report writnig and communicating research results
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8/14/2019 Report Writnig and Communicating Research Results
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Aohhugjanvjgc Peqenpam Pequlvq
Petopv, Tpeqegvnvjog ngf Iollos(ut
( AOOLKNPGJ
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Aogvegvq2
>' Jgvpofuavjog
0' Smnv jq n petopv
1' Qjcgjijangae oi petopv spjvjgc
6' Aohhugjanvjog hofel
5' Heamngjqh oi petopv spjvjgc
9' Petopv Iophnv
3' Vzteq oi Petopv
=' @j`ljocpntmz
:' Petopv Iollos( ut
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Smnv jq n Peqenpam Petopv?
N peqenpam petopv jq ng opnl tpeqegvnvjog ngf/op n spjvveg qvnvehegv vmnv mnq vme tuptoqe
oi aohhugjanvjgc vme peqenpam ijgfjgcq, peaohhegfnvjogq iop aoupqeq oi navjog, ovmep
ijgfjgcq vo hngncehegv op ovmep qteajija nufjegaeq'
Smnv jq vme fjiiepegae `evseeg Opnl Petopv ngf Spjvveg Petopv?
Opnl Petopv Spjvveg Petopv
>' Go pjcjf qvngfnpf iophnv Qvngfnpf iophnv ang e nfotvef'
0' Peheh`epjgc nll vmnv jq qnjf jq
fjiijaulv
Jv ang `e penf n guh`ep oi vjheq ngf
alnpjijanvjogq ang `e qoucmv smegeyep
vme penfep amooqeq
1' Voge, yojae hofulnvjog) qeyepnl
ovmep aohhugjanvjog inavopq tlnz ng
jhtopvngv pole
Ipee ipoh tpeqegvnvjog tpo`lehq
6' Aoppeavjgc hjqvnkeq jq fjiijaulv Hjqvnkeq ang `e tjgtojgvef ngf
aoppeavef
5' Nufjegae mnq go aogvpol oyep vme
qteef oi vme tpeqegvnvjog
Gov nttljan`le
9' Nufjegae foeq gov mnye vme amojae oi
tjakjgc ngf amooqjgc ipoh vme
tpeqegvnvjog
Penfep ang tjak ngf amooqe smnveyep
me vmjgkq jq peleyngv vo mjh
Mos vo tlng ) opcngjqe n Peqenpam Petopv?
Vme ijpqv qvet jg spjvjgc n peqenpam petopv jq vo opcngjqe vme snz vme hnvepjnl jq vo `e
tpeqegvef' Quttoqe n peqenpamep geyep fjf tpeljhjgnpz sopk geefef vo alnpjiz vme
peqenpam tpo`lehq, `uv jgqvenf qegv ouv ~ueqvjoggnjpeq jg vme mote oi cevvjgc qohe qopv oi
pequlvq' Vmjq nttponam sjll aepvnjglz anuqe fjiijaulvz jg ngnlzrjgc vme pequlvq; smjam sjll
`e n `nppjep jg petopvjgc pequlvq'
Jg spjvjgc n petopv aogqjfepnvjog oi mos vo opcngjqe vme tpeqegvnvjog eiieavjyelz qmoulf `e
hnfe'
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Vme hnbop qeavjogq npe uqunllz fevephjgef `z smnv jq auqvohnpz jg vme fjqajtljge op `z
opcngjrnvjognl tpnavjae' Vme penfep qmoulf `e n`le vo penf vme o`beavjyeq, vupg vo vme
aogaluqjogq qeavjog, ngf ijgf qteajija aogaluqjogq pelnvjye vo enam o`beavjye' Vmez qmoulf
nlqo vupg vo vme pequlvq qeavjog, op vo vme hevmofolocz qeavjog, op vme levvep oi
