natural and artificial16.1 Natural and artificialselectionselection
16.2 Speciation16.2 Speciation
17 Inheritance and Genetic17 Inheritance and Genetic
ControlControl
17.1 Types of genetic17.1 Types of geneticcrosses and breedingcrosses and breeding
systemsystem
17.2 Non-Mendelian17.2 Non-Mendelianinheritanceinheritance
1010
66
44
3434
55
77
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe continuous and discontinuous) describe continuous and discontinuous
variations in relation to selection andvariations in relation to selection andspeciation;speciation;
((bb) explain the modes of natural selection) explain the modes of natural selection
(stabilising, directional and disruptive) and(stabilising, directional and disruptive) and
their consequences;their consequences;
((cc) describe with examples, sexual selection and) describe with examples, sexual selection and
polymorphism;polymorphism;
((d d ) explain the ) explain the importance of artificial selectionimportance of artificial selection
(gene bank, germplasm bank and sperm bank).(gene bank, germplasm bank and sperm bank).
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift,) explain the processes of isolation, genetic drift,hybridisation and adaptive radiation;hybridisation and adaptive radiation;
((bb) explain the importance of speciation in relation) explain the importance of speciation in relation
to evolution.to evolution.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the ) explain the Mendelian inheritance pertainingMendelian inheritance pertaining
to the phenotypic and genotypic ratios;to the phenotypic and genotypic ratios;
((bb) describe the types of crosses (test cross,) describe the types of crosses (test cross,
backcross, reciprocal cross and selfing) andbackcross, reciprocal cross and selfing) and
explain their importance;explain their importance;
((cc) describe pure breeding, outbreeding,) describe pure breeding, outbreeding,
inbreeding, selective breeding, and explaininbreeding, selective breeding, and explain
their importance.their importance.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain) explain
(i) incomplete dominance (flower colour in(i) incomplete dominance (flower colour in
snapdragon),snapdragon),
(ii) codominance (MN blood group in(ii) codominance (MN blood group in
humans),humans),
(iii) multiple alleles (ABO blood group in(iii) multiple alleles (ABO blood group in
humans), andhumans), and
calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios;calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios;
1818
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
17.3 Genetic mapping17.3 Genetic mapping
17.4 Population genetics17.4 Population genetics
17.5 DNA replication17.5 DNA replication
22
55
44
((bb) explain lethal ) explain lethal genes (sickle-cell in human/coatgenes (sickle-cell in human/coat
colur in mice/chlorophyll production incolur in mice/chlorophyll production in
maize), polygenes (height in humans), linkedmaize), polygenes (height in humans), linked
and sex-linked genes (and sex-linked genes ( Drosophila Drosophila eye coloureye colour
and haemophilia in humans), and epistasisand haemophilia in humans), and epistasis
(coat colour in dog and capsule shape in(coat colour in dog and capsule shape in
shepherd’s purse plant);shepherd’s purse plant);
((cc) explain the ) explain the pedigree analysis.pedigree analysis.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain crossing over and distinguish between) explain crossing over and distinguish betweenparental and recombinant genotypes andparental and recombinant genotypes and
phenotypes;phenotypes;
((bb) calculate the distance between two loci, and) calculate the distance between two loci, and
determine the relative position of a gene on adetermine the relative position of a gene on a
chromosomchromosome based on e based on percentage of crossing-percentage of crossing-
over inover in Drosophila Drosophila..
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the concept of gene pool, gene/allele) describe the concept of gene pool, gene/allelefrequency and genotype frequency and genotype frequency;frequency;
((bb) explain ) explain Hardy-WeinbeHardy-Weinberg equilibriumrg equilibrium
(( p p22 + 2+ 2 pq pq ++qq22 = 1 and= 1 and p p ++ qq = 1), and calculate= 1), and calculate
the gene/allele and the gene/allele and genotype frequencies;genotype frequencies;
((cc) explain the ) explain the conditions for Hardy-Weinbergconditions for Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium to be valid;equilibrium to be valid;
((d d ) describe changes in ) describe changes in genotype frequencies ingenotype frequencies in
relation to evolution.relation to evolution.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the experiments to prove DNA is the) explain the experiments to prove DNA is thegenetic material (Avery, MacLeod andgenetic material (Avery, MacLeod and
McCarty experiment and Hershey and McCarty experiment and Hershey and ChaseChase
experiment);experiment);
((bb) explain the three models of DNA replication,) explain the three models of DNA replication,
and interpret the experiment of Meselson and interpret the experiment of Meselson andand
Stahl to prove the Stahl to prove the semi-conservsemi-conservative model of ative model of
DNA replication;DNA replication;
((cc) explain the ) explain the mechanism of DNA replication,mechanism of DNA replication,
and the role of the enzymes involved.and the role of the enzymes involved.
1919
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
17.6 Gene expression17.6 Gene expression
17.7 Regulation of gene17.7 Regulation of geneexpressionexpression
17.8 Mutation17.8 Mutation
44
22
55
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatum) explain the experiment of Beadle and Tatumwhich leads to which leads to the establishment of one-gene-the establishment of one-gene-
one-polypeptide hypothesis;one-polypeptide hypothesis;
((bb) interpret the genetic code table, and identify) interpret the genetic code table, and identify
the appropriate anti-codon;the appropriate anti-codon;
((cc) explain the ) explain the characteristcharacteristics of ics of genetic code;genetic code;
((d d ) describe transcription and translation.) describe transcription and translation.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) define repressor, inducer, negative control in) define repressor, inducer, negative control inlaclac operon and constitutive enzyme;operon and constitutive enzyme;
((bb) describe the components of ) describe the components of laclac operon, andoperon, and
explain its explain its mechanismmechanism..
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the different types of gene mutation) describe the different types of gene mutationwith examples of its with examples of its consequencesconsequences
(substitution(substitution – – sickle-cell anaemia,sickle-cell anaemia,
insertion/additioninsertion/addition – – frameshift mutation,frameshift mutation,
deletiondeletion – – frameshift mutation andframeshift mutation and
thalassaemia major and inversion);thalassaemia major and inversion);
((bb) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent/ ) differentiate missense, nonsense and silent/
neutral mutations;neutral mutations;
((cc) describe the four structural changes in) describe the four structural changes in
chromosomchromosomes (duplication, es (duplication, deletion, inversiondeletion, inversion
and translocation);and translocation);
((d d ) describe the ) describe the changes in chromosome number,changes in chromosome number,
including the definition of non-disjunction;including the definition of non-disjunction;
((ee) describe the consequences of non-disjunction) describe the consequences of non-disjunction
in relation to meiosis;in relation to meiosis;
(( f f ) explain and give examples of different types of ) explain and give examples of different types of
aneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy);aneuploidy (monosomy and trisomy);
((gg) explain and give examples of different types of ) explain and give examples of different types of
euploidy: diploid and polyploid, includingeuploidy: diploid and polyploid, including
autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.
2020
TopicTopicTeachingTeaching
Period Period Learning Outcome Learning Outcome
18 Gene Technology18 Gene Technology
18.1 Recombinant DNA18.1 Recombinant DNAtechnologytechnology
19 Biotechnology19 Biotechnology
19.1 Roles of 19.1 Roles of biotechnologybiotechnology
19.2 Applications of 19.2 Applications of biotechnologybiotechnology
88
88
88
11
77
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) explain ) explain recombinant DNA technology/geneticrecombinant DNA technology/genetic
engineering;engineering;((bb) differentiate between genomic and) differentiate between genomic and ccDNADNA
cloning and genomic andcloning and genomic and ccDNA libraries;DNA libraries;
((cc) describe the vectors used in cloning and ) describe the vectors used in cloning and theirtheir
properties;properties;
((d d ) describe the ) describe the restriction enzyme (restriction enzyme ( Eco EcoR1 andR1 and
SmaSmaI), including its nomenclature, recognitionI), including its nomenclature, recognition
site (palindrome), importance and the types of site (palindrome), importance and the types of
ends generated;ends generated;
((ee) explain reverse transcription, insertion,) explain reverse transcription, insertion,
ligation, ligation, transformation/tratransformation/transduction,nsduction,
amplification and screening;amplification and screening;
(( f f ) describe the steps involved in ) describe the steps involved in genomic andgenomic and
ccDNA cloning, including the DNA cloning, including the enzymesenzymes
involved, and explain human insulininvolved, and explain human insulin
production inproduction in E. coli E. coli as an example.as an example.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) define ) define biotechnology;biotechnology;
((bb) outline the roles of ) outline the roles of biotechnology in our life.biotechnology in our life.
Candidates should be able to:Candidates should be able to:
((aa) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in
food and beverages food and beverages production (fermentationproduction (fermentationand vitamin-enriched eggs);and vitamin-enriched eggs);
((bb) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in
agriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistantagriculture (hybrid rice, herbicide resistant
plants and transgenic fish);plants and transgenic fish);
((cc) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in
medicine (human growth hormone, humanmedicine (human growth hormone, human
insulin and gene therapy) and insulin and gene therapy) and forensic (DNAforensic (DNA
finger printing);finger printing);
((d d ) describe the application of biotechnology in) describe the application of biotechnology in
public health (genetic screening, diagnosticpublic health (genetic screening, diagnostic
kits and kits and oil-decomposioil-decomposing bacteria).ng bacteria).
2121
The Practical SyllabusThe Practical Syllabus
School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)
School-based assessment of practical work will be School-based assessment of practical work will be carried out throughout the carried out throughout the form six school termsform six school termsfor candidates from government schools and private schools which are approved by the MEC to carryfor candidates from government schools and private schools which are approved by the MEC to carry
out the school-based assessment of out the school-based assessment of practical work.practical work.
MEC will determine 15 compulsory experimMEC will determine 15 compulsory experiments to be carried out by the ents to be carried out by the candidates and to becandidates and to beassessed by the subject teachers in schools in assessed by the subject teachers in schools in the respective terms. Details of the title, objective,the respective terms. Details of the title, objective,
learning outcome, introduction, material, apparatus and procedure of each of learning outcome, introduction, material, apparatus and procedure of each of the experiments will bethe experiments will be
specified in the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Practical Biology which can be downloaded fromspecified in the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Practical Biology which can be downloaded from
MEC PortalMEC Portal (http://www.mpm.edu.my)(http://www.mpm.edu.my) during the first term of form six by during the first term of form six by the subject teacher.the subject teacher.
Candidates should be supplied with Candidates should be supplied with a work scheme before the a work scheme before the day of the compulsory experimentday of the compulsory experimentso as to enable them to so as to enable them to plan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one schoolplan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one school
double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the subject teachers during the practicalsubject teachers during the practical
sessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessmentsessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessment
guidelines prepared by MEC.guidelines prepared by MEC.
A repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for two subsequentA repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for two subsequentexaminations. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should examinations. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should be made during thebe made during the
registration of the examination.registration of the examination.
During the practical session, candidates should be able to:During the practical session, candidates should be able to:
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make observations on living, make observations on living, preserved specimens and models, and record them accuratelypreserved specimens and models, and record them accuratelyin writing or by using in writing or by using clear drawings or diagrams,clear drawings or diagrams,
identify morphological features of specimens as a identify morphological features of specimens as a basis for their basis for their classification,classification,
carry out dissection, display and illustrate the result,carry out dissection, display and illustrate the result,
stain and mount stain and mount specimens for microscopic examinatispecimens for microscopic examination,on,
identify and illustrate the identify and illustrate the specimens observed under light microscope,specimens observed under light microscope,
carry out biochemical, physiological and genetic experiments,carry out biochemical, physiological and genetic experiments,
carry out sampling for ecological studies,carry out sampling for ecological studies,
record the results systematically, interpret the data record the results systematically, interpret the data scientifically and make conclusion.scientifically and make conclusion.
2222
Written Practical Test (Paper 5)Written Practical Test (Paper 5)
The main objective of written practical test is to The main objective of written practical test is to assess the candidates’ understanding of practicalassess the candidates’ understanding of practicalprocedures in the laboratory.procedures in the laboratory.
The following candidates are required to register for this paper:The following candidates are required to register for this paper:
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((cc))
((d d ))
((ee))
individual private candidates,individual private candidates,
candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-basedcandidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-based
assessment of practical work,assessment of practical work,
candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),
candidates who docandidates who do notnot attend classes of lower six and upper six attend classes of lower six and upper six in twoin two consecutiveconsecutive yearsyears
(in government or private schools),(in government or private schools),
candidates who take Biology other candidates who take Biology other than the package offered by schools.than the package offered by schools.
Three structured questions related to practical work will be set. MEC will not be Three structured questions related to practical work will be set. MEC will not be strictly bound bystrictly bound bythe syllabus in setting questions. the syllabus in setting questions. Where appropriate, candidaWhere appropriate, candidates will be given sufficient information totes will be given sufficient information to
enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory within the enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory within the syllabus and knowledge of syllabus and knowledge of
usual laboratory practical procedures will be usual laboratory practical procedures will be expected.expected.
Candidates should have sufficient knowledge on:Candidates should have sufficient knowledge on:
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((d d ))
((ee))
(( f f ))
((gg))
((hh))
((ii))
structure of specimens and record them accurately in structure of specimens and record them accurately in writing or illustration,writing or illustration,
morphological and anatomical featurmorphological and anatomical features and relate to functions of specimens as a es and relate to functions of specimens as a basis forbasis fortheir classification,their classification,
dissection of specimens and illustration of the result (rat),dissection of specimens and illustration of the result (rat),
staining and mounting specimens for staining and mounting specimens for microscopic examination,microscopic examination,
identification and illustration of identification and illustration of the specimens as observed under the specimens as observed under microscope,microscope,
biochemical, physiological and genetic biochemical, physiological and genetic experimentexperiments,s,
sampling for ecological studies,sampling for ecological studies,
interpreting, evaluating, drawing conclusion interpreting, evaluating, drawing conclusion from experimental data,from experimental data,
using theories to explain the results of using theories to explain the results of experiments and performing simple calcexperiments and performing simple calculationsulations
based on experiments.based on experiments.
2323
Term of Term of
StudyStudy
Paper CodePaper Code
and Nameand NameTheme/Title Theme/Title Type Type of of Test Test
Mark Mark
((WeightingWeighting)) Duration Duration AdministrationAdministration
FirstFirst
TermTerm
964/1964/1
BiologyBiology
Paper 1Paper 1
BiologicalBiological
MoleculesMolecules
andand
MetabolismMetabolism
Written testWritten test
Section ASection A
15 compulsory15 compulsorymultiple-choicemultiple-choice
questions to bequestions to be
answered.answered.
Section BSection B
2 compulsory short2 compulsory short
structured questions tostructured questions to
be answered.be answered.
Section CSection C
2 out of 3 essay2 out of 3 essay
questions to bequestions to be
answered.answered.
All questions areAll questions are
based on topics 1 to 6.based on topics 1 to 6.
6060
(26.67%)(26.67%)
1515
1515
3030
1½ hours1½ hoursCentralCentral
assessmentassessment
SecondSecond
TermTerm
964/2964/2
BiologyBiology
Paper 2Paper 2
PhysiologyPhysiology Written testWritten test
Section ASection A
15 compulsory15 compulsory
multiple-choicemultiple-choice
questions to bequestions to be
answered.answered.
Section BSection B
2 compulsory short2 compulsory short
structured questions tostructured questions to
be answered.be answered.
