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PROCEEDlNGS OFTHEINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM ON SLOPESTABILITY ENGINEERING-IS-SHIKOKU'99/ MATSUYAMA/ SHIKOKU/JAPAN/8-II NOVEMBER 1999

Slope Stability Engineering Editedby

N orio Yagi Ehime University, Japan

Takuo Yamagami & Jing-Cai Jiang University ojTokushima, Japan

VOLUME2

A. A. BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/ 1999

S/ope Stability Engineering, Yagi, Yamagami & Jiang@ 1999 Ba/kema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5809 079 5

Table of contents

6 Design strength parameters

Undrained ftow and instability of anisotropically consolidated sand 675 Y.Tsukamoto, Klshihara, S.Nakayama & Y. Nosaka

Mode! test on granular soil slope an d determinati o n of strength pararneters under low 681 confining stresses near slope surlace HMatsuoka, S. HLiu & TOhashi

Detennination of shear strength pararneters of unsaturated sedimentary residua! soils 687 for slope stability analyses S.Mariappan, FHAli & LTHuat

The characteristics of landslides caused by the hydrothennal metamorphic clay 693 H Yamashita, M Saga, H Fujita, K Yokota & R. Yatabe

Inftuence of clay minerals on strength characteristics of landslide clay in Mikabu 697 Tlshù, R.Yatabe, NYagi & K.Yokota

Strength of landslide clay from mineralogica! point of vie w 70 l N Yagi, R.Yatabe, K.Yokota & N PBhandary

Role of so il composition on collapsible behavior of natural and stabilized slopes 705 V.R.Ouhadi

Defonnation characteristics of a compacted day in wetting tests under isotropic and triaxial 709 stress state S. Kato & K Kawai

Development of an automatic cyclic direct shear test apparatus for landslide slope stability 715 analysis MOkawara, TMitachi & MTanada

Strength and defonnation characteristics of clay subjected to pore water pressure increment 72 1 TUmezaki, M Suzuki & TYamamoto

Parameters for curvilineared residua! strength envelope 727 S.Gibo & S.Nakamura

Pore water pressure loading tests of a clay 73 1 S. Ohtsuka, Y. Miyata & H. Toyota

v

Shear behavior of clay subjected t o change of nonna! stress M.Su:uki, TUmezaki & TYamamoto

A simple mode! to predict pore water pres ures during shearing along undulating surfaces D.J Petley & P.Taylor

Modelling rapid shearing of cohesive soils along undulating shear swfaces D.l. Petley & P.Taylor

Apparent cohesion of unsaturated soils as COlTelated with suction Y.Huang & K.lshihara

Unconiìned compression shear strength of an unsaturated silty so il subjected to high total suctions TNishimura & D.G. Fredlund

Shear strength mobilization in shear box test under constant volume IKobayashi, A/izuka, H Ohta & M.Hirata

Undrained shear strength of unsaturated compacted clays V. Sivakumar & I G. Doran

Landslide at Malakasa, Greece: Investigation, analysis, remedial works R.J Chandler & S. Schina

Method for determining design strength parameters for slope stability analysis TMitachi, MOkawara & T.Kawaguchi

Evaluation ofthe shear strength for stability analysis of a heavily weathered tertiary rock K. Tsuji, K. Suzuki & H H anzawa

Effect of degradation on the strength of rock A Kobayashi, K. Yamamoto & K Fujii

Some considerations of Patton mode! o n rock joint shear strength MDoi & S. Ohtsuka

Behavior of jointed mode! materia! under biaxial compression AK.Tyagi, K. S. Rao &AS.Gupta

7 Slope stability of lar.dfills and waste materials

735

741

745

751

757

763

769

775

781

787

793

799

805

Stability of slopes of hydraulic-fill dams 811 A.Zh.Zhusupbekov, AS.Zhakulin & MR.Nurguzhin

Stability of embankment dams based on minimum-experience of safety factor 817 T. Morii, K.Shimada & T.Hasegawa

