predisposing factors against disease (nutrition …predisposing factors against disease (nutrition...

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

AGAINST DISEASE

(NUTRITION AND ANTI

NUTRITION) EDITED BY

PROF.DR.PRATIWI TS, MS, DRH,MS

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metabolic diseases

1. Infectious

• Caused by microorganisms

2. Noninfectious

Faulty nutrition

Metabolic disorder

Trauma

Toxic substance

Congenital defects

Birth defects 4/3/2017 tim epid- nutrition -2 2

DISEASES – Risk Factors

Animal Health Ireland 4/3/2017 tim epid- nutrition -2 3

Colostrum

First milk produced by dam after giving birth

Immunoglobulin (antibody) rich

Essential source of antibodies for newborn calves

Newborn calves have no immunity

Absorbed during first 6 hours

Lines gut and protects it

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1. Quantity

2. Quality

3. Quickly

The 3 Q’s of Colostrum Feeding

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2 litres within 6 hours

In total 10 % of calf’s birth weight with 12 hours

Generally 3 to 6 litres

20 min suckling = 3 litres intake!!

Colostrum Quantity

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Antibody absorption decreases after birth and stops by 24hrs

Colostrum Quickly

Antibody Absorption

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parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions

Carbohydrates (CHO)

Fats

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

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Depends on function of animal

Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing

How often to feed

Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism

Stomach size is relevant to amount of feed fed

Cows = 1-2 /day

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Protein

Minerals

Used to build muscle, body tissue

Made of amino acids

Ruminants can make some proteins by self

Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids

Natural elements which regulate

certain body functions Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn,

Mo, Se, I, Co Most are trace minerals

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Nutritional Calf Scour

If calves are bucket fed ensure:

Regular feeding times

Milk substitute is fed at correct strength & temperature

Correct positioning of feed buckets

Buckets are thoroughly cleaned after use

Feeding through a teat can help

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How Infectious Agents Cause Calf Scour

1. Agents attacks gut wall. 2. Gut cannot absorb milk

3. Scour

4. Dehydration

5. Collapse / prolonged recovery

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Early Diagnosis is Important

Take a dung sample o So appropriate treatment can be started

and losses saved

o Cause has often disappeared by the time you go to look for it, although damage is done and symptoms remain

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Treatment of Calf Scours

1. Rehydration Manage milk intake Alternate electrolyte and milk feeds (4 per day) Intravenous fluids if very weak

2. Antibacterials etc to combat agents Consult Vet

3. Isolate, dry bedding & heat lamp

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Substances generated in natural feedstuff by a normal metabolism

Inactivation some nutritions, diminution of digestive process which excert effect contrary to optimum nutrition

ANF is not an intrinsic characteristic of compound nutrition but depends upon the digestive process of ingesting animals

Tripsin inhibitors which is ANF for monogastric but not in ruminant because have degraded in the rumen

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Non protein amino acid similar to tyrosine (Mimosa, Leucaena)

Level in the leaf is about 2 – 6 % and varies with season and maturity

Toxicity in ruminant poor growth, loss of hair and fall, lameless, mouth and oesophagel lesions

Depressed of thyroxine levels and goiter

Showed as Zn deficiency

Reduction of calving percentage

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Glycoside of sugars

Cyanida containing cyanogens

Susceptible to CN toxicity in ruminan than non ruminans

HCN absorbed and rapidly detoxified in trhe liver by the enzymes

Death follows rapidly

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The more important toxins affecting animal feeding are those associated with molds

These are called “mycotoxins”

Three important genera are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium

They exist and grow anywhere as long as there is enough COH substrate, no less than 14% moisture, adequate temperature, oxygen

Usually produced in feedstuffs prior to harvest, but also result from poor storage

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Aflatoxin is the mycotoxin of greatest concern in feeding of culture species