Section CSection C
2 out of 3 essay2 out of 3 essay
questions to bequestions to be
answered.answered.
All questions areAll questions are
based on topics 7 tobased on topics 7 to
13.13.
6060
(26.67%)(26.67%)
1515
1515
3030
1½ hours1½ hoursCentralCentral
assessmentassessment
Scheme of AssessmentScheme of Assessment
2424
Term of Term of
StudyStudy
Paper CodePaper Code
and Nameand NameTheme/Title Theme/Title Type Type of of Test Test
Mark Mark
((WeightingWeighting)) Duration Duration AdministrationAdministration
ThirdThird
TermTerm964/3964/3
BiologyBiology
Paper 3Paper 3
Ecology andEcology and
GeneticsGenetics
Written testWritten test
Section ASection A
15 compulsory15 compulsorymultiple-choicemultiple-choice
questions to bequestions to be
answeredanswered..
Section BSection B
2 compulsory short2 compulsory short
structured questions tostructured questions to
be answered.be answered.
Section CSection C
2 out of 3 essay2 out of 3 essay
questions to bequestions to be
answered.answered.
All questions areAll questions are
based on topics 14 tobased on topics 14 to
19.19.
6060
(26.67%)(26.67%)
1515
1515
3030
1½ hours1½ hoursCentralCentral
assessmentassessment
964/5964/5
BiologyBiology
Paper 5Paper 5
Written PracticalWritten Practical
TestTest
3 structured questions3 structured questions
with diagram/graph/ with diagram/graph/
table to be answered.table to be answered.
4545
(20%)(20%)
1½ hours1½ hoursCentralCentral
assessmentassessment
First,First,
SecondSecond
andand
ThirdThird
TermsTerms
964/4964/4
BiologyBiology
Paper 4Paper 4
BiologyBiology
PracticalPractical
School-basedSchool-based
Assessment of Assessment of
PracticalPractical
15 compulsory15 compulsory
experiments to beexperiments to be
carried out.carried out.
225225
(20%)(20%) Through-Through-
out theout the
threethree
termsterms
School-basedSchool-based
assessmentassessment
2525
Performance DescriptionsPerformance Descriptions
AA Grade AGrade A candidate is likely able to:candidate is likely able to:
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recall almost all the content of required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the contentrecall almost all the content of required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the contentwith the question;with the question;
decide on, organise and present information to explain the concept, theories and depth of decide on, organise and present information to explain the concept, theories and depth of
biological knowledge in an biological knowledge in an ordered and logical manner;ordered and logical manner;
plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a sound biological knowledge;sound biological knowledge;
interpret and analyse complex data presented, and interpret and analyse complex data presented, and relate the biological knowledge andrelate the biological knowledge and
understanding of content by usunderstanding of content by using correct formulae, terminologies, scientific units anding correct formulae, terminologies, scientific units and
approach;approach;
integrate various concepts and findings integrate various concepts and findings accurately, and formulate logical conclusion;accurately, and formulate logical conclusion;
apply and justify knowledge apply and justify knowledge and understanding successfully to unfamiliar contexts andand understanding successfully to unfamiliar contexts and
data.data.
AA Grade CGrade C candidate is likely able to:candidate is likely able to:
((aa))
((bb))
((cc))
((d d ))
((ee))
(( f f ))
recall some of the content of the required areas of biological srecall some of the content of the required areas of biological syllabus, and relate the contentyllabus, and relate the contentwith the question with the question moderately;moderately;
decide on, organise and present information to describe the concept, theories and depth of decide on, organise and present information to describe the concept, theories and depth of
biological knowledge;biological knowledge;
plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a plan and carry out investigations, solve problems based on a mediocre biologicalmediocre biological
knowledge;knowledge;
interpret and analyse simple and interpret and analyse simple and straight forward data presented, and relate straight forward data presented, and relate the biologicalthe biological
knowledge and understanding of content knowledge and understanding of content by using some formulae, terminologies andby using some formulae, terminologies and
scientific units;scientific units;
integrate some concepts and findings, integrate some concepts and findings, and formulate simple conclusion;and formulate simple conclusion;
apply knowledge with moderate understanding to apply knowledge with moderate understanding to unfamiliar contexts and data.unfamiliar contexts and data.
2626
Reference BooksReference Books
Teachers and candidates may use books Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the specially written for the STPM examination and otherSTPM examination and otherreference books such as those listed below.reference books such as those listed below.
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.
6.6.
7.7.
8.8.
9.9.
10.10.
11.11.
12.12.
13.13.
14.14.
15.15.
16.16.
Alters, S. and Alters, B., 2006.Alters, S. and Alters, B., 2006. Biology: Understanding L Biology: Understanding Lifeife. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,Inc.Inc.
Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B. E., 2001.Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G. and Byers, B. E., 2001. Biology: Life on Earth. Biology: Life on Earth. 6th edition. New6th edition. NewJersey: Prentice Hall.Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., 2006.Campbell, M. K., Farrell, S. O., 2006. Biochemistry Biochemistry. Belmont: Thomson . Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.Brooks/Cole.
Campbell, N. A. and Reece, N. A., 2005.Campbell, N. A. and Reece, N. A., 2005. Biology Biology. 7th edition. . 7th edition. San Francisco: Benjamin/ San Francisco: Benjamin/ Cummings.Cummings.
Clegg, C. J. and Mackean, D. G., 2000.Clegg, C. J. and Mackean, D. G., 2000. Advanced Biology: Advanced Biology: Principles and ApplicationsPrinciples and Applications..2nd edition. London: J2nd edition. London: John Murray.ohn Murray.
Kent, M., 2000.Kent, M., 2000. Advanced Biology Advanced Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Klug, W. S., Cummings, M.R. and Spencer, C. A., 2005.Klug, W. S., Cummings, M.R. and Spencer, C. A., 2005. Concepts of GeneticsConcepts of Genetics. 8th edition.. 8th edition.New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Klug, W. S. and Cummings, M. R., 2005.Klug, W. S. and Cummings, M. R., 2005. Essentials of Genetics Essentials of Genetics.. 5th edition. New J5th edition. New Jersey:ersey:Pearson Prentice Hall.Pearson Prentice Hall.
Mader, S., 2004.Mader, S., 2004. Biology. Biology. 8th edition. 8th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.New York: McGraw-Hill.
Raven, P. H.,Raven, P. H., et. alet. al. 2005.. 2005. Biology. Biology. 7th edition. New York: 7th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.McGraw-Hill.
Russel, P. J.,Russel, P. J., et. alet. al. 2008.. 2008. Biology: The Dy Biology: The Dynamics Sciencenamics Science. 1st edition. Belmont: Thompson. 1st edition. Belmont: ThompsonBrooks/Cole.Brooks/Cole.
Smith, R. L. and Smith, T. M., 2003.Smith, R. L. and Smith, T. M., 2003. Elements of Ecology Elements of Ecology. 5th . 5th edition. San Francisco: Benjaminedition. San Francisco: BenjaminCummings.Cummings.
Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R. and Martin, D. W., 2005.Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R. and Martin, D. W., 2005. Biology. Biology. 7th edition. Belmont: Thompson7th edition. Belmont: Thompson
Brooks/Cole.Brooks/Cole.
Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Stout, G. W., 2003.Stout, G. W., 2003. Biological Science 1: Org Biological Science 1: Organisms,anisms,
Energy and Environme Energy and Environment nt . 3rd edition. . 3rd edition. Cambridge: CambCambridge: Cambridge University Press.ridge University Press.
Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Taylor, D. J., Green, N. P. O. and Stout, G. W., 2003.Stout, G. W., 2003. Biological Science 2: Sy Biological Science 2: Systems,stems,
Maintenance and Cha Maintenance and Change.nge. 3rd editon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.3rd editon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toole, G. and Toole, S., 1999.Toole, G. and Toole, S., 1999. Understanding Biology for Advanced Level.Understanding Biology for Advanced Level. 4th edition. United4th edition. UnitedKingdom: Nelson Thornes.Kingdom: Nelson Thornes.
2727
2828
Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….
(Nombor kad pengenalan)(Nombor kad pengenalan)
964/1964/1
(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPERSPECIMEN PAPER
STPMSTPM
BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)
PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)PAPER 1 (KERTAS 1)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)
Instructions to candidates:Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
Answer Answer allall questions in Section A. Marks will not questions in Section A. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers. For eachbe deducted for wrong answers. For each
question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.
Answer Answer allall questions in Section B. Write your questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces provided.answers in the spaces provided.
Answer Answer anyany twotwo questions in Section C. All essential working should questions in Section C. All essential working should be shown. For numericalbe shown. For numerical
answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper fresh sheet of paper
and arrange your answers in numerical order.and arrange your answers in numerical order.
Arahan kepada calon:Arahan kepada calon:
JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUATSEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT
DEMIKIAN.DEMIKIAN.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.bagi jawapan yang salah. Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawjawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatanapan yang betul dan buat bulatan
pada jawapan tersebut. pada jawapan tersebut.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang diberikan.ruang yang diberikan.
Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklahsoalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklah
ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.
Mulakan setiap jawapan pad Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian kertas jawapan yaa helaian kertas jawapan yang baharu dan susun jawapang baharu dan susun jawapan andan anda
mengikut tertib berangka.mengikut tertib berangka.
This This question question paper paper consists consists of of printed printed pages pages and and blank blank page.page.
(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada h(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak danalaman bercetak dan
© Majlis © Majlis Peperiksaan MalaysiaPeperiksaan Malaysia
STPMSTPM 964/1964/1
2929
halaman kosong.)halaman kosong.)
Section ASection A [15[15 marksmarks]]
Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
11
22
33
44
55
Which property of water is important to living organisms?Which property of water is important to living organisms?
AA Polar moleculePolar molecule
BB Non polar moleculeNon polar molecule
CC Low specific heat capacityLow specific heat capacity
DD Low latent heat of vaporisationLow latent heat of vaporisation
Which monosaccharide, example and its Which monosaccharide, example and its description correspond?description correspond?
Monosaccharide Exa Monosaccharide Example Descriptionmple Description
AA Pentose Ribose A coenzyme involved in the Pentose Ribose A coenzyme involved in the transfer of transfer of
hydrogen during glycolysishydrogen during glycolysis
BB Pentose Ribulose A source of Pentose Ribulose A source of NADPH productionNADPH production
CC Triose Glyceraldehyde An important intermediate substance inTriose Glyceraldehyde An important intermediate substance in
glycolysisglycolysis
DD Triose Dihydroxyacetone A monomer of Triose Dihydroxyacetone A monomer of cellulosecellulose
Which isWhich is notnot true of lipid?true of lipid?
AA It is soluble in water.It is soluble in water.
BB It is a solvent for cholesterol.It is a solvent for cholesterol.
CC It is soluble in organic solvents.It is soluble in organic solvents.
DD It is an ester formed from the reaction of fat and alcohol.It is an ester formed from the reaction of fat and alcohol.
Which amino acid is the first to Which amino acid is the first to be carried by tRNA to ribosome during translation?be carried by tRNA to ribosome during translation?
AA LeucineLeucine
BB TyrosineTyrosine
CC TryptophanTryptophan
DD MethionineMethionine
Which organelle gives rise to the membranes of a cell?Which organelle gives rise to the membranes of a cell?
AA VacuoleVacuole
BB NucleusNucleus
CC LysosomeLysosome
DD Smooth endoplasmic reticulumSmooth endoplasmic reticulum
964/1964/1
3030
Bahagian ABahagian A [15[15 markahmarkah]]
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..
11
22
33
44
55
Sifat air yang manakah yang penting Sifat air yang manakah yang penting kepada organism hidup?kepada organism hidup?
AA Molekul berkutubMolekul berkutub
BB Molekul tak berkutubMolekul tak berkutub
CC Muatan haba tentu yang rendahMuatan haba tentu yang rendah
DD Haba pendam pengewapan yang rendahHaba pendam pengewapan yang rendah
Monosakarida, contohnya, dan penerangan yang manakah yang Monosakarida, contohnya, dan penerangan yang manakah yang berpadanan?berpadanan?
Monosakarida Contoh Pene Monosakarida Contoh Peneranganrangan
AA Pentosa Ribosa Satu koenzim yang terlibat dalamPentosa Ribosa Satu koenzim yang terlibat dalam
pemindahan hydrogen semasa glikolisispemindahan hydrogen semasa glikolisis
BB Pentosa Ribulosa Sumber penghasilan NADPHPentosa Ribulosa Sumber penghasilan NADPH
CC Triosa Gliseraldehid Bahan perantara penting dalam glikolisisTriosa Gliseraldehid Bahan perantara penting dalam glikolisis
DD Triosa Dihidroksiaseton Monomer selulosaTriosa Dihidroksiaseton Monomer selulosa
Yang manakah yangYang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang lipid?benar tentang lipid?
AA Terlarut dalam air.Terlarut dalam air.
BB Pelarut bagi kolesterol.Pelarut bagi kolesterol.
CC Terlarut dalam pelarut organik.Terlarut dalam pelarut organik.
DD Satu ester yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas Satu ester yang terbentuk daripada tindak balas lemak dan alkohol.lemak dan alkohol.
Asid amino yang manakah yang pertama dibawa oleh Asid amino yang manakah yang pertama dibawa oleh tRNA ke ribosom semasa translasi?tRNA ke ribosom semasa translasi?
AA LeusinaLeusina
BB TirosinaTirosina
CC TriptofanTriptofan
DD MetioninaMetionina
Organel yang manakah yang membentuk membran sel?Organel yang manakah yang membentuk membran sel?
AA VakuolVakuol
BB NukleusNukleus
CC LisosomLisosom
DD Jalinan endoplasma licinJalinan endoplasma licin
964/1964/1
3131
Component of a cellComponent of a cell
membranemembraneFunctionsFunctions
I OligosaccharideI Oligosaccharide
II LecithinII Lecithin
III ProteinIII Protein
IV CholesterolIV Cholesterol
p p Acts as a receptor to a certain molecule such as hormoneActs as a receptor to a certain molecule such as hormone
qq As an indicator so that As an indicator so that the cells can recognise each otherthe cells can recognise each other
r r Gives the Gives the semi-permsemi-permeable and eable and selective characteristics toselective characteristics to
the membranethe membrane
ss Maintains the fluid characteristics of the Maintains the fluid characteristics of the membranemembrane
66
77
88
Which statement isWhich statement is notnot true of xylem?true of xylem?
AA Xylem cells contain pits.Xylem cells contain pits.
BB Matured xylem cells are dead cells.Matured xylem cells are dead cells.
CC Companion cells provide nutrients to Companion cells provide nutrients to the xylem.the xylem.
DD Xylem consists of vessel elements and Xylem consists of vessel elements and tracheids.tracheids.
The table below shows the components of a cell membrane and their functions.The table below shows the components of a cell membrane and their functions.
Which components of cell membrane and functions Which components of cell membrane and functions correspond?correspond?
I II III IVI II III IV
AA p q r s p q r s
BB q r p sq r p s
CC r p s qr p s q
DD s r q ps r q p
Which factor reduces enzyme activity?Which factor reduces enzyme activity?