Stability of embank:ment using foarn composite lightweight soil 823 Y.Watanabe & T.Kaino

Slope stability of embankment mode! composed of municipal bottom ash: Centrifuge mode! 827 tests and FDM analysis K.Gotoh, M.Yamanaka, T.lkuta & T.Ogawa

VI

Comparison of deformation of a fiU with results from a new elastoplastic method 83 1 THarada, AMochizuki & TKaneda

Evaluation of slope stability incorporating pre-compression characteristics of cohesive soils 837 M. Yamaguchi, K.Narita & Y.Ohne

Earth pressure acting on the side of core block in high embankment 841 K. Nomoto, T.Sugimoto & T.Fujiwara

Case study of a liquefiable mine tailing sand deposi t 847 WWehr, IHerle, P.Kudella & G.Gudehus

Bilinear mode! for stabili ty calculation of domestic waste landfills 853 G.Ziehmann

The stabilization of frozen technogenic dumps 859 V. /. Grebenets, S.NTitkov, AG.-o.Kerimov & V.M.Anishin

Stability of MSW mass: Use of an improved limit equilibrium analysis 863 A Bouazza & I B. Donald

Stability of bentonite wall by the unified method of molecular dynarnics and homogenization 869 analysis Y.Ichikawa, K.Kawamura, M.Nakano, T. Seiki & T.Nattavut

8 Stabilization and remedial works

Mode! tests of a new deep pile system for landslide prevention at Kamenose landslide area K.Nishiyama, S.Tochimoto, H.Fujita, S.Kinoshita, S.Sakajo, M.Ohno, K.Ugai & M.Kimura

Stability of slope reinforced with p il es FCai & K. Ugai

Numerica! study of landslide of bridge abutrnent in Surabaya, Indonesia V.Tandjiria

877

883

889

Application ofFEM as a design method for slope stability and landslide prevention pile work 895 M.Gotoh & Y.Ohnishi

Design and constructional aspects of an anchored slope and gabion revetrnent system M.H.Kabir &A.M. Hamid

Evaluation of pull-out capacity of repeat-grouting type ground anchor by in-situ and laboratory tests H W ada, H Ochiai, K Omine & Y. Maeda

Design and observation of the prevention works for crystalline schist slope NShintani, K.Kawahara,AUeda, K.Oka & T.Yamamoto

Case study on slips in soft laterite cut-slopes on BG rail link in Southem Peninsular India VK.Jain & K.Keshav

Hydrodynamic seeding with the use of sewage sludge and fty-ash for slope protection M. Glaiewski & J K alotka

Investigation and stabilization of a sliding hillside JFarkas

VII

901

907

913

919

925

931

Stability reinforcement of Ù1e old embankment sanitary landfills for remediation works 937 E.Koda

Stabilization and remedial works on some failed slopes along the East-West highway, 943 Malaysia A.Jamaludin & A.N. Hussein

Landslide controlling measures at consuuction sites nearby King's palace at Narendra Nagar 949 D.Mukherjee, K.Kishor & O.P.Yadav

Reduction of land cutting effects by the application of lightweight embankments 955 J. Nakano, H.Miki , H.Kohashi & A.Fujii

Relaxation effect in retaining walJ on passive mode 959 Erizal, T Sakai & S. Miyauchi

Stabilization and geoenvironmental restoration of ilie main centrai channel in ilie Fucino 965 plain, Italy- A case history G.Totani, P. Monaco, MLeopardi,A. Farroni & A.R.Spena

Slope stabilization in residua! soils of Peru 971 A. Carrillo-Gil & A. Carrillo-Acevedo

Case study of a cut slope failure in diatom earth 977 A.Yashima, H.Shigematsu, S. Okuzono & MNishio

9 Stability of reinforced slopes

Centrifuge mode! testing of reinforced so il slopes in ilie perspective of Kanto Loam 985 G. Pokharel, A. Fujii & H. Miki

