polyphagous shot hole borer - ucnfaucnfa.ucanr.edu/files/224755.pdf · polyphagous shot hole borer...

Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer

T.D. Paine, J.N. Kabashima and M.E. Jones Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA

Understanding the Biology

• Background Information • Life history and

reproduction • Environmental

limitations • Hosts at risk • Seasonal activity • Flight distance/

duration

Understanding the Biology • What are the fungal

associates • How do they interact

with the different hosts

• How do they interact with the success of the insect

• How do these interactions influence spread

Research and Implementation • New species and

new environment • Start with the

experience of others – related species or different environments

• Adapting methods to the California conditions and California stakeholders

Identification of Susceptible Trees

• Botanical Gardens- what trees are attacked, can support pathogen, can support beetle

• Urban forest • Arborist company

inventories

Identification of Symptomatic Trees

Beneath the Bark

1. Box elder (Acer negundo)* 18.Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii)* 2. Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)* 19. Cork Oak (Quecus suber) 3. Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii) 20. Valley oak (Quercus lobata)* 4. Trident maple (Acer buergerianum) 21. Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon) 5 Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) 22. Blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum)* 6. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) 23. Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) 7. California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa)* 24. Brea (Cercidium sonorae) 8. Red Willow (Salix laevigata)* 25. Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima) 9. Avocado (Persea americana) 26. Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)* 10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) 27. Weeping willow (Salix babylonica) 11. English Oak (Quercus robur) 28. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) 12. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)* 29. Camelia (Camellia semiserrata) 13. London plane (Platanus x acerifolia) 30. Acacia (Acacia spp.) 14.Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)* 31. Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) 15. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)* 32. Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia) 16. White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)* 33. Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) 17.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus) 34. Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii)* 35. Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) *Native species to California

Reproductive Hosts from Akif Eskalen

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=acne2

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=quen

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=acma3

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=QULO

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PAFL6

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PLRA

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SALA3

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=QUAG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Plane

Identify Risk of Movement

• Natural spread through landscape

• Pathways or corridors • Risk to native and

agricultural resources • Facilitated movement

Pathways or Corridors

• Risk to native and agricultural resources

Facilitated Movements

• Firewood Movement

Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

Ambrosia Beetles are difficult to control

• Generally only short time outside the tree

• Attract Sex pheromones‐ No

• Aggregation pheromone - No

Cultural Control and Sanitation

• Tree removal • Treatment of slash

and debris • Chipping or

grinding • Solarization and

composting • Firewood

movement

Mark Adams, Downey Trees, Bugwood.org

Chemical Control • Insecticides and bark

beetles – getting the material to the target

• Systemic insecticides – new materials and delivery, injections or drenches

• Contact insecticides – barrier sprays

• Value of trees and cost of treatments

Field Monitoring

Ambrosia Beetles

are difficult to control

• Generally only short time outside the tree

• Sex pheromones‐ No

• Aggregation pheromone- No

• Host attractants - Yes

• Sibling mating before females disperse

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Because the beetles spend nearly all their time in galleries, we focused on systemic insecticides and barrier sprays. We have also examined sanitation measures

Pesticide Trials

Name Active Method Equipment

Merit 75 WP Imidacloprid Soil injection

Kioritz injector

Safari 20 SG Dinotefuran Trunk spray

Hand sprayer

Arena 50 WDG Clothianidin Soil drench

Nalgene bottle

Onyx Bifenthrin Trunk spray

Hand Sprayer

Control Untreated

Presenter

Presentation Notes

5 castor bean plants with beetle holes selected for each treatment

• All treatments at high label rate • Treated: Sept 19 • Taken down: Oct 18 (29 days) • Count: Nov 27 (69 days)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

We treated infested castor bean along the edges of an avocado grove in Asuza, CA. Castor bean were cut down 1 month after treatment, and log sections were placed in buckets to watch for beetle emergence. Because beetles tended not to emerge, we later switched to counting fresh sawdust mounds on logs. (this study was 2012, one of our first)

SAFARI

MERIT ARENA

ONYX

CONTROL

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Showing sawdust mounds, much more activity on control and arena, light activity on safari and merit, very little on onyx

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

trunk spray trunk spray soil injection soil drench

Safari Onyx Merit Arena control

activ

e en

try

hole

s / s

q ft

trun

k su

rfac

e

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Onyx, Safari and Merit all showed promise. Because of high variation in infestation level, there were no significant differences. (graph of data from bucket pictures).

Trunk sprays applied to uninfested castor bean logs

Treated logs placed in buckets with a beetle-infested log

1 log from each treatment in each bucket

Tracked for 8 weeks (1+ generation of beetles)

Safari Dinotefuran Danitol Fenpropathrin Onyx Bifenthrin Control

Presenter

Presentation Notes

2nd experiment followed up, testing trunk sprays on clean castor bean logs in a bucket experiment. We examined both attack rates and gallery formation. We added Danitol (a synthetic pyrethroid), which has been reported to have some success in treating red bay ambrosia beetle in Florida.