AA Extreme pHExtreme pH
BB Heavy metalHeavy metal
CC Competitive inhibitorCompetitive inhibitor
DD Very high temperatureVery high temperature
964/1964/1
3232
KomponenKomponen
membran selmembran selFungsiFungsi
I OligosakaridaI Oligosakarida
II LesitinII Lesitin
III ProteinIII Protein
IV KolesterolIV Kolesterol
p p Bertindak sebagai reseptor kepada molekul tertentu sepertiBertindak sebagai reseptor kepada molekul tertentu seperti
hormonhormon
qq Sebagai penanda supaya sel boleh mengecam antara satuSebagai penanda supaya sel boleh mengecam antara satu
sama lainsama lain
r r Memberi sifat separa telap dan sifat Memberi sifat separa telap dan sifat memilih pada membranmemilih pada membran
ss Mengekalkan ciri bendalir bagi Mengekalkan ciri bendalir bagi membranmembran
66
77
88
Penyataan yang manakah yangPenyataan yang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang xilem?benar tentang xilem?
AA Sel xilem mengandungi pit.Sel xilem mengandungi pit.
BB Sel xylem yang matang ialah sel mati.Sel xylem yang matang ialah sel mati.
CC Sel rakan membekalkan nutrien kepada xilem.Sel rakan membekalkan nutrien kepada xilem.
DD Xilem terdiri daripada unsur salur dan trakeid.Xilem terdiri daripada unsur salur dan trakeid.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan komponen-komponen satu membran sel dan fungsinya.Jadual di bawah menunjukkan komponen-komponen satu membran sel dan fungsinya.
Yang manakah yang betul bagi Yang manakah yang betul bagi komponen membrakomponen membran sel di n sel di atas dan fungsi masing-masing?atas dan fungsi masing-masing?
I II III IVI II III IV
AA p q r s p q r s
BB q r p sq r p s
CC r p s qr p s q
DD s r q ps r q p
Faktor yang manakah yang Faktor yang manakah yang mengurangkan aktiviti enzim?mengurangkan aktiviti enzim?
AA pH yang melampaupH yang melampau
BB Logam beratLogam berat
CC Perencat persainganPerencat persaingan
DD Suhu yang sangat tinggiSuhu yang sangat tinggi
964/1964/1
3333
99 Which graph shows the possible changes in the Which graph shows the possible changes in the rate of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme in therate of a reaction catalysed by an enzyme in thepresence of a competitive inhibitor?presence of a competitive inhibitor?
1/V1/VWithoutWithoutinhibitorinhibitor
WithWith
inhibitorinhibitor
1/[S]1/[S]
AA
1/V1/V WithoutWithout
inhibitorinhibitorWithWithinhibitorinhibitor
1/[S]1/[S]
CC
1/V1/V
1/V1/V
WithWithinhibitorinhibitor
WithoutWithoutinhibitorinhibitor
1/[S]1/[S]
BB
WithWithinhibitorinhibitor
WithoutWithout
inhibitorinhibitor
1/[S]1/[S]
DD
1010 Which statement describes the Which statement describes the advantage of immobilised enzyme?advantage of immobilised enzyme?
AA The efficiency of enzyme increases.The efficiency of enzyme increases.
BB The enzyme can be easily retrieved but The enzyme can be easily retrieved but cannot be reused.cannot be reused.
CC The end product does not The end product does not contain the enzyme and easily retrieved.contain the enzyme and easily retrieved.
DD The characteristics of enzyme can be changed in The characteristics of enzyme can be changed in order to increase its order to increase its surface area.surface area.
1111 What is the fate of all What is the fate of all carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?carbons from a glucose molecule after it is completely oxidised?
AA PyruvatePyruvate
BB CarbohydrateCarbohydrate
CC Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
DD Acetyl coenzyme AAcetyl coenzyme A
1212 In a condition without oxygen, pyruvate in plants willIn a condition without oxygen, pyruvate in plants will
AA be converted into lactatebe converted into lactate
BB be converted into be converted into acetaldehydeacetaldehyde
CC enter the Krebs cycle immediatelyenter the Krebs cycle immediately
DD be converted back into be converted back into phosphoglyceraphosphoglyceraldehydeldehyde
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99 Graf yang manakah yang menunjukkan kemungkinan perubahan kadar tindak balas yangGraf yang manakah yang menunjukkan kemungkinan perubahan kadar tindak balas yangdimangkinkan oleh enzim dalam kehadiran dimangkinkan oleh enzim dalam kehadiran perencat persaingan?perencat persaingan?
1/V1/VTanpaTanpaperencatperencat
DenganDengan
perencatperencat
1/[S]1/[S]
AA
1/V Tanpa1/V Tanpaperencatperencat
DenganDengan
perencatperencat
1/[S]1/[S]
CC
1/V1/VDenganDenganperencatperencat
TanpaTanpaperencatperencat
1/[S]1/[S]
BB
1/V1/V
DenganDengan
perencatperencat
TanpaTanpa
perencatperencat
1/[S]1/[S]
DD
1010 Penyataan yang manakah yang Penyataan yang manakah yang memerihamemerihalkan kelebihan enzim lkan kelebihan enzim pentakmobilan?pentakmobilan?
AA Keefisienan enzim bertambah.Keefisienan enzim bertambah.
BB Enzim boleh didapatkan dengan mudah tetapi tidak Enzim boleh didapatkan dengan mudah tetapi tidak boleh digunakan semula.boleh digunakan semula.
CC Produk akhir tidak mengandungi enzim dan mudah Produk akhir tidak mengandungi enzim dan mudah didapatkan.didapatkan.
DD Ciri enzim boleh diubah Ciri enzim boleh diubah bagi meningkatkan luas permukaan.bagi meningkatkan luas permukaan.
1111 Apakah yang terjadi kepada semua karbon dari Apakah yang terjadi kepada semua karbon dari molekul glukosa selepas dioksidakan denganmolekul glukosa selepas dioksidakan denganlengkap?lengkap?
AA PiruvatPiruvat
BB KarbohidratKarbohidrat
CC Karbon dioksidaKarbon dioksida
DD Asetil koenzim AAsetil koenzim A
1212 Dalam keadaan ketiadaan oksigen, piruvat dalam tumbuhan akanDalam keadaan ketiadaan oksigen, piruvat dalam tumbuhan akan
AA ditukarkan kepada laktatditukarkan kepada laktat
BB ditukarkan kepada asetildehidditukarkan kepada asetildehid
CC masuk ke kitar Krebs dengan segeramasuk ke kitar Krebs dengan segera
DD ditukar semula kepada ditukar semula kepada fosfogliseraldehidfosfogliseraldehid
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1313 In cyclic photophosphorylation, the excited electron which returns to its ground state will emitIn cyclic photophosphorylation, the excited electron which returns to its ground state will emit
AA lightlight
BB microwavemicrowave
CC gamma raygamma ray
DD ultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation
1414 Which statement describes the characterWhich statement describes the characteristic of bundle sheath cell of istic of bundle sheath cell of CC 44 plants?plants?AA It has small grana.It has small grana.
BB It contains a few starch granules.It contains a few starch granules.
CC The activity of photosystem I is high.The activity of photosystem I is high.
DD Carbon dioxide is assimilated by Carbon dioxide is assimilated by PEP carboxylase.PEP carboxylase.
1515 The diagram below shows non-cyclic photophosphorylatiThe diagram below shows non-cyclic photophosphorylation during the light on during the light reaction of reaction of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.
Which are represented byWhich are represented by X X ,, Y Y andand Z Z ??
X X
AA FerredoxinFerredoxin
BB FerredoxinFerredoxin
CC PlastocyaninPlastocyanin
DD PlastoquinonePlastoquinone
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PlastoquinonePlastoquinonePlastocyaninPlastocyanin
PlastoquinonePlastoquinone
PlastocyaninPlastocyanin
Z Z
PlastocyaninPlastocyaninPlastoquinonePlastoquinone
FerredoxinFerredoxin
FerredoxinFerredoxin
3636
1313 Dalam pemfotofostorilaDalam pemfotofostorilan berkitar, elektron teruja n berkitar, elektron teruja yang kembali ke keadaan asas akanyang kembali ke keadaan asas akanmembebaskanmembebaskan
AA cahayacahaya
BB gelombang mikrogelombang mikro
CC sinar gammasinar gamma
DD sinaran ultra lembayungsinaran ultra lembayung
1414 Penyataan yang manakah yang memerihalkan ciri sel berkas tumbuhan CPenyataan yang manakah yang memerihalkan ciri sel berkas tumbuhan C 44 ??
AA Mempunyai grana yang kecil.Mempunyai grana yang kecil.
BB Mengandungi beberapa granul kanji.Mengandungi beberapa granul kanji.
CC Aktiviti fotosistem I adalah tinggi.Aktiviti fotosistem I adalah tinggi.
DD Karbon dioksida diasimilasi oleh PEP karboksilase.Karbon dioksida diasimilasi oleh PEP karboksilase.
1515 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan bukan kitar semasa tindak balas cahayaGambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan bukan kitar semasa tindak balas cahayafotosintesis.fotosintesis.
PenerimaPenerimapertamapertama
KompleksKompleksNADPNADP ++
sitokromsitokromreduktasereduktase
CahayaCahaya
Yang manakah yang diwakili olehYang manakah yang diwakili oleh X X ,, Y Y , dan, dan Z Z ??
X Y Z X Y Z
AA Ferredoksin Plastokuinon PlastosianinFerredoksin Plastokuinon Plastosianin
BB Ferredoksin Plastosianin PlastokuinonFerredoksin Plastosianin Plastokuinon
CC Plastosianin Plastokuinon FerredoksinPlastosianin Plastokuinon Ferredoksin
DD Plastokuinon Plastosianin FerredoksinPlastokuinon Plastosianin Ferredoksin
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CahayaCahaya
Section BSection B [15[15 marksmarks]]
Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
1616 A quantity of cells taken from a type of A quantity of cells taken from a type of tissue were homogenised and their organelles weretissue were homogenised and their organelles wereseparated by ultracentrifugation. The diagrams below show three types separated by ultracentrifugation. The diagrams below show three types of organelles obtained.of organelles obtained.
R RPP
OrganelleOrganelle X X OrganelleOrganelle Y Y
((aa) State where these ) State where these cells may have been taken from.cells may have been taken from.
OrganelleOrganelle Z Z
[1[1 mark mark ]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
((bb) Arrange the order of ) Arrange the order of sedimentation of organellessedimentation of organelles X X ,, Y Y andand Z Z . Explain your answer. [2. Explain your answer. [2 marksmarks]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
((cc) From the above ) From the above diagrams, name the structure labelleddiagrams, name the structure labelled PP,, QQ andand R R. . [3[3 marksmarks]]
PP: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...
QQ: : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………...
R R: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...
((d d ) Give one function of organelle) Give one function of organelle Y Y . . [1[1 mark mark ]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
((ee) Give one ) Give one common function of organellescommon function of organelles X X andand Z. Z. [1[1 mark mark ]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
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Bahagian BBahagian B [15[15 markahmarkah]]
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..
1616 Sejumlah sel yang diambil daripada tisu Sejumlah sel yang diambil daripada tisu telah dihomogenkan dan kandungan organelnyatelah dihomogenkan dan kandungan organelnyadiasingkan melalui ultrapengemparan. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis organel yangdiasingkan melalui ultrapengemparan. Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga jenis organel yang
diperoleh.diperoleh.
R RPP
OrganelOrganel X X OrganelOrganel Y Y
OrganelOrganel Z Z
((aa) ) Nyatakan Nyatakan dari dari manakah manakah sel-sel sel-sel ini ini mungkin mungkin telah telah diperoleh. diperoleh. [1[1 markahmarkah]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
((bb) Susunkan turutan pengenapan bagi organel) Susunkan turutan pengenapan bagi organel X X ,, Y Y , dan, dan Z Z . . Jelaskan Jelaskan jawapan jawapan anda. anda. [2[2 markahmarkah]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
……………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................
((cc) Daripada gambar rajah di ) Daripada gambar rajah di atas, namakan struktur yang berlabelatas, namakan struktur yang berlabel PP,, QQ, dan, dan R R. . [3[3 markahmarkah]]
PP: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...
QQ: : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………...
R R: : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...
((d d ) Berikan satu fungsi organel) Berikan satu fungsi organel Y Y . . [1[1 markahmarkah]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
((ee) Berikan satu fungsi sepunya bagi organel) Berikan satu fungsi sepunya bagi organel X X dandan Z. Z. [1[1 markahmarkah]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
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1717 The diagram below shows photophosphorylation in light reaction for plants.The diagram below shows photophosphorylation in light reaction for plants.
Oxidation-Oxidation-reductionreduction
potentialpotential
(Relative(Relative
energyenergy
level)level)
((aa) Name the photosystems labeled) Name the photosystems labeled QQ andand R R, and give the wavelengths of their appropriate, and give the wavelengths of their appropriatereaction centres.reaction centres.
Name of photosystem WavelengthName of photosystem Wavelength
QQ : …………………… ………………: …………………… ………………
R R: ……………………. ………………: ……………………. ………………
((bb) What are the forms of energy represented by) What are the forms of energy represented by S S andand T T ??
[4[4 marksmarks]]
[2[2 marksmarks]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
((cc) Name the process that occurs at) Name the process that occurs at QQ. . [1[1 mark mark ]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
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1717 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan dalam tindak balas cahaya bagiGambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan pemfotofosforilan dalam tindak balas cahaya bagitumbuhan.tumbuhan.
KeupayaanKeupayaanpengoksidaanpengoksidaan
penurunanpenurunan
(Aras tenaga(Aras tenagaPenerima elektronPenerima elektron
relatif)relatif)
Penerima elektronPenerima elektron
((aa) Namakan fotosistem yang berlabel) Namakan fotosistem yang berlabel QQ dandan R R, dan berikan panjang gelombang bagi pusat, dan berikan panjang gelombang bagi pusattindak balas yang sewajarnya.tindak balas yang sewajarnya.
Nama fotosistem Panjang gelombangNama fotosistem Panjang gelombang
QQ : …………………… ………………………..: …………………… ………………………..
R R: ……………………. ………………………: ……………………. ………………………
((bb) Apakan bentuk tenaga yang diwakili oleh) Apakan bentuk tenaga yang diwakili oleh S S dandan T T ??
[4[4 markahmarkah]]
[2[2 markahmarkah]]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................
((cc) Namakan proses yang berlaku di) Namakan proses yang berlaku di QQ. . [1[1 markahmarkah]]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................…………........................
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Section CSection C [30[30 marksmarks]]
Answer any Answer any twotwo questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
1818 ((aa) Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of ) Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. State the importance of proteins. State the importance of these these structures structures which which are are related related to to the the properties properties of of proteins. proteins. [11[11 marksmarks]]
((bb) Based on their functions, proteins can be classified into s) Based on their functions, proteins can be classified into several types. Giveeveral types. Give twotwo types of thesetypes of these
proteins and their functions in living organisms.proteins and their functions in living organisms.
1919 ((aa) Distinguish a ) Distinguish a bacteria chromosombacteria chromosome from a e from a eukaryotic chromosome.eukaryotic chromosome.
((bb) Describe the distinctive anatomical features of ) Describe the distinctive anatomical features of vascular bundles in maize leaves.vascular bundles in maize leaves.
2020 ((aa) Explain) Explain threethree different classes of enzymes based on different classes of enzymes based on the reactions that they catalyse.the reactions that they catalyse.
[4[4 marksmarks]]
[8[8 marksmarks]]
[7[7 marksmarks]]
[6[6 marksmarks]]
((bb) By giving) By giving twotwo examples of enzymatic reactions, explain how the examples of enzymatic reactions, explain how the appropriate cofactor andappropriate cofactor and
inhibitor affect their activities.inhibitor affect their activities.