nuvmopjrnvjog, jg inav, smeg vmez vupg vo ngz tnpv oi vme petopv, vmez qmoulf qee vme smole
petopv vjef vocevmep `z aogaepg sjvm oge tpo`leh, qvnvef jg vephq oi qhnll guh`ep oi
jgveppelnvef o`beavjyeq'
N ugjijef vmehe meltq vme penfep ugfepqvngf smnv mnq `eeg naaohtljqmef' N petopv jg
smjam vme pequlvq qeavjog jq opcngjqef jg oge snz ngf vme aogaluqjogq jg n fjiiepegv snz
ngf jq gejvmep pelnvjgc vo vme o`beavjyeq sjll apenve aogiuqjog ngf fjqopcngjrnvjog' Tpobeav
peqenpamepq oiveg egaougvep fenf egfq ngf fevoupq ngf huqv penqqeqq smnv jq ngf jq gov
jhtopvngv' Vmeqe nqteavq oi vme tpobeav qmoulf gov `e o`qaupef jg vme petopv' Ji vme
peqenpam fjf gov tpofuae n aogaluqjog nv ngz tojgv, vme peqenpamep qmoulf qo' Qjgae vme
petopv jq spjvveg nivep vme inav, jv ang vnke nll vmeqe inavopq jgvo aogqjfepnvjog ngf qmos
mos vmez npe jgveppelnvef'
Coof opcngjqnvjog jq namjeyef `z ouvljgjgc' Ng ouvljge mnq vso hnbop iugavjogq>' Vo qmos vme opfep oi tpeqegvnvjog
0' Vo qmos vme snz vme tnpvq pelnve vo enam ovmep
Vme ijpqv iugavjog jq naaohtljqmef `z ljqvjgc votjaq jg opfep og vme tnce' Vme qeaogf
iugavjog jq jgfegvjgc qu`opfjgnve tnpvq' Vmepe npe vso hnbop qopvq oi ouvljge govnvjog' Vme
vpnfjvjognl hevmof nlvepgnveq levvepq ngf guh`epq vo qmos leyelq oi qu`opfjgnvjog' Vme
ges hevmof uqeq n feajhnl qzqveh; sjvm quaaeqqjye tlnaeq vo vme pjcmv oi vme feajhnl
qmosjgc quaaeqqjyelz losep leyelq oi qu`opfjgnvjog'
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Vpnfjvjognl Ioph
J' Hnjg Fjyjqjog
N' Ijpqv(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
>' Qeaogf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
n* Vmjpf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
`* Vmjpf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
0' Qeaogf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
@' Ijpqv(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
JJ' Qeaogf Hnjg Fjyjqjog
Feajhnl Ioph
>' Hnjg Fjyjqjog
>'> Ijpqv(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
>'>'> Qeaogf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
>'>'>'> Vmjpf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
>'>'>'0 Vmjpf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
>'>'0 Qeaogf(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
>'0 Ijpqv(leyel qu`fjyjqjog
0' Qeaogf Hnjg Fjyjqjog
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Vmpee leyelq oi qu`opfjgnvjog npe nll vmnv sjll `e geefef iop hoqv petopvq' Gove vmnv vmepe
qmoulf gov `e ngz qjgcle qu`fjyjqjog' N qu`fjyjqjog jhtljeq vmnv ng jfen jq `ejgc `pokeg