Both outright toxic and carcinogenic

Liver (hepatoma) and blood clotting problems

Rainbow trout are highly sensitive at 1 ug/kg exposure

Traditionally, sources include corn, cottonseed and peanuts

Aflatoxin contamination varies year to year

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These are compounds produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium molds. widely found in nature

Typically associated with kidney toxicity

Toxic level is 4.7 mg/kg in diet

Most mold toxins also destroy nutrients in feeds

example: Pseudomonas can separate glutamic acid from folic acid, making it ineffective

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Phytic acid is an organic molecule related to inositol

integral component of plant feedstuffs and holds 60-70% of the phosphorus

problem is, it’s poorly available to fish

reduces availability of zinc

“Gossypol” is a component of pigment lands in the cotton plant

limits availability of cottonseed meal used in feeds (suppresses growth rate and causes liver damage)

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PENYAKIT METABOLIK

DEFISIENSI VITAMIN DAN

MINERAL

Disiapkan oleh

Prof.Dr.Pratiwi Ts, drh,MS

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POULTRY FEEDING Vitamin requirements:

A- Vitamin A:

Liberal supply of vit.A or carotene is needed for normal growth & health.

Def. Symptoms: retardation of growth, emaciation, staggering gait & ruffled feathers, reduced immunity

Sources: fish liver oils & other animal sources.

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POULTRY DEFICIENCY

• Emaciation, feathers fall

• Reduction of HD, decrease of hatchability

• Retarded growth Vitamin A

• Ataxia

• Pale Shanks, moist eyes Vitamin A

• paralysis

• Dark colour of Comb

• Respiratinon system disturb B 1 thyamin

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Metabolic & Deficiency Diseases

Milk Fever Also called:

Hypocalcemia

Parturient paresis

Downer cow syndrome

Non-febrile

Affects:

Dairy, beef, sheep, goats

Caused by:

Acute deficiency of Ca

Results in:

Paralysis

Circulatory collapse

Coma

Death

6% incidence rate in dairy cattle

Occurs within 24 hrs of calving

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◦ Caused by: Acute deficiency of Ca

◦ Results in: Paralysis

Circulatory collapse

Coma

Death

◦ 6% incidence rate in dairy cattle

◦ Occurs within 24 hrs of calving

Incidence increases with milk production and age

Some susceptibility differences between dairy breeds

Sub clinical hypocalcemia rates can affect 50% of dairy cows

Leads to:

Ketosis

Decreased reproductive efficiency

Decreased milk production in that lactation

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Rare in beef cattle

Goats – similar incidence rate to dairy

Cause

Initiation of lactation causes severe

outflow of Ca

Ca interacts with other minerals in the

blood

Incidence may be influenced by

levels of:

Mg, K, P, estrogen levels,

Acid-base balance

Feeding high Ca diets prior to

parturition

Cow doesn’t adapt to mobilizing

own Ca reserves

Hypoglycemia in Newborn Pigs

Called baby pig disease, or 3 day pig disease

Low blood sugar levels

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◦ Prevention Good nutritional management

practices in the preparturient period

Acidification of the diet

Ketosis ◦ Occurs in gestating or

lactating cattle ◦ Most frequently happens in

first 6 wks after calving ◦ Very often affects first-calf

heifers, or older cows

◦ Excessive amounts of ketone bodies found in urine, blood, milk

◦ Also called:

Acetonemia, hypoglycemia

◦ Similar to pregnancy disease in ewes

◦ Cause

Nutritional origin characterized by low blood sugar

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Can be handled for brief periods, but excessive time spent mobilizing own fat reserves results in ketosis

Can use a Keto Stick to test urine for ketone bodies

◦ Clinical Signs Rapid weight loss

Loss of appetite

Acetone smell on the breath

Nervousness

Grass Tetany ◦ Occurs in cattle & sheep

grazing on lush pastures

◦ Hypomagnesia (low blood Mg), sometimes accompanied by hypocalcemia

◦ High levels of N and K combine to inhibit Mg absorption

◦ Cause

Common in pastures early in the spring (within first 2-3 weeks of grazing)

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