radio electronics magazine 02 february 1982

INFORMATIO EXPLOSIO- ONYOUR TV-VIDEOTEX!How speechsynthesis works Build ahi-Ii sub-woolerNew cartelephone technology Using Ie voltage relerencesBuild adigital thermometer DolbyHK lor hi-IiThe line of professionaloldering stat ions that gives accurateemperature control all thetime!TheEC1000,2000, 3000, 4000 soldering stationsrespond automaticallyto soldering load variations andmaintain the temperature you select to within 10FLED read-out on the EC 2000 and 4000 displaysactual tip temperature with a 1F resolution.Unbelievable? See your distributor. Get an on-the-job demonstration. Now!fromCooperTheThe Cooper GroupP.O. Box 728Apex, NC 27502, U.S.A.Tel : (919) 362-7510Tel ex: 579497CIRCLE2ONFREE INFORMATIONCARDWe gavesolderlessbreadboardinganewname... . .. . .70FultonTerr New Haven, CT065091203) 624-3103.TWX710-4651227OTHEROFFICES, SanFrancisco(415)6480611 , TWX9103727992EuropePhone Salfron-Walden 0799-21682. TLX 817477Canada LenFinkler Lid. OownsviewOntario'"T1mCDJJC:>JJ-;::::5wa: -201----1- --1- --1- -+- --+- ---1MOL33Hz10r-----,-----,- ----,----r- ---"'I'"--,of cassette decks choose a bias levelthat, of necessity, isa compromise-one that cover s reasonably well asmuchofthe audiorange as possible.Usuall y, that biaslevelissetsothat itis a bit lower thanopti mumfor bestlow-frequency/mid-frequency maximumoutput level (MOL), andforareason-able output level at highfrequencies.Sincesuch compromise sett ings of biastendto favor low and mid frequencies,t he phenomenon known as high-fre-quencytape saturationis commo n incassettedecks.The earliest version of Dolby HXworkedontheass umption that , if thebias level of a reco rder is made var iableand allowed to change dynamicallywith changing input- signal content, itshould become practic al to record high-freq uenc y signals at higher levels by re-ducingthebiaslevelswhen high-level.J UST ABOUT TWO AND A HALF YEARSago, Dr. RayDolby, of DolbyLabora-tories, introduced a new signal-pro-cessing scheme that he calledDolbyHX; the HXstoodfor " headroom ex-pansion ." That circ uit was DolbyLab-oratories' first attempt at signal pro-cessingthat hadnothing todo(at leastdirectl y) with noise reduction. WhileDolby noi se reduction has been verywidely accepted by tape-deckmanufac-turers, the DolbyHXsystemwas notgreeted with the same sort of enthusiasm.Atleastone manufacturer. however,must havebeen fascinatedby theideasbehindDolbyHX-enoughsotohavedev elopedaversionof theheadroom-ex pansionidea that overcomes earlierobjections to the HXapproach , andprovidesbenefit sthat werenot part ofDolby' s originalsys tem. That manufac-turer is the Dani sh firmof Bang &Olufsen , and, with the unqualifiedblessing of Dolby, their version iscalledDolby HXProfessional .Inorder toappreciatetheimprove-ments in this new version of Dolby HX,it will behelpful to review the conceptsbehind Dolby' soriginal versionoftheheadroom-expansion system. The un-derl yingconcept is based onthefactthat thereisanideal level oftapebiasfor eve ryaudiofrequency. AscanbeseeninFig. I, thebiaslevel that pro-vides t hehighest output levelandac-ceptab ly low distortion levels for a mid-freq uencytoneof333Hz isquitedif-fere nt from t he opt imum bias levelneeded when recordinga lO-kHz sig-nal. Figure 1 alsoshowsthat as we at-tempt torecordhigher andhigherfre-quenci es. lower and lower levels of biasare requi red. Generally, most makers77FIG. 2-THE ORIGINAL DOLBYHXsystem is shown In this block diagram. For the system to work , acontrol signalthat Is sensitive toamplitude andfrequency content isrequired.Self biasingandmutual biasingWhile studying how Dolby HX works,and the dynamics of magnetic recordingin general, the engineers at Bang &Olufsen noted two phenomena. Theynot edthat anysignal fedto a recordinghead acts as bias for the signal toberecorded, wit h high-frequency signalsbei ng more effective as a bias thanlow-frequency signals. Asignal eve nacts as a bias for itse lf (self-biasing),though that effec t is quite small foraudio signals. Nevertheless, self biasmaybeasma ll part of thereason whyhigh- frequencysignals requireamuchlower bias sett ingthan low-frequencysignals.Much more important , however , isthebiasingeffect of thehigh-frequencyco ntent of anaudiosignal onthe low-frequency part of the same signal.Wh ile that effectis only a small partofthe total bias appliedto the recordinghead , itis enough to alter thebias con-dition s for lowfrequencies. That isshown dramatically inFigs . 