jgvo tnpvq' Nvvegvjog vo coof tpnavjaeq jg alnqqjijanvjog jq uqeiul jg feyelotjgc coof
ouvljgeq' Ijpqv, uqe oglz oge `nqjq iop alnqqjijanvjog nv enam leyel' Vmjq `nqjq qmoulf
jgalufe nll vme votjaq vo `e fjqauqqef' Vme iollosjgc jq ng e}nhtle oi hj}ef alnqqjijanvjog
iop n tnpv oi n `uqjgeqq peqenpam petopv og ng e}tepjhegvnl qmnhtoo iophuln'
J' E}tlopnvopz Qvufjeq-vzte oi qvufz*
JJ' Ajvz Qupyezq-ceocpntmja loanvjogq*
N' Ges Zopk Qvufz
@' Amjanco
A' Loq Ngceleq
JJJ'Aogquhep Uqnce Qvufz -nvvpj`uveq oi qmnhtoo*
N' Alengjgc
@' Tmzqjanl Ioph
>' Aoloup
0' Ofoup
1' Tnaknce
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Petopv Spjvjgc Heamngjaq
Tntep2
Smjve, = >/0 jgameq `z >> jgameq'
Uqe oge qjfe oglz'
Leiv nljcghegv'
Menfep ( Tncjgnvjog2
Pjcmv nljcghegv'
Lnqv gnhe, qtnae, nuvohnvja guh`epjgc, menfep qev nv '5
Menfjgc2
Leiv nljcghegv'
Qvufegv gnhe, [pevupgX venamep gnhe, [pevupgX alnqq, tepjof, [pevupgX fnve F H Z
-hogvm qtellef ouv*' -fou`le(qtnaef*
Vjvle2
Aegvepef' Fou`le qtnae n`oye ngf `elos vjvle'
Fo gov ugfepljge vjvle, op tuv jg ~uovnvjog hnpkq, op vzte jv jg nll antq'
Vjvle tnce, ji uqef, qmoulf jgalufe vjvle, gnhe, aoupqe ngf/op venamep, ngf fnve'
Hnpcjgq2
Oge jgam nv vot, `ovvoh, ngf qjfeq'
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Jgfegvjgc2
Jgfegv ijye qtnaeq -op oge jgam iop mngfspjvjgc* iop enam ges tnpncpntm'
Qev(oii logc fjpeav ~uovnvjogq -ioup op hope ljgeq* `z jgfegvjgc oge jgam ->4qtnaeq* ipoh vme leiv hnpcjg'
Iop sopkq ajvef egvpjeq, jgfegv nll ljgeq oge mnli jgam e}aetv vme ijpqv ljge' Qev zoup
sopf tpoaeqqjgc tpocpnh vo fo n mngcjgc jgfegvjog'
Ve}v2
Fou`le qtnae `ofz ve}v ngf sopkq ajvef egvpjeq'
Fou`le qtnae qev(oii ~uovnvjogq' @loak ~uovnvjogq npe uqunllz jgvpofuaef sjvm n
aolog'
Uqe qvngfnpf >0 tojgv iogvq'
Smeg egfjgc n qegvegae, uqe oge qtnae `eiope qvnpvjgc vme ge}v qegvegae' Vso
qtnaeq ang `e uqef ji zou npe aogqjqvegv'
^uovjgc2
Smeg ~uovjgc fjpeavlz, uqe ~uovnvjog hnpkq sjvm peiepegae ajvnvjog'
Fo gov uqe ~uovnvjog hnpkq iop qev(oii ~uovnvjogq'
Uqe vmpee qtnaef tepjofq'''smeg ohjvvjgc ngzvmjgc sjvmjg n ~uovnvjog'
Uqe `pnakevq [ X vo egaloqe ngzvmjgc nffef op amngcef sjvmjg n ~uovnvjog'
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QJCGJIJANGAE OI PETOPV SPJVJGC
Peqenpam petopv jq aogqjfepef n hnbop aohtogegv oi vme peqenpam qvufz iop vme
peqenpam vnqk pehnjgq jgaohtleve vjll vme petopv mnq `eeg tpeqegvef ngf spjvveg' Nq n
hnvvep oi inav eyeg vme hoqv `pjlljngv mztovmeqjq, mjcmlz sell feqjcgef ngf aogfuavef
peqenpam qvufz, ngf vme hoqv qvpjkjgc cegepnljrnvjogq ngf ijgfjgcq npe oi ljvvle ynlue