Dynamic behavior of vertical geogrid-reinforced so il during earthq uake 991 A. Takahashi, J. Takemura & J. I zawa

Mode! tests on some geosynthetics-reinforced steep earth fills 997 Y.Tanabashi, THirai, J. Noshimura, K.Yasuhara & K. Suyama

Field behavior of a reinforced steep slope with a cohesive residua! soil backfill l 003 A. Kasa, F H.Ali & Z Chik

Full-scale mode! test on deformation of reinforced steep slopes 1009 TNagayoshi, S.Tayama, K.Ogata & MTada

Relation between wall displacernent and optimum amount of reinforcements on the l O 15 reinforced retaining wall K. Okabayashi & M Kawamura

Stability analysis of reinforced slopes using a strain-based FEM TMatsui, K.CSan &A.Porbaha

Numerica! analysis o n ilie stability of GliD-reinforced day embankment MKamon, MMimura, N. Takeo & TAkai

Ne w design rnethod of composite fabrics - Reinforced earth fill Y.Tanabashi, N. Wakud.a, K. Suyama, K.Yasuhara, T H irai & J. Nishimura

VIli

1021

1027

1033

Design method for steel grid reinforced earth structure considering beruing resistance T.Matsui, Y.Nabeshima, S.G.Zhou & N. Ogawa

A promising approach for progressive failure analysis of reinforced slopes TYamagami, S.Yamabe, J-CJiang & Y.A. Khan

3-D stability analyses for asymrnetrical and heterogeneous nailed slopes CC Huang, CCTsai &MTateyama

Numerica! analysis of reinforced so il slopes under working stress conditions B. T. Dantas & M Ehrlich

Design method of vertical reinforced slopes under rotational failure mechanism X.Q.Yang, S.X.He &Z D.Liu

Reinforcement mechanism in so il nailing for stabilization of steep slopes T.Nishigata &K.Nishida

The study of direct shear tests of woven geotextiles with granular soils M.Matys, T.Ayele & S.Hric

l O Probabilistic slope stability

Localized probabilistic si te characterization in geotechnical engineering S. Pumjan &D.S.Young

A localized probabilistic approach for slope stability analysis D. S. Young & S.Pumjan

Probabilistic analysis of structured rock/ soil slopes - Severa! methods compared D.Xu & R.Chowdhury

Reliability analysis and risk evaluation of ilie slopes of open pit mine Q.Yang, J.Jiao, MLuan & D.Shi

Risk evaluation for slope failure based o n geographical information data Y Kitazono, A. Suzuki, N. Nakasone & T.Terazono

Gray system evaluation for slope stability engineering H.-CWu, TBao,X.-B. Zhang & X.Hu

Statistica! variability of ring shear test results o n a shear zone in London Clay E.N.Bromhead, A.J.Harris & M-Llbsen

Overall stability of anchored retaining walls wiili the probabilistic meiliod LBelabed

11 Landslide investigations

Methodological study of judgement on landslide occurrence M -B.Su, L -CChan & G. -S.Lee

The retrogressive slide at Nipigon River, Ontario, Canada K.TLaw & CFLee

IX

1039

1043

1049

1055

1061

1065

1071

1079

1085

1089

1095

1101

1105

1109

1115

1123

1129

Simplified mode! for estimating a scale of sliding debris M. Fukuda & S. Suwa

Landslide prediction using nonlinear dynamics model based on state vari ab le friction 1aw

K.TChau

Characteristic weathering profi1es as basic causes of shallow 1andslides

M.Chigira & Elto

1135

1139

1145

Long-term movements of an earthftow in tectonised day shales 1 151 L. Picarelli, C. Russo & A. Mando lini

Characteristics of groundwater quality in fracture zone landslides at Shikoku area 1159 FNishimura, R.Yarabe, NYagi, K.Yokota & TShibata

U se of ~O(+) for landslide investigations an d mapping 1165 Ude SJayawardena, E./zawa & K. Watanabe