0

100

200

300

400

week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8

atta

cks

per s

q m

controlOnyxSafariDanitol

Pesticide treated logs exposed to beetles in buckets

Surface attacks

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Onyx (bifenthrin) treated logs showed significantly lower beetle activity through first 6 weeks. At 8 weeks, newly emerged beetles were re-infesting logs, and none of the pesticides were different than controls

Onyx

Control

Danitol

Safari

Presenter

Presentation Notes

We also split logs to check gallery formation, assessed as density of gallery holes per square meter.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Control Danitol Onyx Safari

galle

ries

per s

q m

Pesticide treated logs exposed to beetles in buckets

Gallery density

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Onyx had significantly fewer galleries than all other treatments.

Round 2: with Pentra-bark Trunk sprays applied to uninfested

castor bean logs

• Danitol (+PB) • Arena (+PB) • Onyx

• Safari (+PB) • Orange oil (+PB) • Control

Treated logs placed in buckets with a beetle-infested log

Sets of trials: insecticide+PB, control, PB only, Onyx

Tracked for 8 weeks (1+ generation of beetles)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

3rd experiment. We tested pesticides as trunk sprays, with the addition of pentra-bark. Onyx has a bark penetrating agent incorporated into its formula. We wanted to know if adding the penetrating agent would increase the effectiveness of any of the other pesticides. Since we were past the maximum number of logs we could fit in one bucket, we broke this experiment into 4 separate trials for Danitol, Arena, safari, orange oil. Each set contained one of those pesticides with and w/o pentra-bark, plus control, pentra-bark only, and onyx, which has been our best performing pesticide to date.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

UTC PEN ARN APB ONYX0

10

20

30

40

50

60

UTC PEN DAN DPB ONYX

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

UTC PEN NI 7 NPB ONYX0

10

20

30

40

50

60

UTC PEN SAF SPB ONYX

Arena

Orange Oil

Danitol

Safari

Surface attacks after 2 weeks of beetle exposure %

att

acks

per

buc

ket

% a

ttac

ks p

er b

ucke

t

a

ab

ab ab b

a

ab

b

a

b b

b

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Surface attacks: calculated for each bucket as % of total attacks on each log for that bucket. We had high variability in beetle activity in the source logs from bucket to bucket, so this helped control the variation from bucket to bucket. It is a ranked scale for each bucket showing how preferred each treatment was. We then used that rank to compare average preference across all buckets for each pesticide type. Onyx performed best. Arena was ok. Danitol and Safari only slightly decreased beetle attacks. Orange oil was associated with increased beetle attacks. Pesticides alone or with pentra-bark were never significantly different, although adding pentra-bark usually did appear to lower beetle activity. UTC: control, Pen: pentra-bark only, ARN: arena, APB: arena +pentrabark, etc

0

2000

4000

6000

UTC PEN ARN APB ONYX0

2000

4000

6000

8000

UTC PEN DAN DPB ONYX

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

UTC PEN NI 7 NPB ONYX0

1000

2000

3000

4000

UTC PEN SAF SPB ONYX

Orange Oil

Danitol

Safari

Arena

Gal

lerie

s pe

r sq

met

er

Gal

lerie

s pe

r sq

met

er

Gallery Density

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Onyx, Arena and Safari all had lower (but not significant) gallery formation.

Summary: Insecticides

– BEST: Bifenthrin: Onyx

– Also: Clothianidin: Arena (trunk spray)

Imidacloprid: Merit

– Not Danitol and Orange Oil

Cultural Control and Sanitation

• Tree removal • Treatment of slash

and debris • Chipping or

grinding • Solarization and

composting • Firewood

movement

Mark Adams, Downey Trees, Bugwood.org

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Because we do not yet have a method of control that is effective over a wide area, sanitation of infested trees is important to reduce beetle spread. We have focused two methods of sanitation for when trees need to be removed, chipping and solarization.

Firewood movement

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Cut logs can be a source of beetles for several months. Larval will complete development and emerge. New adults can start galleries and lay new eggs in cut wood. Do not move beetle-infested logs.

Chipping

• < 1 inch • 1-2 inch • >2 inch • Control, trunk sections

Box elder (Nov 2012)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Wood chips from a single tree were sorted into 3 size class using mesh screens (coarse >2 inches, medium 1-2 inches, fine <1 inch). Whole trunk sections were used as a control. Chips were placed in 5 gallon buckets with emergence chambers and monitored weekly for approximately 3.5 months.