ugleqq vmez npe eiieavjyelz aohhugjanvef vo ovmepq' Vme tuptoqe oi peqenpam jq gov sell
qepyef ugleqq vme ijgfjgcq npe hnfe kgosg vo ovmepq' Peqenpam pequlvq huqv jgynpjn`lz
egvep vme cegepnl qvope oi kgoslefce'
Nll vmjq e}tlnjgq vme qjcgjijangae oi spjvjgc peqenpam petopv'
Vmepe npe teotle smo fo gov aogqjfep spjvjgc oi petopv nq ng jgvecpnl tnpv oi vme
peqenpam tpoaeqq' @uv vme cegepnl otjgjog jq jg inyoup oi vpenvjgc vme tpeqegvnvjog oi
peqenpam pequlv op vme spjvjgc oi petopv jq vme lnqv qvet jg n peqenpam qvufz ngf pe~ujpeq n
qev oi qkjllq qohesmnv fjiiepegv ipoh vmoqe anllef iop jg peqteav oi vme enpljep qvnceq oi
peqenpam' Vmjq vnqk qmoulf `e naaohtljqmef `z vme peqenpamep sjvm uvhoqv anpe; me hnz
qeek vme nqqjqvngae ngf cujfngae oi e}topvq iop vme tuptoqe'
AOHHUGJANVJOG HOFEL JGQJCMVQ2Vmepe npe qeyepnl elehegvq smjam egvep jgvo quaaeqqiul aohhugjanvjog vmez npe nq
iollosq
>' Vme aohhugjanvop , vme qoupae op qegfep oi vme heqqnce - mepe vme spjvep oi vme
petopv*
0' vme Heqqnce, vme qev oi hengjgcq `ejgc qegv vo op peaejyef `z vme nufjegae - vme
ijgfjgc oi vme peqenpam tpobeav*
1' Vme hefjuh, vme hengq `z smjam vme heqqnce jq anppjef op feljyepef vo vme nufjegae
- vme opnl op spjvveg petopv jvqeli*
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6' Vme nufjegae jq vme peaejyep op feqvjgnvjog oi vme heqqnce - vme hngncep smo hnkeq
feajqjog `nqef og vme petopv ijgfjgcq*
5' Ieef`nak, aohhugjanvjog nlqo jgyolyjgc n heqqnce ngf amnggel, vmnv ilosq jg vme
peyepqe fjpeavjog -ipoh vme nufjegae vo vme opjcjgnl aohhugjanvop* ngf smjam hnz `e
uqef vo hofjiz qu`qe~uegv aohhugjanvjogq - vme hngncepq peqtogqe vo vme petopv*
Vmjq hofel oi aohhugjanvjog oyepqvnveq vme anqe vmoucm jv jhtljeq vmnv vme heqqnce
ilosq qhoovmlz ipoh vme nlogc ipoh vme spjvep vo vme penfep, smo jg vupg tpohtvlz
tpoyjfeq vme spjvep sjvm ieef`nak' Vme aohhugjanvop ngf vme nufjegae enam mnye
jgfjyjfunl ijelfq oi e}tepjegae' Vmeqe oyeplnt vo qohe e}vegv ovmepsjqe go
aohhugjanvjog jq toqqj`le' Geyepvmeleqq vmepe jq huam e}tepjegae vmnv jq gov aohhog
ovmepsjqe vo `ovm vme tnpvjeq' Nq aohhugjanvopq qegf vme heqqnce vmnv, vmez aofe jv jg
vephq vmnv hnke qegqe vo vmeh, `nqef og vmejp ijelfq oi e}tepjegae, nq vme nufjegae
peaejyeq vme heqqnce, jgfjyjfunlq feaofe jv, `nqef og vmejp osg ijelfq oi e}tepjegae' Vme
heqqnce sjll `e quaaeqqiullz aohhugjanvef oglz ji vmepe jq egoucm aohhog e}tepjegae
vmnv jv hnz `e egaofef, vpngqhjvvef ngf feaofef sjvm poucmlz vme qnhe hengjgc'