The mechanism of créep movement caused by 1andslide activity and underground erosion 1169

in crystalline schist, Zentoku, Shikoku, Japan G.Furuya, K.Sassa, H.Hiura & H.Fukuoka

Mechanism of large-scale collapse at Tue Val1ey in the Shikoku mountainous region, Japan 1175

FOchiai, H.Sokobiki, TNoro & SNakayama

Causes and mechanisms of slope instability in Dessie town, Ethiopia 1181

L.Ayalew & A. Vernier

Structura1 deterioration of residua! soils and the effect on landslides 1187

JSuarez

Study of a huge b1ock slide with re1evance to failure mechanism 1193 l. Lazanyi, I. Kabai & B. Vizi

Landslide day behavior and countermeasures works at the fractured zone of Median 1199

Tectonic Line R.Yatabe, N Yagi, K.Yokota & N P. Bhandary

Geologica! and soil mechanical study ofSawatari landslide in Ehime 1203 H. Kono, M.Tani, R.Yatabe, N Yagi & K.Yokota

The generai characteristics of 1andslide along the Median Tectonic Li ne due to the road 1207

construction Y.Momiyama, K.Kumano, M.Tanaka & Tlshii

An investigation on the stability oftwo adjacent slope movements 1211

G. Gottardi & L. Tonni

Evaluation of stream-like landslide activity based on the monitoring results 1217

L.Petro, P.Wagner & E.PolaJcinowi

Snow induced landslides in Japan 1223

Tito

Physica1 properties of day from lands1ides in large fracture zones ·1229 NOgita, Y.Kito, TKimizu & R.Yatabe

x

Investigation of 1andslide damage in Korea, 1998 D. Park, K. Oh & B. Park

Monitoring of the Vallcebre 1andslide, Eastem Pyrenees, Spain J.Corominas , J.Moya, A. Ledesma, JRius,J.A.Gili & A. Lloret

12 Landslide inventory, landslide hazard zonation and rockfall

Disaster prevention and sustainable development in Centrai America S. Mora

Prelimina.ry landslide hazard mapping along a bill road in western Nepal B.P.Mainalee, NMorishima & H.Fujimura

Hazard evaluation of landslide in Iran G. R. Lashkaripour

Zonation of a.reas susceptible to ra.in-induced embankment failure in Japan railways K.Okada, TSugiyama, H.Muraishi & TNoguchi

An estimation of s1ope failures based onerosi o n front and weathering front H.lnagaki & TYunohara

Typical case study on destabilization and genetic mechanism of urban slopes in China Y.Liu, FNiu & ZCheng

Estimation of the slope failure using remote sensing data SShima & H.Yoshikuni

Applicati an of hazard and risk maps for highway s1opes management and ma.intenance Y.A.O. Fiener & FH.Ali

Application of hazard and risk mapping to a mountainous highway in Malaysia A.Jamaludin, Z Muda, S.Alias & NM.Yusof

A lands1ide risk assessment in a hydropower p1ant area D. Paunescu & D. Deacu

Applications of quantitative landslide risk assessment in Hong Kong C.K.MWong & C.KTLee

Landslide risk assessment - Development of a hazard-consequence approach C. K. Ko, P. Flentje & R. Chowdhury

Data-bases and the management of 1andslides R. M. Faure

Seismicity in the development ofthe geologica! process in the Republic ofTajikistan S Vinnichenko

Evaluating rockfall hazard from carbonate slopes in the Sete Val ley, Southem ltaly M.Parise

Effect of so il slope gradient on motion of rockfal1 SKawahara & T Muro

Xl

1233

1239

1247

1253

1259

1263

1269

1275

1281

1287

1291

1297

1303

1309

1317

133 1

1337

1343

Study of accidents caused by rockfall in Kochi Prefecture 1349 TUshiro. Y.Matsumoto, NAkesaka & N Yagi