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[9[9 marksmarks]]
Bahagian CBahagian C [30[30 markahmarkah]]
Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan daripada bahagian ini.soalan daripada bahagian ini.
1818 ((aa) Perihalkan struktur primer, sekunder, dan tertier bagi ) Perihalkan struktur primer, sekunder, dan tertier bagi protein. Nyatakan kepentingan strukturprotein. Nyatakan kepentingan strukturini ini yang yang berkaitan berkaitan dengan dengan sifat sifat protein. protein. [11[11 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Berdasarkan fungsinya, protein boleh dikelaskan kepada beberapa jenis. Berikan) Berdasarkan fungsinya, protein boleh dikelaskan kepada beberapa jenis. Berikan duadua jenis jenis
protein ini dan protein ini dan fungsinya dalam organisma hidup.fungsinya dalam organisma hidup.
1919 ((aa) Bezakan kromosom bacteria daripada kromosom eukariot.) Bezakan kromosom bacteria daripada kromosom eukariot.
((bb) Perihalkan ciri anatomi yang ) Perihalkan ciri anatomi yang ketara bagi berkas vaskular pada daun ketara bagi berkas vaskular pada daun jagung.jagung.
[4[4 markahmarkah]]
[8[8 markahmarkah]]
[7[7 markahmarkah]]
2020 ((aa) Perihalkan) Perihalkan tigatiga kelas enzim yang berbeza berdasarkan tindak balas yang dimangkinkan.kelas enzim yang berbeza berdasarkan tindak balas yang dimangkinkan.[6[6 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Dengan memberi) Dengan memberi duadua contoh tindak balas enzim, jelaskan bagaimana kofaktor dan contoh tindak balas enzim, jelaskan bagaimana kofaktor dan perencatperencat
yang sesuai mempengaruhi aktiviti yang sesuai mempengaruhi aktiviti masing-masing.masing-masing.
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[9[9 markahmarkah]]
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Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….
(Nombor kad pengenalan)(Nombor kad pengenalan)
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(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPERSPECIMEN PAPER
STPMSTPM
BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)
PAPER 2 (KERTAS 2)PAPER 2 (KERTAS 2)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)
Instructions to candidates:Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
Answer Answer allall questions in Section A. Marks will not questions in Section A. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers. For eachbe deducted for wrong answers. For each
question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.
Answer Answer allall questions in Section B. Write your questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces provided.answers in the spaces provided.
Answer Answer anyany twotwo questions in Section C. All essential working should questions in Section C. All essential working should be shown. For numericalbe shown. For numerical
answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper fresh sheet of paper
and arrange your answers in numerical order.and arrange your answers in numerical order.
Arahan kepada calon:Arahan kepada calon:
JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUATSEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT
DEMIKIAN.DEMIKIAN.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.bagi jawapan yang salah.
Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawjawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatanapan yang betul dan buat bulatan
pada jawapan tersebut. pada jawapan tersebut.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang diberikan.ruang yang diberikan.
Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklahsoalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklah
ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.
Mulakan setiap jawapan pad Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian kertas jawapan yaa helaian kertas jawapan yang baharu dan susun jawapang baharu dan susun jawapan andan anda
mengikut tertib berangka.mengikut tertib berangka.
This This question question paper paper consists consists of of printed printed pages pages and and blank blank page.page.
(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada h(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak danalaman bercetak dan
© Majlis © Majlis Peperiksaan MalaysiaPeperiksaan Malaysia
STPMSTPM 964/2964/2
4545
halaman kosong.)halaman kosong.)
Section ASection A [15[15 marksmarks]]
Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
11 The graph below shows The graph below shows the oxygen dissociation curves for myoglobin, the oxygen dissociation curves for myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin andmaternal haemoglobin andfoetal haemoglobin.foetal haemoglobin.
Percentage of Percentage of oxygen saturationoxygen saturation
Partial pressure of oxygen/mm HgPartial pressure of oxygen/mm Hg
Which curves correspond to myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin and foetal haemoglobin?Which curves correspond to myoglobin, maternal haemoglobin and foetal haemoglobin?
Myoglobin Myoglobin
AA PP
BB PP
CC QQ
DD R R
Maternal haemoglobin Maternal haemoglobin
R R
R R
PP
Foetal haemoglobinFoetal haemoglobin
R R
PP
22 Which factor causes the stomata to Which factor causes the stomata to close?close?
AA Water stressWater stress
BB Low temperatureLow temperature
CC High light intensityHigh light intensity
DD Low carbon dioxide Low carbon dioxide concentrationconcentration
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Bahagian ABahagian A [15[15 markahmarkah]]
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..
11 Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung penceraian oksigen untuk Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung penceraian oksigen untuk mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu danmioglobin, hemoglobin ibu danhemoglobin fetus.hemoglobin fetus.
Peratus ketepuanPeratus ketepuanoksigenoksigen
Tekanan separa oksigen/mm HgTekanan separa oksigen/mm Hg
Lengkung yang manakah yang sepadan dengan mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu, Lengkung yang manakah yang sepadan dengan mioglobin, hemoglobin ibu, dan hemoglobindan hemoglobinfetus?fetus?
Mioglobin Mioglobin
AA PP
BB PP
CC QQ
DD R R
Hemoglobin ibu Hemoglobin ibu
R R
R R
PP
Haemoglobin fetus Haemoglobin fetus
R R
PP
22 Faktor yang manakah yang Faktor yang manakah yang menyebabkan penutupan stoma?menyebabkan penutupan stoma?
AA Tekanan airTekanan air
BB Suhu rendahSuhu rendah
CC KeamatKeamatan cahaya yang an cahaya yang tinggitinggi
DD Kepekatan karbon dioksida yang rendahKepekatan karbon dioksida yang rendah
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33 The graph below shows the pressure changes in the atrium, ventricle and aorta during a completeThe graph below shows the pressure changes in the atrium, ventricle and aorta during a completecardiac cycle.cardiac cycle.
Pressure/kPaPressure/kPa
Time/sTime/s
What doWhat do X X ,, Y Y andand Z Z represent?represent?
X X
Aortic pressureAortic pressure AA
Ventricular pressureVentricular pressure BB
Atrial pressureAtrial pressure CC
Atrial pressureAtrial pressure DD
Y Y
Atrial pressureAtrial pressure
Atrial pressureAtrial pressure
Ventricular pressureVentricular pressure
Aortic pressureAortic pressure
Z Z
Ventricular pressureVentricular pressure
Aortic pressureAortic pressure
Aortic pressureAortic pressure
Ventricular pressureVentricular pressure
44
55
Which statement about the control of heart beat is true?Which statement about the control of heart beat is true?
AA The secretion of adrenaline increases the rate The secretion of adrenaline increases the rate of heart beat.of heart beat.
BB The decrease in blood pH inhibits neurons in The decrease in blood pH inhibits neurons in the chemoreceptors at the aorta and carotidthe chemoreceptors at the aorta and carotid
artery.artery.
CC The propagation of impulse through The propagation of impulse through the sympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial andthe sympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial and
atrioventricular nodes decreases the rate of heart atrioventricular nodes decreases the rate of heart beat.beat.
DD The propagation of impulses through The propagation of impulses through the parasympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial andthe parasympathetic nerve towards the sinoatrial and
atrioventricular nodes increases the rate of heart atrioventricular nodes increases the rate of heart beat.beat.
The role of the Casparian strip in the The role of the Casparian strip in the endodermal cell of the root isendodermal cell of the root is
AA to carry out active transportto carry out active transport
BB to strengthen the root structureto strengthen the root structure
CC to ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the symplastic routeto ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the symplastic route
DD to ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the apoplastic routeto ensure that water and minerals enter the vascular tissue via the apoplastic route
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33 Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan tekanan di Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan tekanan di dalam atrium, ventrikel, dan aorta semasa satudalam atrium, ventrikel, dan aorta semasa satukitar kardium yang lengkap.kitar kardium yang lengkap.
TekanankPaTekanankPaSistolSistolatriumatrium
Apakah yang diwakili olehApakah yang diwakili oleh X X ,, Y Y , dan, dan Z Z ??
X Y X Y
SistolSistolDiastolDiastol
ventrikelventrikel
Masa/sMasa/s
Z Z
Tekanan aortaTekanan aorta AA
Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikel BB
Tekanan atriumTekanan atrium CC
Tekanan atriumTekanan atrium DD
Tekanan atriumTekanan atriumTekanan atriumTekanan atrium
Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikel
Tekanan aortaTekanan aorta
Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikelTekanan aortaTekanan aorta
Tekanan aortaTekanan aorta
Tekanan ventrikelTekanan ventrikel
44
55
Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang kawalan denyutan jantung?Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang kawalan denyutan jantung?
AA Rembesan adrenalina meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.Rembesan adrenalina meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.
BB Penurunan pH darah menrencat neuron pada aorta dan arteri carotid Penurunan pH darah menrencat neuron pada aorta dan arteri carotid dalam kemoreseptordalam kemoreseptor
CC Perambatan impuls melalui saraf simpatetik ke arah buku sinoatrium dan Perambatan impuls melalui saraf simpatetik ke arah buku sinoatrium dan buku atreoventrikelbuku atreoventrikel
merendahkan kadar denyutan jantung.merendahkan kadar denyutan jantung.
DD Perambatan impuls melalui saraf parasimpatePerambatan impuls melalui saraf parasimpatetik kearah buku tik kearah buku sinoatrium dan bukusinoatrium dan buku
atreoventrikel meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.atreoventrikel meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.
Peranan jalur Caspary di dalam sel endodermis akar ialahPeranan jalur Caspary di dalam sel endodermis akar ialah
AA menjalankan pengangkutan aktif menjalankan pengangkutan aktif
BB mengukuhkan struktur akarmengukuhkan struktur akar
CC memasmemastikan bahawa air tikan bahawa air dan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan simplasdan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan simplas
DD memasmemastikan bahawa air tikan bahawa air dan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan apoplasdan mineral memasuki tisu vaskular melalui laluan apoplas
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The role of calcium ions during muscle contraction isThe role of calcium ions during muscle contraction is
AA to form tropomyosin-troponin complexto form tropomyosin-troponin complex
BB to bind myosin to actin forming cross-bridgesto bind myosin to actin forming cross-bridges
CC to bind with tropomyosin exposing the myosin headto bind with tropomyosin exposing the myosin head
DD to bind with troponin allowing the to bind with troponin allowing the formation of cross-bridgesformation of cross-bridges
Which statement refers to the mechanism of action Which statement refers to the mechanism of action of adrenaline?of adrenaline?
AA Transcription and translation occur.Transcription and translation occur.
BB Hormone diffuses through the Hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane.plasma membrane.
CC The hormone-receptor compleThe hormone-receptor complex enters x enters the nucleus.the nucleus.
DD Hormone binds with a Hormone binds with a receptor on the plasma membrane.receptor on the plasma membrane.
The events regarding the action of oestrogen are given as follows.The events regarding the action of oestrogen are given as follows.
I A specific gene is activated.I A specific gene is activated.
II Transcription and translation occur.II Transcription and translation occur.
III Hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus.III Hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus.
IV Hormone diffuses through the IV Hormone diffuses through the plasma membraneplasma membrane..
Which sequence of events is Which sequence of events is correct?correct?
AA I IV II IIII IV II III
BB I IV III III IV III II
CC IV III I IIIV III I II
DD IV III II IIV III II I
99 Which structure cease to function after the formation of placenta in the development of Which structure cease to function after the formation of placenta in the development of mammalian foetus?mammalian foetus?
AA AllantoisAllantois
BB Yolk sacYolk sac
CC Chorionic Chorionic membramembranene
DD Amniotic membraneAmniotic membrane
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Peranan ion kalsium dalam pengecutan otot adalahPeranan ion kalsium dalam pengecutan otot adalah
AA untuk membentuk kompleks untuk membentuk kompleks tropomiosin-troponintropomiosin-troponin
BB untuk mengikat miosin kepada aktin untuk mengikat miosin kepada aktin membentuk titian silangmembentuk titian silang
CC untuk mengikat dengan tropomiosin untuk mengikat dengan tropomiosin mendedahkan kepala miosinmendedahkan kepala miosin
DD untuk mengikat dengan troponin membenarkan pembentukan titian silanguntuk mengikat dengan troponin membenarkan pembentukan titian silang
Penyataan yang manakah yang merujuk Penyataan yang manakah yang merujuk kepada mekanisme tindakan adrenalina?kepada mekanisme tindakan adrenalina?
AA Transkripsi dan penterjemahan berlaku.Transkripsi dan penterjemahan berlaku.
BB Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.
CC Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.
DD Hormon mengikat dengan reseptor pada Hormon mengikat dengan reseptor pada membramembran plasma.n plasma.
Peristiwa berkenaan tindakan estrogen diberikan seperti yang berikut.Peristiwa berkenaan tindakan estrogen diberikan seperti yang berikut.
I Gen spesifik diaktifkan.I Gen spesifik diaktifkan.
II Transkripsi dan translasi berlaku.II Transkripsi dan translasi berlaku.
III Kompleks hormon reseptor III Kompleks hormon reseptor memasuki nukleus.memasuki nukleus.
IV Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.IV Hormon meresap melalui membran plasma.
Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang benar?Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang benar?
AA I IV II IIII IV II III
BB I IV III III IV III II
CC IV III I IIIV III I II
DD IV III II IIV III II I
99 Struktur yang manakah yang berhenti berfungsi selepas pembentukan plasenta dalamStruktur yang manakah yang berhenti berfungsi selepas pembentukan plasenta dalamperkembangan fetus perkembangan fetus mamalmamalia?ia?
AA AlantoisAlantois
BB Pundi yolkaPundi yolka
CC Membran korionMembran korion
DD Membran amnionMembran amnion
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1010 The following are events that The following are events that occur during seed germination.occur during seed germination.
I Activation of enzymeI Activation of enzyme
II Initial uptake of waterII Initial uptake of water
III Flow of sugar into embryoIII Flow of sugar into embryo
IV Activation of gibberellic acidsIV Activation of gibberellic acids
Which is the Which is the correct sequence of events during seed germination?correct sequence of events during seed germination?
AA IIII
BB IIII
CC IIII
DD IIII
II
II
IIIIII
IVIV
IIIIII
IVIV
II
II
IVIV
IIIIII
IVIV
IIIIII
1111 Which substance is produced by the Which substance is produced by the mammmammalian liver during alian liver during protein metabolism?protein metabolism?
AA BileBile
BB UreaUrea
CC GlycogenGlycogen
DD CholesterolCholesterol
1212 The simplified diagram of the humoral response is shown below.The simplified diagram of the humoral response is shown below.
AntigenAntigen
StimulateStimulate
W W
X X
What doWhat do W W ,, X X andand Y Y represent?represent?
W X Y W X Y
AA B cell Memory B cell AntibodyB cell Memory B cell Antibody
BB B cell Antibody Memory B cellB cell Antibody Memory B cell
CC T cell Memory T cell AntibodyT cell Memory T cell Antibody
DD T cell Memory T cell Cytotoxic T cellT cell Memory T cell Cytotoxic T cell
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Plasma cellPlasma cell
Y Y
1010 Peristiwa berikut berlaku semasa percambahan biji benih.Peristiwa berikut berlaku semasa percambahan biji benih.
I Pengaktifan enzimI Pengaktifan enzim
II Permulaan pengambilan airII Permulaan pengambilan air
III Pengaliran gula III Pengaliran gula kedalam embriokedalam embrio
IV Pengaktifan asid giberelik IV Pengaktifan asid giberelik
Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang betul semasa percambahan biji benih?Yang manakah urutan peristiwa yang betul semasa percambahan biji benih?