3 and 4.Figur e3isaspectrumanalysis of asingle300-Hztone, reco rded at alevelof 250 nanoweber s-per-met er (nWb/ m).That is about 2dBabove the DolbyRIGHTINPUTLEFTINPUTca librationleve l- not anexcept ionallyhigh level. The bias on the reco rderused was adjusted to a conventi onallevel: slight lybelowoptimumfor thebestlow-frequency MOL. The tall spikeat the left is the 300-Hz signal. Thespike at aro und 900 Hz is the third-order distortioncomponent and its levelis about 46 dBbelow that of the300-Hzsignal, which corresponds toa third-order harmonic distortion level of1.58%. Th ose are not unusual valuesfor a good-quality cassette recorder. (InFigs. 3and4, eachvert ical divisionis10dB, while the hori zontal scale islogarithmic andruns from 20 Hzat theleftto 20 kHz at the right ; key frequencypoints areshown at thetop of the scopedispl ay).InFig. 4, the 300-Hzsignal has beenkeptatthesameinputlevel , butapair. oftones withfrequenciesof 9and 10kHzhavebee n mixedintothe signal ata level some 50dBbelowthat of thelower-frequ ency signal. You' ll notethat there is a dramat ic reduction inthird-order distortionof aro und6dB,while the recordedlevel of the300-Hzsignal actually rises about 2 dB. The netthird-order di stortion is now 8 dB lowerthan before (relative to the 300-Hzfundamental), or 0.63%. Both the re-ducedthird-order distortion and thein-creasedlevel of therecordedsignal arecausedbythe additional biasingeffectof thehigh-frequency signals; that addi-tional biasinghas raisedthetot al effec -tive biaslevel for the low-frequency sig-nal to near its optimum value. Thebiasi ngof one part of anaudiosignalthat is bei ngreco rded byanother partof thesamesignal canbe called mutualbiasing.It followsthat the flat frequency-re-sponse obtained under static test condi-tions (usi ng a single-tone test signal)maynot beso flat whencomplex musi-cal signals arereco rdedon tape . Whensuchmusical signals arerecordedon amachinewith fixedbias, thefrequencyresponse changescontinuouslyduetomutual biasing, depending uponthe in-stantaneous high-frequencycontent ofthe ove rall signal. Such dynamicchanges in frequency response arepresent not onlyincassetterecorders,but in any taperecorder using high-fre-quencybias,such as studiotapedecksand high-speed dup licati ng machinesusedtoproduceprerecordedtape s.Dolby HX ProfessionalDolby HX Prof essional was devel-opedj ointl y by Bang &Olufsen andDolby Laborat ories. Although the prin-cip les of Dolby HX and Dolby HX Pro-f ess ional are similar, the aims ofthetwo sys tems are different. In DolbyHX, the chief aim was to allow high-fre-que ncysignals tobe recorded athigherleve lsoncassette tape . Dolby HX Pro-f essional has the more fundament al aimofkeepi ngtheactiveor effec tive biasco nsta nt, regardlessof signalcontent.Active bias is defined here as the effec-tive bias seen by each frequencyin theaudiospectrum. Inkeepingtheact iveenozoa::oUJ..JUJ6is FIG. 3-SPECTRUM ANALYSISof a single 300-Hz tone recorded at a levela:: of 250 nanowebers-per-meter.78FIG. 4-MUTUAl BIASINGIsdemonstratedhere. Twolow-level, hlgher-frequency (9 and10 kHz) tones were mixedwitht he 300-Hz tone.FIG. 5-BLOCKDIAGRAMof the Dolby HXProfessional system. UnlikeDolby HX, this systemmeasures the sumof theaudio signal , Including any preprocessing, and the bias at the record head.BIASOSCILLATORr-i- -,OTHERI CHANNEL ~ ~ = = =IL... ..J"T1mCD::IJC>::IJ-ired _Name .. _. . __. . . _. __ .__. _ _Address . _. . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . __ . . _. .__ _City _._ __ .. ._. State. . __ Zlp .. _