Total Emergence over 112 days

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

trunk coarse medium fine

>2 inch 1-2 inch <1 inch

beet

les

per k

g ho

st m

ater

ial

Presenter

Presentation Notes

We saw some beetles emerge from the sections of trunk, but not from any of the chipped material.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

However, beetles do tend to re-infest host material rather than moving to a new host, so we also checked for beetle activity in buckets, indicated by mounds of fresh boring dust. We check trunk sections and chipped material, as well as trap logs (6” sections of castor bean). (this study was 2012)

8-Jan

0

5

10

15

20

25

trunk coarse medium fine

>2 inch 1-2 inch <1 inch

beet

les

per k

g ho

st m

ater

ial 8-Jan

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Beetle activity was reduced in chipped material, especially for medium and fine chips. Given the beetles tendency to stay in host material, chipping and composting should greatly reduce the risk of beetles from removed trees infesting new hosts.

Chipping: round 2

Presenter

Presentation Notes

We conducted a second chipping study, wood was obtained from a single tree (box elder. Spring 2014), chipped on site, sorted by size class and placed in buckets that day. We put in clean trap logs (castor bean) in all buckets every two weeks, and counted attacks on trap logs. There was very light activity on trap logs from coarse and medium chips, and none at all on fine (<1 inch). March through May 2014.

Solarization

• Infested logs under clear or black plastic sheeting in full sun

• Test logs removed from plastic every 2 weeks

• Test logs held in bucket indoors for 2 weeks, then checked for signs of beetle activity (fresh sawdust around holes)

Fall Solarization: beginning Oct 14.

Maximum temperature under tarp: clear = 120-127 deg F;

black 100-109 deg F

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Oct 21 Nov 4 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Jan 14

activ

e be

etle

s pe

r sq

met

er

controlclearblack

Presenter

Presentation Notes

October 14 2013- January 14, 2014. Cut logs from infested valley oak were placed under black or clear plastic sheeting in a single layer. Control logs were placed on top of plastic sheeting in full shade. Beetles remained active at low levels in all treatments throughout the solarization trial. Peak temperatures under clear plastic reached 120-127°F, and 100-109°F under black plastic. Solarization will not eliminate beetles during fall and winter.

0

100

200

300

week 0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8 week 10

beet

les

per s

q m

eter

controlblackclear

Summer solarization: beginning June 25.

Maximum temperature exceeded 130 deg F

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Heavily infested coast live oak logs were placed under black or clear plastic sheeting. Control logs were wrapped in black plastic and stored indoors. Logs were removed every 2 weeks and monitored for beetle activity. After 2 weeks of solarization, logs from both treatments had significantly lower beetle activity than control logs. After 6 weeks of solarization, logs from both clear and black plastic did not show any signs of beetle activity. Peak temperatures under both clear and black plastic exceeded monitoring range, topping 130°F, likely over 140°F.

Summer Solarization: started June 17

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Heavily infested box elder, under clear or black plastic. Logs were dry, or soaked by dumping buckets of water over them every 2 weeks. For both clear and black plastic, temperatures were cooler under plastic when logs were wet. This was associated with increased beetle activity. Clear plastic and dry logs had the fastest reduction in beetle activity, with no beetle activity present by week 4.

Summary: Sanitation

• Firewood movement will spread beetle

• Chipping appears very effective

• Solarization: effective in summer

– Ambient temperatures 95-105°F (33-40°C)

– Otherwise, store covered logs on site for several months

Field evaluation of tree health

• Beetle Attacks

• Watering Regime

wikipedia.org

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Recorded beetle attacks, watering regime, and tree health as determined by the percentage of dead/dying branches compared to healthy branches.

Huntington Garden Liquidambar

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

low watered wateredD

ieba

ck

Atta

cks

attacksdieback

The most important factor was water

Water Significant Effect (α=0.05, p=0.0253)

www.sactree.com/

Beetle Attacks Not Significant (α=0.05, p=0.2078)

How does water stress affect attack rate?

• Box elder

Different Watering Regimes

wikipedia.org

How does water stress affect attack rate?

• Sycamore

Drought Stress at UCI

wikipedia.org

0

20

40

60

80

June July Sept June July Sept

heavy heavy heavy light light light

# N

ew A

ttack

s

no water

irrigated

a

b a

b

0

20

40

60

% N

ew A

ttack

s

no water

irrigated

a

b

0

25

50

75

100

% Y

ello

w o

r bar

e

no water

irrigated

a

b

a

Acknowledgements California Avocado Commission

Nursery Growers Association California Association of Nurseries

and Garden Centers CDFA Specialty Crops Program

The Huntington Library and Botanical Garden

Dan Berry Tim Thibault Rancho Vasquez Monica Dimson

West Coast Arborists Akif Eskalin

Richard Stouthamer

UCR lab support Chris Hanlon Colin Umeda Robin Veasey

Gabby Martinez Blake Miles

Yasmin Khalil Sarah Jaime

polyphagous shot hole borer - ucnfaucnfa.ucanr.edu/files/224755.pdf · polyphagous shot hole borer...

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