AA IIII
BB IIII
CC IIII
DD IIII
II
II
IIIIII
IVIV
IIIIII
IVIV
II
II
IVIV
IIIIII
IVIV
IIIIII
1111 Bahan yang manakah yang dihasilkan oleh hati Bahan yang manakah yang dihasilkan oleh hati mamalia semasa metabolismmamalia semasa metabolisma protein?a protein?
AA HempeduHempedu
BB UreaUrea
CC GlikogenGlikogen
DD KolesterolKolesterol
1212 Gambar rajah yang diringkaskan tentang tindakan humor ditunjukkan di Gambar rajah yang diringkaskan tentang tindakan humor ditunjukkan di bawah.bawah.
AntigenAntigen
RangsanganRangsangan
W W
X X
Apakah wang diwakili olehApakah wang diwakili oleh W W ,, X X , dan, dan Y Y ??
W X Y W X Y
AA Sel B Sel B ingatan AntibodiSel B Sel B ingatan Antibodi
BB Sel B Antibodi Sel B ingatanSel B Antibodi Sel B ingatan
CC Sel T Sel T ingatan AntibodiSel T Sel T ingatan Antibodi
DD Sel T Sel T ingatan Sel T sitotoksik Sel T Sel T ingatan Sel T sitotoksik
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Sel plasmaSel plasma
Y Y
1313 The diagram below shows the The diagram below shows the immune response in the human body.immune response in the human body.
Which statement about the above diagram is Which statement about the above diagram is true?true?
AA CellCell X X secretes lymphokine, then divides to form cellssecretes lymphokine, then divides to form cells Y Y andand Z Z in the presence of substancein the presence of substance R R..
BB CellCell Z Z responds quickly towards the responds quickly towards the repeated infection of a particular disease.repeated infection of a particular disease.
CC SubstanceSubstance S S induces proliferation of lymphocytes involved in induces proliferation of lymphocytes involved in the immune disease.the immune disease.
DD CellCell Y Y prepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.prepares other lymphocytes to produce antibodies.
1414 The following are the stages of life cycle of The following are the stages of life cycle of PlasmodiumPlasmodium that causes human that causes human malaria.malaria.
I Formation of I Formation of gametocytesgametocytes
II Multiplication in liverII Multiplication in liver
III Injection of parasiteIII Injection of parasiteIV Completion of gametogonyIV Completion of gametogony
V Migration of sporozoites to mosquito salivary glandV Migration of sporozoites to mosquito salivary gland
VI Invasion and multiplication in red blood cellsVI Invasion and multiplication in red blood cells
Which is the correct sequence of theWhich is the correct sequence of the PlasmodiumPlasmodium life cycle?life cycle?
AA II
BB IIIIII
CC IIIIII
DD IIIIII
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IIII
IIII
IIII
IIIIII
II
IVIV
VIVI
IVIV
VV
VV
II
VV
IVIV
II
IVIV
VIVI
VIVI
VIVI
VV
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1313 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan gerak balas imun dalam badan Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan gerak balas imun dalam badan manusia.manusia.
Sel prekursor dariSel prekursor darisum-sum tulangsum-sum tulang
Bergerak Bergerak ke nodus limfake nodus limfa
BahanBahan R R
SelSel X X
SelSel Z Z
BahanBahan S S
SelSel Y Y
Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang gambar rajah di atas?Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang gambar rajah di atas?
AA SelSel X X meremmerembeskan limfokin, beskan limfokin, kemudian membahagi menghasilkan selkemudian membahagi menghasilkan sel Y Y dandan Z Z dalamdalam
kehadiran bahankehadiran bahan R R..
BB SelSel Z Z merespon dengan cepat terhadap jangkitan merespon dengan cepat terhadap jangkitan semula penyakit tertentu.semula penyakit tertentu.
CC Bahan S merangsang proliferasi limfosit yang terlibat dalam penyakit keimunan.Bahan S merangsang proliferasi limfosit yang terlibat dalam penyakit keimunan.
DD SelSel Y Y menyediakan limfosit lain untuk menghasilkan antibodi.menyediakan limfosit lain untuk menghasilkan antibodi.
1414 Yang berikut ialah peringkat kitar hidupYang berikut ialah peringkat kitar hidup PlasmodiumPlasmodium yang menyebabkan malaria kepadayang menyebabkan malaria kepadamanusia.manusia.
I Pembentukan gametositI Pembentukan gametosit
II Pengandaan di dalam hatiII Pengandaan di dalam hati
III Suntikan parasitIII Suntikan parasit
IV Pelengkapan gametogoniIV Pelengkapan gametogoni
V Penghijrahan sporozoites kepada kelenjar liur nyamuk V Penghijrahan sporozoites kepada kelenjar liur nyamuk
VI Serangan dan pengandaan dalam sel darah merahVI Serangan dan pengandaan dalam sel darah merah
Yang manakah urutan yang benar tentang kitar Yang manakah urutan yang benar tentang kitar hiduphidup PlasmodiumPlasmodium??
AA II
BB IIIIII
CC IIIIII
DD IIIIII
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IIII
IIII
IIII
IIIIII
II
IVIV
VIVI
IVIV
VV
VV
II
VV
IVIV
II
IVIV
VIVI
VIVI
VIVI
VV
5555
1515 A person suffering from abrupt onset A person suffering from abrupt onset of fever, headache, facial flushing, conjuctival suffusion andof fever, headache, facial flushing, conjuctival suffusion andsevere backache is most likely to contractsevere backache is most likely to contract
AA denguedengue
BB choleracholera
CC malariamalaria
DD tuberculosistuberculosis
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1515 Seorang yang menderita serangan mendadak demam, sakit Seorang yang menderita serangan mendadak demam, sakit kepala, kemerahan pada wajah,kepala, kemerahan pada wajah,konjugtivitis dan sakit konjugtivitis dan sakit pinggang kemungkinan besar menghidappinggang kemungkinan besar menghidap
AA denggidenggi
BB kolerakolera
CC malariamalaria
DD tuberkulosistuberkulosis
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Section BSection B [15[15 marksmarks]]
Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
1616 The diagram below shows the simplified chemical reaction that occurs during the transport of The diagram below shows the simplified chemical reaction that occurs during the transport of carbon dioxide by the red blood cell in carbon dioxide by the red blood cell in a mammal.a mammal.
R R + O+ O 22
Cell/tissueCell/tissue
COCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO
IIII
T T
IICOCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO
HCOHCO 33 HH ++ + Hb O+ Hb O 22
S S
Erythrocyte membraneErythrocyte membraneHbOHbO 22
HH 22 COCO 33
((aa) Name the substances labelled) Name the substances labelled R, S R, S andand T T . . [3[3 marksmarks]]
R R: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
S S : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
T T : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((bb) Explain what happens at stages) Explain what happens at stages I I andand II II . . [4[4 marksmarks]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Bahagian BBahagian B [15[15 markahmarkah]]
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian ini.soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1616 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas kimia Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas kimia yang diringkaskan yang berlaku semasayang diringkaskan yang berlaku semasapengangkutan karbon dioksida oleh sel pengangkutan karbon dioksida oleh sel darah merah dalam mamalia.darah merah dalam mamalia.
R R + O+ O 22
Sel/tisuSel/tisu
COCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO
IIII
T T
IICOCO 22 + H+ H 22 OO
HCOHCO 33 HH ++ + Hb O+ Hb O 22
S S
Membran eritrositMembran eritrositHbOHbO 22
HH 22 COCO 33
((aa) Namakan bahan yang berlabel) Namakan bahan yang berlabel R, S R, S , dan, dan T T . . [3[3 markahmarkah]]
R R: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
S S : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
T T : : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((bb) Jelaskan apa yang ) Jelaskan apa yang berlaku pada peringkatberlaku pada peringkat I I dandan II II . . [4[4 markahmarkah]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1717 The diagram below shows simplified events in The diagram below shows simplified events in menstrual cycle of humans.menstrual cycle of humans.
PP
Thickness of Thickness of endometriumendometrium
Menstrual ProliferativeMenstrual Proliferativephasephase
phasephase
((aa) Name the structure labelled) Name the structure labelled PP andand QQ..
SecretorySecretoryOvulationOvulation
phasephase
[2[2 marksmarks]]
PP: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
QQ: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((bb) State) State twotwo types of hormones which influence the above menstrual cycle, and state the role of types of hormones which influence the above menstrual cycle, and state the role of
each each hormone. hormone. [4[4 marksmarks]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((cc) What happens to structure) What happens to structure QQ if if
(i) (i) fertilisation fertilisation occurs? occurs? [1[1 mark mark ]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) (ii) fertilisation fertilisation does does not not occur? occur? [1[1 mark mark ]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1717 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan ringkasan peristiwa dalam kitar haid Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan ringkasan peristiwa dalam kitar haid manusia.manusia.
QQPP
KetebalanKetebalanendometriumendometrium
FasaFasaOvulasiOvulasi
proliferatif haidproliferatif haid
((aa) Namakan struktur berlabel) Namakan struktur berlabel PP dandan QQ..
rembesanrembesan
[2[2 markahmarkah]]
PP: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
QQ: : ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((bb) Nyatakan) Nyatakan duadua jenis hormon y jenis hormon yang mempengarang mempengaruhi kitar haid di atas, dan nyuhi kitar haid di atas, dan nyatakan perananatakan peranansetiap setiap hormon. hormon. [4[4 markahmarkah]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((cc) Apakah yang berlaku kepada struktur) Apakah yang berlaku kepada struktur QQ jika jika(i) (i) persenyawaan persenyawaan berlaku? berlaku? [1[1 markahmarkah]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) (ii) persenyawaan persenyawaan tidak tidak berlaku? berlaku? [1[1 markahmarkah]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Section CSection C [30[30 marksmarks]]
Answer any Answer any twotwo questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
1818 ((aa) Give the definition, causes and methods of prevention of each of the ) Give the definition, causes and methods of prevention of each of the following cardiovascularfollowing cardiovasculardisorders.disorders.
(i) Arteriosclerosis(i) Arteriosclerosis
(ii) Hypertension(ii) Hypertension[10[10 marksmarks]]
((bb) With the aid of ) With the aid of Munch Model, describe the mechanism of maMunch Model, describe the mechanism of mass translocation in phloem.ss translocation in phloem.
[5[5 marksmarks]]
1919 ((aa) With the aid of a ) With the aid of a diagram, describe the process of double fertilisation in an angiosperm.diagram, describe the process of double fertilisation in an angiosperm.[5[5 marksmarks]]
((bb) Describe the main s) Describe the main structural features that favour cross-pollination in an tructural features that favour cross-pollination in an angiosperm.angiosperm.
[4[4 marksmarks]]
((cc) Describe the characteristics of the ) Describe the characteristics of the following types of asexual following types of asexual reproduction.reproduction.
(i) Polyembryony(i) Polyembryony
(ii) Parthenogenesis(ii) Parthenogenesis
(iii) Vegetative reproduction(iii) Vegetative reproduction[6[6 marksmarks]]
2020 ((aa) ) Name Name the the organs organs of of the the lymphatic lymphatic system, system, and and describe describe their their functions. functions. [8[8 marksmarks]]
((bb) A malfunctioned kidney may be replaced by a healthy one which is ) A malfunctioned kidney may be replaced by a healthy one which is transplanted from atransplanted from a
donor.donor.
(i) Explain why the healthy kidney may later be rejected by the (i) Explain why the healthy kidney may later be rejected by the recipient’s body. [4recipient’s body. [4 marksmarks]]
(ii) What are the steps taken to (ii) What are the steps taken to overcome the problem of rejection by the recipient’s body?overcome the problem of rejection by the recipient’s body?
[3[3 marksmarks]]
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Bahagian CBahagian C [30[30 markahmarkah]]
Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..
1818 ((aa) Berikan takrif, punca, dan kaedah ) Berikan takrif, punca, dan kaedah pencegahan setiap penyakit kardiovaskular yang berikut.pencegahan setiap penyakit kardiovaskular yang berikut.
(i) Arteriosklerosis(i) Arteriosklerosis
(ii) Hipertensi(ii) Hipertensi
[10[10 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Dengan bantuan Model Munch, perihalkan mekanisme translokasi jisim dalam floem.) Dengan bantuan Model Munch, perihalkan mekanisme translokasi jisim dalam floem.
[5[5 markahmarkah]]
1919 ((aa) Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, perihalkan proses persenyawaan ganda dua dalam suatu) Dengan bantuan gambar rajah, perihalkan proses persenyawaan ganda dua dalam suatuangiosperma. [5angiosperma. [5 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Perihalkan sifat struktur utama ) Perihalkan sifat struktur utama yang menggalakkan pendebungaan silang dalam suatuyang menggalakkan pendebungaan silang dalam suatuangiosperma.angiosperma.
((cc) Perihalkan ciri bagi jenis pembiakan aseks yang berikut.) Perihalkan ciri bagi jenis pembiakan aseks yang berikut.
(i) Poliembrioni(i) Poliembrioni
(ii) Partenogenesis(ii) Partenogenesis
(iii) Pembiakan vegitatif (iii) Pembiakan vegitatif
[4[4 markahmarkah]]
[6[6 markahmarkah]]
2020 ((aa) Namakan organ dan struktur dalam system limfa, d) Namakan organ dan struktur dalam system limfa, dan perihalkan fungsi masing-masing.an perihalkan fungsi masing-masing.[8[8 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Ginjal yang tidak berfungsi boleh digantikan dengan ginjal yang sihat ) Ginjal yang tidak berfungsi boleh digantikan dengan ginjal yang sihat yang dipindahkanyang dipindahkan
daripada seorang penderma.daripada seorang penderma.
(i) Jelaskan mengapa ginjal yang (i) Jelaskan mengapa ginjal yang sihat mungkin kemudiannya akan ditolak oleh sihat mungkin kemudiannya akan ditolak oleh badanbadan
penerima. [4penerima. [4 markahmarkah]]
(ii) Apakah langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mengatasi masalah penolakan oleh (ii) Apakah langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk mengatasi masalah penolakan oleh badanbadan
penerima itu?penerima itu?
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[3[3 markahmarkah]]
6464
6464
Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….
(Nombor kad pengenalan)(Nombor kad pengenalan)
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(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPERSPECIMEN PAPER
STPMSTPM
BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)
PAPER 3 (KERTAS 3)PAPER 3 (KERTAS 3)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)
Instructions to candidates:Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
Answer Answer allall questions in Section A. Marks will not questions in Section A. Marks will not be deducted for wrong answers. For eachbe deducted for wrong answers. For each
question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.question, four suggested answers are given. Choose the correct answer and circle the answer.
Answer Answer allall questions in Section B. Write your questions in Section B. Write your answers in the spaces provided.answers in the spaces provided.
Answer Answer anyany twotwo questions in Section C. All essential working should questions in Section C. All essential working should be shown. For numericalbe shown. For numerical
answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a answers, unit should be quoted wherever appropriate. Begin each answer on a fresh sheet of paper fresh sheet of paper
and arrange your answers in numerical order.and arrange your answers in numerical order.