The coefficient of restitution for boulders falling onto soil slopes with various values of dry 1355

density and water content K.TChau,J.J. Wu, R. H. C. Wong & C. F Lee

The May 5th 1998 landsliding event in Campania, Southem Italy: Inventory of slope 1361 movements in the Quindici area D.Calcaterra, M.Parise, B. Palma & L.Pelella

13 Simulation and analysis of debris fio w

A proposed methodology for rock a val anche analysis R.Couture, S.GEvans, J. Locat, JHadjigeorgiou & P.Antoine

The Otari debris flow disaster occurred in December 1996 H. Kawakami, H Suwa, H Marui, O. Sato & K [zumi

Dimensional analysis of a fiume design for laboratory debris flow simulation L. C. P. C han & K. T Chau

Shear characteristics at the occurrence and motion of debris flow Y.Yamashita , N.Yagi, R.Yatabe & K.Yokota

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of muddy debris flows HChen & CF.Lee

Mechanism of soil deformations during the displacements of fio w slides O.VZerkal & VNSokolov

Author index

Xli

1369

1379

1385

1391

1397

1403

1409

6 Design strength parameters

o 2 4 6 8 10 12 Distance along the direction of movement, m

---- Ul11aintramicroawegate pores __.,_ lnt.Jamicroaggregate pores

- -• -- Small intennicroawegate pores - ._ Intennicroaggresate-granular pores

Fig. 4. Transformation ofthe pore space of soils during flow slide displacement.

practically not followed by sufficient changes of the degree of structural elements orientation (K. = 1.2-9.5%). The highest orientation of the structura1 ele­ments is observed in the zone of landslide move­ment, and the lowest - in the zone of accumulation. As a w ho le the microstructure of all the samples can be classified as medium or low oriented types.

4 CONCLUSION

The studied changes in the soil microstructure du­ring the formation and development of flow slides confirmed, that the process of initiation and dis­placement of landslide is followed by a sufficient reconstruction of the so il microstructure. The start of deformation is marked by the more intensive altera­tion in the distribution of the different categories of micropores in pore space, which can be considered as one of the criteria of the beginning of slope dis­placements.

The very displacement of a landslide appears to begin from the formation of the aggregates. The movement of a flow slide is a relative "rolling", slipping of aggregates. One of the causes of the ob­served landslide deposits consolidation is the redis­tribution and denser "packing" of aggregates, having an angular shape in the foot of a landslide which changes to the "rounded particle" one with the land­slide movement.

The study of so il microstructure may improve the reliability and the quality of the landslide hazard forecast if included into the compi ex of investiga-

1407

tions for stability of lands1ide slopes evaluation.

5 REFERENCES

Sokolov V.N., Kuzmin V.A. 1993 The application of the SEM images processing for estimation of the capacity and filtration properties of oil and gas contained rock. Bui/. of RAS Physics., 57(8):94-98.

Sokolov V.N., Yurkovetsh D.l., Razgulina O.V. & Melnik V.N. 1997. A method of qualitative ana­lysis of the microstructure of solids on SEM ima­ges. Zavodskaya laboratoriya (materials diag­nostics). 9: (in Russian).

Tsaryova A.M. 1985. Classification of rock textures, forming in the landslide displacement zone. In­vestigation of the development mechanism of exogenic geologica! processes and their causing factors. VSEGINGEO: 45-52 (in Russian).

Zerkal O. V. 1994. Seismic landslides caused by Gis­sar earthquake in 1989 (Tajikistan). Geologica! Bull., 49(2): 57-63.

Zerkal O.V. & Soko1ov V.N. 1995. Changes in the microstructure of sii t loams during the formation of seismogenic liquefaction slides. Geologica! Bull., 50(6): 59-64.

Zerkal O. V. 1996. Mechanism of formation and de­velopment of deep seismogenous landslides due sudden liquefaction of loessal soils. Landslides. Proc. of the Seventh Internai. Symp. on Landsli­des. v.2: 1055-1 060.