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BPI General Ledger non& chainedprtnt lng 169.00BPI Accounts Receivable 299.00 SPELLGUARD.Will proof read Wordsta rBPI Inventory 299.00 &VTS.80 Text files againstanStocktrreInventory System 349.00 expandable20,000 word dictionaryInfotory Inventory System 289,00 169.00Microcom Mrcroco uner 22900 SUPER SORTWillmerge. &Mic rocor:nMic rotelegraph 229.00 perform setecttcnonyourAcco unt mg Plus II BIZPkg 1250.00 CP/M DataFiles 169.00Stoneware DB Maste r 189.00 FORTRABO-By Mic rosoft00Stonewa re Util it y Pkg (For above) 89.00 COBOL 80 BVMicrosoft 749:00ACSBASIC ACCOUNTINGSYSTEM. Totalaccountingsystemincludes GI L.AIR. Al P.PAYROLL 699.00 NewPersonal Computer SystemATARI 800 $79900ATARI 400 $ 3 7 5 00ATARI BOOIncludes: ComputerConsole. BASICLang. Cartridge.BASIC' LanguageProg ramming Ma nual. 800Ope rato r'sMa nual wi Notebook,16KRAMModule. Power Supplv, TV SwitchBox.,..,....... 8 10b l sc Ome 049900 _'.....-:,120'" moo I...... S,...tu.. . """'",L"!lr.. C 79500.. \b"t. :1 ,,': vs eo..-__'t 4. ...:. '. ...' il"CSoxCl109. 1&00 .....AI. ", 6AS1(1#'1. ell"", .I..,. Vf . 100 !lIK "'rQ'Ioo; .So.ot111CH- .40LMI808_ 1.7!lLMI88G- 1 95CA'lSa _ 1 nCAXll8- 1 95CA.J()t6 - eeCoU:I7I - 1 50CAJOllO _ .95CA3Oll6- 95CAJ094 - 22!>LM2901 - 958ClJ8CC- 390NS696A- 1 50Tl.062CP- "TL064CN - 15012VDCRELAYSTTLSIZES.P, 1200 ohmcodssD. P. 400ohmCOol12578105 $ .45LMJ05G $ . 7534OT5, 6. 8. 9. 12,15, 18or 24V . $ ,85LAS1412 +12V 3A $3 95LM)48- !lOLMU_ 50LM3151 - 175l MJn_ 100LMlllO - .95LMlll:2 - 80LM3lO - 250LM3tI!I_ 80LM387 _ 1 25LMJOO- 100LM55J - 2.25LMSM_ 45LMSM- 8!i5&48 - 3 95566- .95566 -1405&7 - _,8$SEND$.25 FOROURCATAlOGFEATURI NG TRANSISTORS &RECTIFIERS. 14& HAMPSHIREST.. CAM BRIDGE. M ASS . 02131DIPSOCKETS8PIN . 17 '2'2PI N 301. PIN 20 24 PIN 3516 PIN 22 28 PIN 4018P1N 25 40PlN 60TRANSISTORSPECIALS $ 402H4OtAPNP GElOS . . . 31$1 00 ,.0 . _.. . , $ 8611P111 .. 50 TlP l -4S .... $I3S NPNSWITCHINGPOWER .. $1.ll6MFlF-J04CBRF TRAA SISTOR III..". . n.2HJ172 NPN SoTO-l $1002N4308 PNP Soto3 ..... $1.00lH)l 37 NPNS' RF. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... $ 562NJ91tNPN$,TO-3 RF ,. $l ,!lO2toI142QNPNSoT06 , .. 31. 1002N2222NPNS, TO1I 5," 002H2907 PNP SoTO" 51'1 002NJ056 NPNSoTO,) seo2tQU7400 - . 177"01 _ . 1770402 - . 177403 - . 177404 - . 247405 - . 247406 - .337"07 - .357"Oll - .'177409 2474 10 - . 177. 11 .227., 3 .427., .507416 - .337. 17 - .377420 - . 177425 - 307426 - .3374V - .307430 - . 177432 - 277437 - 277438 - . 277440 - . 177442 - .457""'5 - . 707446 - .757""'7 - .657.50 - . 177472 _ .357473 - .35LM337 $2.5079HGKC5V .t SA$695723 $ . 50320T 5.12.1 5.of 24 e.9078MOS .... $ .35FULL WAVE BRIDGEPRY 2A 5A 25A100 1 40200 80 1.30 2 20 1.00 1 65 3 30600 1 30 1 90 4 40TEL. (617) 5477053WESHIPOVEROVER95%OFOURORDERSWITHI N24HOURSOFRECEIPTTOLLFREE 18003435230FORORDERSONLY$ .75/ FTDIP SWITCHES'CT5206- 4 4 POSfTl ON1.25CTS 206- 7 7 POSITI ON 1."0CTS 206- 8 8 POSlTlON 1.50CT5 206--10 10 POSITIO N 1.95TERMS: FOBCAMBRIDGE.. MASS. SENDCHECKOA MONEY ORDER. MINIMU M TELEPHONE,C,O,D. PURCHAS EORDEROR CHARGE . 20 00MINIMUMMAILORDER . 500I - 1.10XlW - Of' OT- ISO- PT_ CENTEI'IOFF$l .75C/MOSRS 232 CABLE10Conductor , # 22 color codedwire,grayPVCouter cover, 0/. '"diameter.40 perft . - 100' /$30.00Add20%post age for orders under 100- .Add 10%postagefor orders over1(X)" .SPECIALS GOOO THRUFEB. 1982200 .07 .20400 .09 .25600 .11 .30100 .06 .14BOO . 15 .35SPECIALS2114L-4 $1.75a x 300 - SIGNETICS 16 BITMICROCONTROLLER 49.0010 eaa164E64K RAM(l OONS) 99.50OOUBLE SIDED DIP RIB BONCA BLE JU M PER ASSEMBLIES14 PIN4"LONG $2.0016 PIN12"LONG _ $2.50PRY l A 3ANO. 30 WIREWRA PWIRESINGLESTRANO100' . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ... . $1.4040CONDUCTOR3MCABLE.I 28 WIRE1000 .20 .45.,,,- 20""- .., ..,-

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