Arahan kepada calon:Arahan kepada calon:
JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUATSEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT
DEMIKIAN.DEMIKIAN.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak soalan dalam Bahagian A. Markah tidak akan ditolak bagi jawapan yang salah.bagi jawapan yang salah.
Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan Bagi setiap soalan, empat cadangan jawapan diberikan. Pilih jawjawapan diberikan. Pilih jawapan yang betul dan buat bulatanapan yang betul dan buat bulatan
pada jawapan tersebut. pada jawapan tersebut.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di soalan dalam Bahagian B. Tulis jawapan anda di ruang yang diberikan.ruang yang diberikan.
Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklahsoalan dalam Bahagian C. Semua jalan kerja yang sesuai hendaklah
ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.ditunjukkan. Bagi jawapan berangka, unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang sesuai.
Mulakan setiap jawapan pad Mulakan setiap jawapan pada helaian kertas jawapan yaa helaian kertas jawapan yang baharu dan susun jawapang baharu dan susun jawapan andan anda
mengikut tertib berangka.mengikut tertib berangka.
This This question question paper paper consists consists of of printed printed pages pages and and blank blank page.page.
(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada h(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak danalaman bercetak dan
© Majlis © Majlis Peperiksaan MalaysiaPeperiksaan Malaysia
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halaman kosong.)halaman kosong.)
Section ASection A [15[15 marksmarks]]
Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
11
22
33
44
Which genera belongs to the Which genera belongs to the phylum Coniferophyta?phylum Coniferophyta?
AA Zea Zea
BB CycasCycas
CC Dryopteris Dryopteris
DD Marchantia Marchantia
Housefly is classified into the OrderHousefly is classified into the Order
AA DipteraDiptera
BB HemipteraHemiptera
CC OrthopteraOrthoptera
DD HymenopteraHymenoptera
Which statement is true of Which statement is true of an ecosystem?an ecosystem?
AA It encompasses living and non It encompasses living and non living components.living components.
BB It encompasses edaphic, climatic and topographic factors.It encompasses edaphic, climatic and topographic factors.
CC It comprises of various species living together in a habitat.It comprises of various species living together in a habitat.
DD It comprises of organisms with the It comprises of organisms with the same morphological characteristisame morphological characteristics.cs.
Which energy flows in an Which energy flows in an ecosystem involves the transfer of ecosystem involves the transfer of the greatest amount of energy?the greatest amount of energy?
AA Plant HerbivorePlant Herbivore
BB Herbivore CarnivoreHerbivore Carnivore
CC Carnivore DecomposerCarnivore Decomposer
DD Herbivore DecomposerHerbivore Decomposer
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Bahagian ABahagian A [15[15 markahmarkah]]
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini
11
22
33
Genus yang manakah kepunyaan filum Genus yang manakah kepunyaan filum Coniferophyta?Coniferophyta?
AA Zea Zea
BB CycasCycas
CC Dryopteris Dryopteris
DD Marchantia Marchantia
Lalat dikelaskan kedalam OrderLalat dikelaskan kedalam Order
AA DipteraDiptera
BB HemipteraHemiptera
CC OrthopteraOrthoptera
DD HymenopteraHymenoptera
Penyataan yang manakah yang benar Penyataan yang manakah yang benar tentang ekosistem?tentang ekosistem?
AA Meliputi komponen hidup dan bukan hidupMeliputi komponen hidup dan bukan hidup
BB Meliputi faktor edafik, faktor iklim, dan Meliputi faktor edafik, faktor iklim, dan faktor topografik faktor topografik
CC Meliputi pelbagai spesies yang hidup Meliputi pelbagai spesies yang hidup bersama dalam suatu habitatbersama dalam suatu habitat
DD Meliputi organisma yang mempunyai ciri morfologi yang samaMeliputi organisma yang mempunyai ciri morfologi yang sama
44 Pengaliran tenaga dalam ekosistem yang Pengaliran tenaga dalam ekosistem yang manakah yang melibatkan pemindahan amaun tenagamanakah yang melibatkan pemindahan amaun tenaga
yang paling banyak?yang paling banyak?
AA TumbuhanTumbuhan
BB HerbivorHerbivor
CC KarnivorKarnivor
DD HerbivorHerbivor
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KarnivorKarnivor
PenguraiPengurai
PenguraiPengurai
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The graph below shows the survivorship curves for three species of animals.The graph below shows the survivorship curves for three species of animals.
Number of Number of survivorssurvivors
(log scale)(log scale)
Percentage of maximum life spanPercentage of maximum life span
Which characteristic of the animal is Which characteristic of the animal is correctly matched to its survivorship curve?correctly matched to its survivorship curve?
Characteristic CurveCharacteristic Curve
AA Natality rate is high (Natality rate is high (cc))
BB Care for offspring is Care for offspring is minimal (minimal (aa))
CC Mortality rate remains constant with age (Mortality rate remains constant with age (aa))
DD Mortality is concentrated at the end of the maximum life span (Mortality is concentrated at the end of the maximum life span (bb))
Which statement isWhich statement is notnot true of an true of an artificial classification system?artificial classification system?
AA The system is based on The system is based on phylogenetic relationship.phylogenetic relationship.
BB The system can be used to construct dichotomous keys.The system can be used to construct dichotomous keys.
CC Organisms are placed into groups Organisms are placed into groups for specific purposes.for specific purposes.
DD Organisms are placed into groups Organisms are placed into groups according to their different characteristics which areaccording to their different characteristics which are
arbitrarily chosen.arbitrarily chosen.
The processes below contribute to The processes below contribute to speciationspeciation exceptexcept
AA isolationisolation
BB successionsuccessionCC natural selectionnatural selection
DD formation of different gene poolformation of different gene pool
88 AllelesAlleles A A andand B B are codominant. How many types of are codominant. How many types of phenotype would be produced from thephenotype would be produced from the
crosscross AB AB AB AB??
AA 11
BB 22
CC 33
DD 44
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Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kemandirian bagi tiga Graf di bawah menunjukkan lengkung kemandirian bagi tiga spesies haiwan.spesies haiwan.
BilanganBilanganyang hidupyang hidup
(skala log)(skala log)
Peratusan jangka masa maksimum hidupPeratusan jangka masa maksimum hidup
Ciri haiwan yang manakah yang sepadan dengan betul Ciri haiwan yang manakah yang sepadan dengan betul dengan lengkung kemandiriannya?dengan lengkung kemandiriannya?
Ciri LengkungCiri Lengkung
AA Kadar kenatalan yang tinggi (Kadar kenatalan yang tinggi (cc))
BB Penjagaan anak minima (Penjagaan anak minima (aa))
CC Kadar kemortalan kekal malar dengan umur (Kadar kemortalan kekal malar dengan umur (aa))
DD Kemortalan tertumKemortalan tertumpu pada akhir pu pada akhir tempoh hidup maksimum (tempoh hidup maksimum (bb))
Penyataan yang manakah yangPenyataan yang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang sistem pengelasan buatan?benar tentang sistem pengelasan buatan?
AA Sistem yang berdasarkan hubungan filogenetik.Sistem yang berdasarkan hubungan filogenetik.
BB Sistem itu boleh digunakan Sistem itu boleh digunakan untuk membina kunci dikotomi.untuk membina kunci dikotomi.
CC Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan untuk kegunaan spesifik.Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan untuk kegunaan spesifik.
DD Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan mengikut perbezaan ciri yang dipilih Organisma diletakkan ke dalam kumpulan mengikut perbezaan ciri yang dipilih secarasecara
sembarangan.sembarangan.
Proses di Proses di bawah menyumbang kepada penspesiesanbawah menyumbang kepada penspesiesan kecualikecuali
AA pemencilanpemencilan
BB penggantianpenggantianCC pemilihan semulajadipemilihan semulajadi
DD pembentukan kolam gen yang pembentukan kolam gen yang berbezaberbeza
88 AlelAlel A A dandan B B adalah kodominan. Berapakah jenis fenotip yang akan terhasil daripada kacukanadalah kodominan. Berapakah jenis fenotip yang akan terhasil daripada kacukan
AB AB AB AB??
AA 11
BB 22
CC 33
DD 44
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99 The frequency of the alleleThe frequency of the allele B B in a population at genetic equilibrium is 0.70. in a population at genetic equilibrium is 0.70. What is the frequencyWhat is the frequencyof theof the Bb Bb genotype?genotype?
AA 0.210.21
BB 0.420.42
CC 0.490.49
DD 0.700.70
1010 The graphs below show the ultraviolet absorption in the The graphs below show the ultraviolet absorption in the experiment to prove the mode of DNAexperiment to prove the mode of DNAreplication.replication.
PercentagePercentageof ultravioletof ultraviolet
absorptionabsorption
Generation 0Generation 0Nitrogen contentNitrogen content
Generation 1Generation 1
Nitrogen contentNitrogen content
Generation 2Generation 2
Nitrogen contentNitrogen content
Generation 3Generation 3
NN 1414
1414
NN
NN 1414
1515
NN
NN 1515
1515
NN
Nitrogen contentNitrogen content
Which conclusion can be made from the Which conclusion can be made from the above graphs?above graphs?
AA The dispersive mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 1.The dispersive mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 1.
BB The conservative mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 2.The conservative mode of DNA replication can be eliminated in the generation 2.
CC The semi-conservatThe semi-conservative mode of DNA ive mode of DNA replication can be proven in replication can be proven in the generation 1.the generation 1.
DD The semi-conservatThe semi-conservative mode of DNA ive mode of DNA replication can be proven in replication can be proven in the generation 2.the generation 2.
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99 Frekuensi alelFrekuensi alel B B dalam populasi dalam keseimbangan genetik ialah 0.70. dalam populasi dalam keseimbangan genetik ialah 0.70. Berapakah frekuensiBerapakah frekuensigenotipgenotip Bb Bb??
AA 0.210.21
BB 0.420.42
CC 0.490.49
DD 0.700.70
1010 Graf di bawah menunjukkan penyerapan ultra lembayung dalam uji kaji Graf di bawah menunjukkan penyerapan ultra lembayung dalam uji kaji untuk membuktikan carauntuk membuktikan carapereplikaan DNA.pereplikaan DNA.
PeratusanPeratusanserapan ultraserapan ultra
lembayunglembayung
Generasi 0Generasi 0Kandungan nitrogenKandungan nitrogen
Generasi 1Generasi 1
Kandungan nitrogenKandungan nitrogen
Generasi 2Generasi 2
Kandungan nitrogenKandungan nitrogen
Generasi 3Generasi 3
NN 1414
1414
NN
NN 1414
1515
NN
NN 1515
NN 1515
Kandungan nitrogenKandungan nitrogen
Kesimpulan yang manakah yang boleh dibuat daripada graf di Kesimpulan yang manakah yang boleh dibuat daripada graf di atas?atas?
AA Mode dispersif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 1.Mode dispersif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 1.
BB Mode konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 2.Mode konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dihilangkan pada generasi 2.
CC Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.
DD Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.Mode semi konsevatif pereplikaan DNA boleh dibuktikan pada generasi 1.
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1111 Gene expression is defined asGene expression is defined as
AA the transcription of genes from DNAthe transcription of genes from DNA
BB the use of information in DNA to produce a the use of information in DNA to produce a proteinprotein
CC the transfer of one gene from one organism to anotherthe transfer of one gene from one organism to another
DD the translation of one gene by ribosomes to produce proteinthe translation of one gene by ribosomes to produce protein
1212 The pedigree below shows the The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a disease.inheritance of a disease.
The inheritance of the disease is controlled byThe inheritance of the disease is controlled by
AA X X -linked recessive gene-linked recessive gene
BB X X -linked dominant gene-linked dominant gene
CC autosomal recessive geneautosomal recessive gene
DD autosomal dominant geneautosomal dominant gene
1313 Which statement isWhich statement is notnot true of mutation?true of mutation?
AA The deletion of two The deletion of two bases causes frame-shift mutation.bases causes frame-shift mutation.
BB Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion in chromosome 5.deletion in chromosome 5.
CC Allopolyploidy involved chromosome doubling Allopolyploidy involved chromosome doubling from different genomes.from different genomes.
DD A chromosomal mutation involves the deletion of a base pair from a gene.A chromosomal mutation involves the deletion of a base pair from a gene.
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1111 Pengekspresan gen boleh ditakrifkan sebagaiPengekspresan gen boleh ditakrifkan sebagai
AA transkripsi gen daripada DNAtranskripsi gen daripada DNA
BB penggunaan maklumat dalam DNA untuk penggunaan maklumat dalam DNA untuk menghasilkan proteinmenghasilkan protein
CC pemindahan satu gen dari satu pemindahan satu gen dari satu organisma kepada satu organisma yang lainorganisma kepada satu organisma yang lain
DD translasi satu gen oleh translasi satu gen oleh ribosom untuk menghasilkan proteinribosom untuk menghasilkan protein
1212 Salasiah di bawah Salasiah di bawah menunjukkan penyakit pewarisan.menunjukkan penyakit pewarisan.
Petanda:Petanda:
LelakiLelaki
normalnormal
PerempuanPerempuannormalnormal
Penyakit pewarisan dikawal olehPenyakit pewarisan dikawal oleh
AA gen resesif gen resesif X X -terangkai-terangkai
BB gen dominangen dominan X X -terangkai-terangkai
CC gen resesif autosomgen resesif autosom
DD gen dominan autosomgen dominan autosom
1313 Penyataan yang manakah yangPenyataan yang manakah yang tidaktidak benar tentang mutasi?benar tentang mutasi?
AA Pelenyapan dua bes Pelenyapan dua bes menyebabkan mutasi anjakan rangka.menyebabkan mutasi anjakan rangka.
BB Sindrom Cri-du-chat disebabkan oleh pelenyapan kromosom 5.Sindrom Cri-du-chat disebabkan oleh pelenyapan kromosom 5.
CC Alopoliploidi melibatkan pengandaan kromosom daripada genom yang Alopoliploidi melibatkan pengandaan kromosom daripada genom yang berbeza.berbeza.
DD Mutasi kromosom melibatkan pelenyapan pasangan bes daripada satu gen.Mutasi kromosom melibatkan pelenyapan pasangan bes daripada satu gen.
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1414 The diagram below shows steps in DNA cloning using bacterial plasmid.The diagram below shows steps in DNA cloning using bacterial plasmid.
Source DNASource DNA
PlasmidPlasmid
Cloned DNACloned DNA
What processes are represented byWhat processes are represented by PP,, QQ andand R R??
PP
AA AmplificationAmplification
BB AmplificationAmplification
CC TransformationTransformation
DD TransformationTransformation
ScreeningScreening
TransformationTransformation
ScreeningScreening
AmplificationAmplification
R R
TransformationTransformation
ScreeningScreening
AmplificationAmplification
ScreeningScreening
1515 Transgenic bacteria is used in the following industrial processesTransgenic bacteria is used in the following industrial processes exceptexcept
AA decomposition of oil spilldecomposition of oil spill
BB degradation of organic wastedegradation of organic waste
CC production of production of -1-antitrypsin-1-antitrypsin
DD introduction of herbicide-resistant gene into plantintroduction of herbicide-resistant gene into plant
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1414 Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan langkah pengklonan DNA mengunakan plasmid bakteria.Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan langkah pengklonan DNA mengunakan plasmid bakteria.
DNA sumberDNA sumber
PlasmidPlasmid
DNA terklonDNA terklon
Apakah yang diwakili olehApakah yang diwakili oleh PP,, QQ, dan, dan R R??
PP
AA AmplifikasiAmplifikasi
BB AmplifikasiAmplifikasi
CC TransformasiTransformasi
DD TransformasiTransformasi
PenyaringanPenyaringan
TransformasiTransformasi
PenyaringanPenyaringan
AmplifikasiAmplifikasi
R R
TransformasiTransformasi
PenyaringanPenyaringan
AmplifikasiAmplifikasi
PenyaringanPenyaringan
1515 Bakteria transgenik digunakan dalam proses industri berikutBakteria transgenik digunakan dalam proses industri berikut kecualikecuali
AA penguraian tumpahan minyak penguraian tumpahan minyak
BB degradasi bahan buangan organik degradasi bahan buangan organik
CC penghasilanpenghasilan -1-antitrypsin-1-antitrypsin
DD pengenalan gen rintangan herbisid ke dalam tumbuhanpengenalan gen rintangan herbisid ke dalam tumbuhan
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Section BSection B [15[15 marksmarks]]
Answer Answer allall questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
1616 The graphs below show the normal distribution of early population of an The graphs below show the normal distribution of early population of an organism living in threeorganism living in threedifferent environments,different environments, I I ,, II II andand III III . The arrows . The arrows represent the selection pressure on the phenotypes.represent the selection pressure on the phenotypes.
Number of Number of I I individualsindividuals
PhenotypePhenotype
Number of Number of III III
individualsindividuals
Number of Number of II II individualsindividuals
PhenotypePhenotype
PhenotypePhenotype
((aa) Sketch the curve to show the ) Sketch the curve to show the effect of natural selection in each case.effect of natural selection in each case.
((bb) State the types of selection represented by the curves you have sketched in ) State the types of selection represented by the curves you have sketched in ((aa).).
[3[3 marksmarks]]
[3[3 marksmarks]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((cc) Give) Give oneone example of the phenomenon resulting from each example of the phenomenon resulting from each of the selectionsof the selections II II andand III III ..[2[2 marksmarks]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Bahagian BBahagian B [15[15 markahmarkah]]
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..
1616 Graf di bawah menunjukkan taburan normal awal populasi organism yang hidup di tigaGraf di bawah menunjukkan taburan normal awal populasi organism yang hidup di tigapersekitaran yang berbeza I, II, dan III. persekitaran yang berbeza I, II, dan III. Anak panah mewakili tekanan pemilihan keatas fenotip.Anak panah mewakili tekanan pemilihan keatas fenotip.
BilanganBilangan I I individuindividu
FenotipFenotip
BilanganBilangan III III
individuindividu
BilanganBilangan II II individuindividu
FenotipFenotip
FenotipFenotip
((aa) Lakar lengkung yang menunjukkan kesan pemilihan semula jadi ) Lakar lengkung yang menunjukkan kesan pemilihan semula jadi dalam setiap kes.dalam setiap kes.[3[3 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Nyatakan jenis pemilihan yang mewakili lengkung ) Nyatakan jenis pemilihan yang mewakili lengkung yang anda lakar dalam (yang anda lakar dalam (aa).).[3[3 markahmarkah]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((cc) Berikan) Berikan satusatu contoh fenomena yang dihasilkan daripada pemilihancontoh fenomena yang dihasilkan daripada pemilihan II II dandan III III . . [2[2 markahmarkah]]
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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1717 ((aa) The diagram below shows the stages of meiosis during the formation of gametes which) The diagram below shows the stages of meiosis during the formation of gametes whichinvolve a pair of involve a pair of chromosomechromosome PP and a pair and a pair of chromosomeof chromosome QQ. Draw the complete diagram to show. Draw the complete diagram to show
the arrangement of the chromosomes if non-disjunction occurs the arrangement of the chromosomes if non-disjunction occurs involving the pair of involving the pair of chromosomchromosomee PP
during meiosis I.during meiosis I.
Meiosis IMeiosis I
Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Gamete Gamete Gamete GameteGamete Gamete Gamete Gamete
((bb) State the type of the ) State the type of the above chromosomabove chromosomal mutation.al mutation.
[6[6 marksmarks]]
[1[1 mark mark ]]
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1717 ((aa) Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat meiosis semasa pembentukan gamet yang) Gambar rajah di bawah menunjukkan peringkat meiosis semasa pembentukan gamet yangmelibatkan sepasang kromosommelibatkan sepasang kromosom PP dan sepasang kromosomdan sepasang kromosom QQ. Lukis gambar rajah lengkap untuk . Lukis gambar rajah lengkap untuk
menunjukkan susunan kromosom jika tak disjungsi menunjukkan susunan kromosom jika tak disjungsi berlaku yang melibatkan pasangan kromosomberlaku yang melibatkan pasangan kromosom PP
semasa meiosis I.semasa meiosis I.
Meiosis IMeiosis I
Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Gamet Gamet Gamet GametGamet Gamet Gamet Gamet
((bb) Nyatakan jenis mutasi kromosom di atas.) Nyatakan jenis mutasi kromosom di atas.
[6[6 markahmarkah]]
[1[1 markahmarkah]]
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Section CSection C [30[30 marksmarks]]
Answer any Answer any twotwo questions in this sectionquestions in this section..
1818 ((aa) ) Describe Describe the the charactercharacteristic istic features features of of the the phylum phylum Bryophyta Bryophyta and and Filicinophyta. Filicinophyta. [8[8 marksmarks]]
((bb) Water pollution is a major threat to ) Water pollution is a major threat to aquatic biodiversity in Malaysia. Discuss this statement.aquatic biodiversity in Malaysia. Discuss this statement.
[7[7 marksmarks]]
1919 ((aa) Explain the energy flow in the carbon cycle.) Explain the energy flow in the carbon cycle.
((bb) Compare the adaptive characteristics of ) Compare the adaptive characteristics of K K andand r r strategies.strategies.
[7[7 marksmarks]]
[8[8 marksmarks]]
2020 In a small population, 40 individuals are tasters of phenIn a small population, 40 individuals are tasters of phenylthiocarbamylthiocarbamide and 60 are non-tasters.ide and 60 are non-tasters.
The dominant alleleThe dominant allele T T controls the ability to controls the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide.taste phenylthiocarbamide.
((aa) ) (i) (i) Determine Determine the the frequencies frequencies of of alleleallele t t and alleleand allele T T . . [6[6 marksmarks]]
(ii) Determine the number of individuals who are heterozygous in the population. [4(ii) Determine the number of individuals who are heterozygous in the population. [4 marksmarks]]
((bb) If 20 non-tasters immigrate into the population, determine the new frequencies of allele) If 20 non-tasters immigrate into the population, determine the new frequencies of allele t t andand
alleleallele T T ..
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Bahagian CBahagian C [30[30 markahmarkah]]
Jawab mana-mana Jawab mana-mana duadua soalan dalam bahagian inisoalan dalam bahagian ini..
1818 ((aa) ) Perihalkan Perihalkan cici-ciri cici-ciri filum filum Bryophyta Bryophyta dan dan Filicinophyta. Filicinophyta. [8[8 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Pencemaran air adalah ancaman utama kepada kepelbagian biologi di Malaysia. Bincangkan) Pencemaran air adalah ancaman utama kepada kepelbagian biologi di Malaysia. Bincangkan
pernyataan ini.pernyataan ini.
1919 ((aa) Jelaskan pengaliran tenaga di dalam kitar ) Jelaskan pengaliran tenaga di dalam kitar karbon.karbon.
((bb) Bandingkan ciri penyesuaian strategi) Bandingkan ciri penyesuaian strategi K K dan strategidan strategi r.r.
[7[7 markahmarkah]]
[7[7 markahmarkah]]
[8[8 markahmarkah]]
2020 Dalam satu populasi kecil, 40 individu ialah perasa feniltiokarbamida dan 60 individu bukanDalam satu populasi kecil, 40 individu ialah perasa feniltiokarbamida dan 60 individu bukan
perasa feniltiokarbamida. Alel dominanperasa feniltiokarbamida. Alel dominan T T mengawal keupayaan untuk mengawal keupayaan untuk merasa feniltiokarbamida.merasa feniltiokarbamida.
((aa) ) (i) (i) Tentukan Tentukan kekerapan kekerapan alelalel t t dan aleldan alel T T ..
(ii) Tentukan bilangan individu yang heterozigot dalam populasi itu.(ii) Tentukan bilangan individu yang heterozigot dalam populasi itu.
[6[6 markahmarkah]]
[4[4 markahmarkah]]
((bb) Jika 20 individu bukan ) Jika 20 individu bukan perasa berhijrah masuk ke dalam populasi itu, tentukan kekerapanperasa berhijrah masuk ke dalam populasi itu, tentukan kekerapan
baharu alelbaharu alel t t dan aleldan alel T T ..
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SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT
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BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)
PAPER 4 (KERTAS 4)PAPER 4 (KERTAS 4)
STPMSTPM
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)
© Majlis © Majlis Peperiksaan MalaysiaPeperiksaan Malaysia
STPMSTPM 964/4964/4
8383
STPM BIOLOGYSTPM BIOLOGY
Experiment 1Experiment 1
Title:Title: Determination of the osmotic potential of plant cellsDetermination of the osmotic potential of plant cells
STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___ STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___
Objectives:Objectives: To determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.To determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.
Learning Outcome:Learning Outcome: At the end of the At the end of the experimeexperiment, the candidates should be able nt, the candidates should be able toto
(i) prepare solutions of various molarities from a stock solution.(i) prepare solutions of various molarities from a stock solution.
(ii) tabulate the results and plot graphs.(ii) tabulate the results and plot graphs.
(iii) analyse and interpret experimental results.(iii) analyse and interpret experimental results.
Introduction:Introduction:
Osmotic potential of a cell refers to the amount of Osmotic potential of a cell refers to the amount of solute dissolved in the cell sap, solute dissolved in the cell sap, containing mostlycontaining mostlywater and be water and be the main cause to its the main cause to its osmotic concentration. The difference in osmotic concentrationosmotic concentration. The difference in osmotic concentration
inside the cell and its inside the cell and its surrounding is called a concentration gradient. Movement of water moleculsurrounding is called a concentration gradient. Movement of water moleculeses
via semi permeable membrane occurs from a region of via semi permeable membrane occurs from a region of higher water concentration (low osmotichigher water concentration (low osmotic
potential) to a region of lower water concentration (high osmotic potential).potential) to a region of lower water concentration (high osmotic potential).
Materials and apparatus:Materials and apparatus:
(i) 1.0 M sucrose solution(i) 1.0 M sucrose solution
(ii) Distilled water(ii) Distilled water(iii) Potato(iii) Potato
(iv) Large test tubes(iv) Large test tubes
(v) Beakers(v) Beakers
(vi) Ruler(vi) Ruler
(vii) Filter paper(vii) Filter paper
(viii) Petri dish with cover(viii) Petri dish with cover
(ix) Marker pen(ix) Marker pen
(x) Cork-borer(x) Cork-borer
(xi) Single-edge blade(xi) Single-edge blade
(xii) White tile(xii) White tile(xiii) Graph paper(xiii) Graph paper
(xiv) Dissecting needle/Mounted needle(xiv) Dissecting needle/Mounted needle
(xv) 25 ml measuring cylinder(xv) 25 ml measuring cylinder
(xvi) Fine forceps(xvi) Fine forceps
(xvii) 10 ml pipette(xvii) 10 ml pipette
(xviii) Analytical balance(xviii) Analytical balance
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Molarity Molarity (M) (M) 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.50 0.550.55
Osmotic potentialOsmotic potential
(in atmosphere)(in atmosphere)1.3 1.3 2.6 2.6 4.0 4.0 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 8.1 8.1 9.6 9.6 11.1 11.1 12.6 12.6 14.3 14.3 16.016.0
STPM BIOLOGYSTPM BIOLOGY
Procedure:Procedure:
STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___ STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.
6.6.
7.7.
8.8.
9.9.
10.10.
11.11.
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Prepare 20 ml of 0.1 M, 0.2 M, Prepare 20 ml of 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions from 1.0 M stock M sucrose solutions from 1.0 M stock solution in labelled test tubes. Use solution in labelled test tubes. Use the following formula to assist you in preparing yourthe following formula to assist you in preparing your
dilution.dilution.
where Mwhere M 11 = initial molarity= initial molarity
MM 11 VV 11 = M= M 22 VV 22
VV 11 = initial volume= initial volume
MM 22 = final molarity= final molarity
VV 22 = final volume= final volume
Record the volume of the stock solution and distilled water used Record the volume of the stock solution and distilled water used in each dilution in Table 1.in each dilution in Table 1.
Prepare 15 cylindrical strips of potato tissues using a Prepare 15 cylindrical strips of potato tissues using a cork-borecork-borer. Cut the strips r. Cut the strips to a uniformto a uniformlength.length.
Take 3 potato strips, record their average initial length and weight and Take 3 potato strips, record their average initial length and weight and place them into the testplace them into the testtube containing 0.1 M sucrose solution. Note down the tube containing 0.1 M sucrose solution. Note down the texture of the potato strips.texture of the potato strips.
Repeat step 4 using 0.2 M, 0.3 Repeat step 4 using 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sucrose solutions and wait for 30 minutes.sucrose solutions and wait for 30 minutes.
Plot a standard curve of the osmotic potential against the molarities of the Plot a standard curve of the osmotic potential against the molarities of the sucrose solutionssucrose solutions
using the data given below.using the data given below.
After 30 minutes, remove the strips with the dissecting needle/mounted needle provided. DryAfter 30 minutes, remove the strips with the dissecting needle/mounted needle provided. Drythe strips gently with filter paper and the strips gently with filter paper and record their average final length and weight.record their average final length and weight.
Note down any changes to the texture of the Note down any changes to the texture of the potato strips.potato strips.
Create your own table to record the results. (Table 2)Create your own table to record the results. (Table 2)
Plot another graph of the average change in the length of the Plot another graph of the average change in the length of the potato strips against the molaritiespotato strips against the molaritiesof the sucrose solution used.of the sucrose solution used.
Use both the graphs to determine the osmotic potential of the Use both the graphs to determine the osmotic potential of the potato cell sap.potato cell sap.
8585
8585
Molarity Molarity 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.2 M 0.2 M 0.3 M 0.3 M 0.4 M 0.4 M 0.5 M 0.5 M
Volume of 1.0 M sucrose solution used (ml)Volume of 1.0 M sucrose solution used (ml)
Volume of distilled water used Volume of distilled water used (ml)(ml)
STPM BIOLOGYSTPM BIOLOGY
Result:Result:
Table 1Table 1
Table 2Table 2
Discussion:Discussion:
STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___ STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___
1 (1 (aa) From the first graph, determine the solute concentration of the cell sap of ) From the first graph, determine the solute concentration of the cell sap of the potato tissues (inthe potato tissues (inmolarity) molarity) of of sucrose sucrose solution. solution. Explain Explain your your answer. answer. [2[2 marksmarks]]
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((bb) From the standard curve, ) From the standard curve, determine the equivalent osmotic potential (in atmosphere) of determine the equivalent osmotic potential (in atmosphere) of thethecell cell sap. sap. [1[1 mark mark ]]
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2 2 What is What is the relatthe relationship betweionship between the en the changes changes in weight in weight of the of the potato strips potato strips and their and their texture?texture?[2[2 marksmarks]]
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3 3 Plant Plant fertilizer fertilizer contains contains many many solutes. solutes. Why Why an an overdose overdose of of fertilizer fertilizer may may kill kill a a plant? plant? [2[2 marksmarks]]
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ConclusionConclusion [1[1 mark mark ]]
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For examiner’sFor examiner’s
useuse
11
22
33
TotalTotal
Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….Identity card number:………………………….. Centre number/index number:……………………….
(Nombor kad pengenalan)(Nombor kad pengenalan)
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(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)(Nombor pusat/angka giliran)
SPECIMEN PAPERSPECIMEN PAPER
STPMSTPM
BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)BIOLOGY (BIOLOGI)
PAPER 5 (KERTAS 5)PAPER 5 (KERTAS 5)
One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIAMAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIASIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)
Instructions to candidates:Instructions to candidates:
DO NOT OPEN THIS DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU AREQUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO.TOLD TO DO SO.
Answer Answer allall questions.questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Answers may be w Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaritten in either English or Bahasa Malaysia.ysia.
Arahan kepada calon:Arahan kepada calon:
JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDAJANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA
DIBENARKAN BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.DIBENARKAN BERBUAT DEMIKIAN.
Jawab Jawab semuasemua soalan.soalan.
Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.
Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa I Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.nggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.
This question paper consists of printed pages andThis question paper consists of printed pages and
(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada h(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak danalaman bercetak dan
© Majlis © Majlis Peperiksaan MalaysiaPeperiksaan Malaysia
STPMSTPM 964/5964/5
blank page.blank page.
halaman kosong.)halaman kosong.)
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TimeTime (hour) (hour) 0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 6060
Height of fluid Height of fluid (mm) (mm) 100 100 82 82 73 73 68 68 66 66 66 66 6666
Height of gas Height of gas (mm)(mm)
11 A group of students carried out an experiment on respiration using yeast.A group of students carried out an experiment on respiration using yeast.
A fermentation tube was filled with 5% glucose solution and A fermentation tube was filled with 5% glucose solution and 5 drops of 10% yeast suspension. It5 drops of 10% yeast suspension. It
was then put inside a was then put inside a test tube as shown below.test tube as shown below.
Test tubeTest tube
Fermentation tubeFermentation tube
Height of fluidHeight of fluid
The apparatus set-up was placed in an incubator at 37The apparatus set-up was placed in an incubator at 37 C for 60 hours. The heights of C for 60 hours. The heights of the fluidthe fluid
and the gas in the and the gas in the fermentafermentation tube were recorded every 10 hours.tion tube were recorded every 10 hours.
((aa) ) Is Is oxygen oxygen involved involved in in the the process? process? [2[2 marksmarks]]
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((bb) ) Name Name the the end end products products of of the the fermentation. fermentation. [3[3 marksmarks]]
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((cc) Complete the table below.) Complete the table below.
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Masa Masa (jam) (jam) 0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 6060
Tinggi bendalir Tinggi bendalir (mm) (mm) 100 100 82 82 73 73 68 68 66 66 66 66 6666
Tinggi gasTinggi gas (mm)(mm)
11 Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu uji kaji Sekumpulan pelajar telah menjalankan satu uji kaji tentang respirasi dengan menggunakan yis.tentang respirasi dengan menggunakan yis.
Satu tabung penapaian diisi dengan larutan glukosa 5% dan 5 titis Satu tabung penapaian diisi dengan larutan glukosa 5% dan 5 titis ampaian yis 10%. Tabungampaian yis 10%. Tabung
penapaian itu kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam satu tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.penapaian itu kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam satu tabung uji seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.
Tabung ujiTabung uji
Tabung penapaianTabung penapaian
Tinggi cecairTinggi cecair
Susunan alat radas diletakkan ke Susunan alat radas diletakkan ke dalam pengeram pada 37dalam pengeram pada 37 C selama 60 jam. Tinggi bendalir danC selama 60 jam. Tinggi bendalir dan
gas di dalam tabung gas di dalam tabung penapaian direkodkan setiap 10 jam.penapaian direkodkan setiap 10 jam.
((aa) ) Adakah Adakah oksigen oksigen terlibat terlibat dalam dalam proses proses itu? itu? [2[2 markahmarkah]]
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((bb) ) Namakan Namakan hasil hasil akhir akhir penapaian penapaian itu. itu. [3[3 markahmarkah]]
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((cc) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.) Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.
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[3[3 markahmarkah]]
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((d d ) Plot a graph of the ) Plot a graph of the height of the gas against time.height of the gas against time.
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[3[3 marksmarks]]
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((d d ) Plot graf tinggi gas lawan masa.) Plot graf tinggi gas lawan masa.
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[3[3 markahmarkah]]
((ee) Based on the graph that ) Based on the graph that you have plotted, describe briefly the fermentation process.you have plotted, describe briefly the fermentation process.[2[2 marksmarks]]
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(( f f ) State) State twotwo industrial industrial applications applications of of the the yeast yeast fermentation. fermentation. [2[2 marksmarks]]
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((ee) Berdasarkan graf yang anda plot ) Berdasarkan graf yang anda plot itu, perihalkan secara ringkas proses penapaian itu.itu, perihalkan secara ringkas proses penapaian itu.[2[2 markahmarkah]]
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(( f f ) Nyatakan) Nyatakan duadua penggunaan penggunaan industri industri penapaian penapaian yis. yis. [2[2 markahmarkah]]
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22 ((aa) A cross-section of an organ that has ) A cross-section of an organ that has been diverted out of a rat is been diverted out of a rat is shown in the diagram below.shown in the diagram below.
C BC B
D D
A A
E E
F F
GG J J
I I H H
(i) Name the organ, and the structures labelled(i) Name the organ, and the structures labelled A A andand I I . [5. [5 marksmarks]]
OrganOrgan: : ...………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A A: : ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. F F : : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….
B B: : ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. GG: : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….
C C : : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. H H : : ………………………………………………………………………………….………………….
D D: : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. I I : : ….………………………………….………………………………………………..………………..
E E : : ……………………………………………………………………………………….……….
(ii) State(ii) State twotwo function function of of the the organ. organ. [2[2 marksmarks]]
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(iii) State the similarity and the difference in function between the structures(iii) State the similarity and the difference in function between the structures B B andand C C ..
[2[2 marksmarks]]
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(iv) State the common function of structures(iv) State the common function of structures F F ,, GG andand J J . . [1[1 mark mark ]]
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22 ((aa) Keratan rentas satu organ yang telah dialih keluar daripada seekor tikus ditunjukkan dalam) Keratan rentas satu organ yang telah dialih keluar daripada seekor tikus ditunjukkan dalamgambar rajah di bawah.gambar rajah di bawah.
C C B B
D D
A A
E E
F F
GG J J
I I
(i) Namakan organ itu, (i) Namakan organ itu, dan struktur berlabeldan struktur berlabel A A hinggahingga I I ..
H H
[5[5 markahmarkah]]
OrganOrgan: : ...………………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A A:: ………………………………………………..……………………………………………….. F F : : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….
B B: : ………………………………………………………………………………………..……….. GG: : ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….
C C : : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. H H : : ………………………………………………………………………………….………………….
D D: : ………………………………………………………………………………….……………. I I : : ….………………………………….………………………………………………..………………..
E E : : ……………………………………………………………………………………….……….
(ii) Nyatakan(ii) Nyatakan duadua fungsi fungsi organ organ itu. itu. [2[2 markahmarkah]]
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(iii) Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan fungsi antara struktur(iii) Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan fungsi antara struktur B B dengan strukturdengan struktur C C ..[2[2 markahmarkah]]
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(iv) Nyatakan fungsi sepunya struktur(iv) Nyatakan fungsi sepunya struktur F F ,, GG, dan, dan J J . . [1[1 markahmarkah]]
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((bb) The structures shown in the ) The structures shown in the diagram below are related to the organ in (diagram below are related to the organ in (aa).).
L LK K
(i) Name the structures(i) Name the structures K K andand L L. . [2[2 marksmarks]]
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(ii) Give(ii) Give twotwo characteristcharacteristics ics of of each each of of the the structures. structures. [2[2 marksmarks]]
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(iii) Why are the wall structures of (iii) Why are the wall structures of K K andand L L are are different? different? [1[1 mark mark ]]
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((bb) Struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah berkaitan dengan organ pada () Struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah di bawah berkaitan dengan organ pada (aa).).
L LK K
(i) Namakan struktur(i) Namakan struktur K K dandan L L. . [2[2 markahmarkah]]
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(ii) Berikan(ii) Berikan duadua ciri ciri bagi bagi setiap setiap struktur struktur itu. itu. [2[2 markahmarkah]]
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(iii) Mengapakah struktur dinding bagi(iii) Mengapakah struktur dinding bagi K K dandan L L berbeza? [1berbeza? [1 markahmarkah]]
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Phenotype Phenotype Observed Observed number number Expected Expected number number
Wrinkled 59Wrinkled 59
Smooth 191Smooth 191
33 A researcher carried out a cross on pea plants to determine the inheritance of seed forms. HeA researcher carried out a cross on pea plants to determine the inheritance of seed forms. He
crossed pure line wrinkled seed with pure line smooth seed to crossed pure line wrinkled seed with pure line smooth seed to produce Fproduce F 11 generation and subsequentlygeneration and subsequently
FF 22 generation. A total of 250 plants were produced in generation. A total of 250 plants were produced in FF 22 generation, 59 with wrinkled seeds and 191generation, 59 with wrinkled seeds and 191with smooth seeds. The diagram below illustrates the crosses.with smooth seeds. The diagram below illustrates the crosses.
X X
ProgenyProgeny QQ
((aa) What is the phenotype of progeny) What is the phenotype of progeny QQ? ? [1[1 mark mark ]]
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((bb) What is the expected ratio of ) What is the expected ratio of wrinkled-seed plants to smooth-seed plants of Fwrinkled-seed plants to smooth-seed plants of F 22 generation?generation?[1[1 mark mark ]]
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((cc) Using the expected ratio in () Using the expected ratio in (bb), determine the expected number of phenotypes of ), determine the expected number of phenotypes of FF 22
generation.generation.
[2[2 marksmarks]]
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Fenotip Fenotip Bilangan Bilangan cerapan cerapan Bilangan Bilangan jangkaanjangkaan
Berkedut 59Berkedut 59
Licin 191Licin 191
33 Seorang penyelidik telah membuat kacukan terhadap pokok kacang pea untuk Seorang penyelidik telah membuat kacukan terhadap pokok kacang pea untuk menentukanmenentukanperwarisan bentuk biji. Beliau mengkacukkan baka tulen biji yang berkedut dengan baka tulen bijiperwarisan bentuk biji. Beliau mengkacukkan baka tulen biji yang berkedut dengan baka tulen biji
licin untuk menghasilkan generasi Flicin untuk menghasilkan generasi F 11 dan seterusnya generasi Fdan seterusnya generasi F 2.2. Sebanyak 250 tumbuhan telahSebanyak 250 tumbuhan telah
dihasilkan dalam generasi Fdihasilkan dalam generasi F 22 , 59 dengan biji berkedut, dan , 59 dengan biji berkedut, dan 191 dengan biji licin. Gambar rajah191 dengan biji licin. Gambar rajah
di bawah menunjukkan kacukan tersebut.di bawah menunjukkan kacukan tersebut.
Biji berkedutBiji berkedut
Biji licinBiji licin
Induk betinaInduk betina
X X
ProgeniProgeni QQ
((aa) Apakah fenotip bagi progeni) Apakah fenotip bagi progeni QQ??
Induk jantanInduk jantan
[1[1 markahmarkah]]
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((bb) Apakah nisbah jangkaan pokok dengan biji berkedut kepada pokok dengan biji licin bagi) Apakah nisbah jangkaan pokok dengan biji berkedut kepada pokok dengan biji licin bagi
generasi Fgenerasi F 22 ? ? [1[1 markahmarkah]]
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((cc) Dengan menggunakan nisbah jangkaan pada () Dengan menggunakan nisbah jangkaan pada (bb), tentukan bilangan jangkaan fenotip generasi), tentukan bilangan jangkaan fenotip generasi
FF 22 ..
[2[2 marksmarks]]
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Degree of freedom Degree of freedom 5% level5% level
11
22
33
44
55
6677
88
99
1010
3.8413.841
5.9915.991
7.8157.815
9.4889.488
11.07011.070
12.59212.59214.06714.067
15.50715.507
16.91916.919
18.30718.307
((d d ) Using the ) Using the chi-square formula, determine the chi-square value for Fchi-square formula, determine the chi-square value for F 22 generation.generation.
((ee) Chi-square () Chi-square (22 ) values at 5% level is ) values at 5% level is given below.given below.
[3[3 marksmarks]]
[4[4 marksmarks]]
Using the data from above table, explain whether the result obtained is in Using the data from above table, explain whether the result obtained is in accordance withaccordance withMendel’s first law.Mendel’s first law.
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(( f f ) ) Determine Determine the the dominant dominant seed seed forms forms of of pea pea plants. plants. [1[1 mark mark ]]
Wrinkled Wrinkled : : ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
SmoothSmooth: : ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((gg) With the symbol) With the symbol R R as dominant allele and symbolas dominant allele and symbol r r as recessive allele, determine theas recessive allele, determine thegenotypes of both parents and progenygenotypes of both parents and progeny QQ. . [3[3 marksmarks]]
Female parent Female parent :...................................................................................................................................:...................................................................................................................................
Male parent Male parent : : ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Progeny QProgeny Q: : ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Darjah kebebasan Darjah kebebasan Aras 5%Aras 5%
11
22
33
44
55
6677
88
99
1010
3.8413.841
5.9915.991
7.8157.815
9.4889.488
11.07011.070
12.59212.59214.06714.067
15.50715.507
16.91916.919
18.30718.307
((d d ) Dengan menggunakan rumus khi kuasa dua, tentukan nilai khi kuasa dua bagi generasi F) Dengan menggunakan rumus khi kuasa dua, tentukan nilai khi kuasa dua bagi generasi F 22 ..[3[3 markahmarkah]]
((ee) Jadual nilai khi kuasa dua () Jadual nilai khi kuasa dua (22 ) ) pada pada aras aras 5% 5% diberikan diberikan di di bawah. bawah. [4[4 markahmarkah]]
Dengan menggunakan data daripada jadual di atas, Dengan menggunakan data daripada jadual di atas, jelaskan sama ada keputusan yang diperolehjelaskan sama ada keputusan yang diperolehmematuhi hukum Mendel pertama.mematuhi hukum Mendel pertama.
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(( f f ) ) Tentukan Tentukan kedominanan kedominanan bentuk bentuk biji biji kacang kacang pea. pea. [1[1 markahmarkah]]
Berkedut Berkedut :...................................................:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Licin Licin: : ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
((gg) Dengan simbol) Dengan simbol R R sebagai alel dominan dan simbolsebagai alel dominan dan simbol r r sebagai alel resesif, tentukan genotipsebagai alel resesif, tentukan genotipkedua-dua induk dan progenikedua-dua induk dan progeni QQ. . [3[3 markahmarkah]]
Induk betina Induk betina:.....................................................:.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Induk jantan Induk jantan:.............................................:...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Progeni QProgeni Q:................................................:....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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