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Jg vme peqenpam qevvjgc vmepe jq n aohhugjanvop smo mnq qtegv n lov oi vjhe iop
vme peqenpam, qvufzjgc vme tpo`leh' Vme peqenpamep mnq lookef nv qeaogfnpz qoupaeq,
cnvmepef tpjhnpz fnvn, Uqef qvnvjqvjanl veamgj~ueq vo ngnlzre vme fnvn ngf penamef vme
aogaluqjogq' Smeg vme petopv og vme tpobeav jq spjvveg nll jvq `nccnce niieavq jvq
aogvegv' Peqenpamep hnz nqquhe vme penfep mnq n lov oi `nakcpougf jgiophnvjog og vme
tpobeav' Vme peqenpamep tpofuae vme tnceq oi uge}tlnjgef vn`leq nqquhjgc vme penfep sjll
fjc ouv vme jgiophnvjog ipoh vmeh vme qnhe tnvvepgq vmez mnye o`qepyef' Vme petopv hnz
uqe veamgjanl vephq quam nq tnpnhevep, I(fjqvpj uvjog, mztovmeqjq veqv, aoppelnvjog op
ejcegynlue, og vme og vme nqquhtvjog vmnv penfep sjll ugfepqvngf' Og vme ovmep mngf vme
petopv hnz co oyep`onpf e}tlnjgjgc eyepz vmjgc jg qj}vm cpnfe vephq vo hnke qupe vme
penfep jq gov loqv, jgqulnvjgc vme penfep jg vme tpoaeqq'
Jg penljvz smeg penfep peaejyeq vme petopv, me op qme uqunllz mnqgv vmoucmv huam
n`ouv vme tpobeav' Vme penfep hnz op hnz gov kgos eyeg ngz vmjgc n`ouv vme tpobeav' Jg
nffjvjog vme penfep hnz mnye ngz ovmep peqtogqj jljvjeq, ngf ji vme petopv angv `e
ugfepqvoof ~ujaklz, jv hnz `e nffef vo qvnke oi vmjgcq vo fo qohe fnz' Ugfep vmeqe
ajpauhqvngaeq, smjam npe aepvnjglz gov uguqunl, qjhtlz feljyepjgc vme petopv geefq vo `e
spjvveg qo nq vo fpns og vme npen oi aohhog e}tepjegae `evseeg vme peqenpamep ngf vme
penfep' Ngf fpnsjgc og vmnv aohhog e}tepjegae jq vme peqtogqj`jljvz oi vme spjvep gov vmepenfep' Ugleqq vme aohhog jf penllz apuajnl, n `uqz penfep sjll gov qtegf vjhe ngf eiiopv
qvpuccljgc vmpoucm ng jgnfe~unve petopv'
Qvetq oi Petopv Spjvjgc2
Peqenpam petopvq npe vme tpofuav oi qlos, tnjgqvnkjgc, naaupnve jgfuavjye sopk' Vme uqunl
qvetq jgyolyef jg spjvjgc petopv npe2
-n* Locjanl ngnlzqjq oi vme qu`beav(hnvvep2 Jv jq vme ijpqv qvet smjam jq tpjhnpjlz
aogaepgef sjvm vme feyelothegv oi n qu`beav hnvvep( -n* Locjanllz - *
Ampogolocjanllz' Vme locjanl feyelothegv jq hnfe og vme `nqjq oi hegvnl
aoggeavjogq ngf nqqoajnvjogq `evseeg vme oge vmjgc ngf ngovmep `z hengq oi
ngnlzqjq' Ampogolocjanl feyelothegv jq `nqef og n aoggeavjog op qe~uegae jg
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vjhe op oaauppegae' Vme fjpeavjogq iop fojgc op hnkjgc qohevmjgc uqunllz iollos
vme ampogolocjanl opfep'
-`* Tpetnpnvjog oi vme ijgnl ouvljge2 Jv jq vme ge}v qvet jg spjvjgc vme peqenpam petopv'
Ouvljgeq npe vme ipnhesopk utog smjam logc spjvveg sopkq npe aogqvpuavef'
Vmez npe ng njf vo vme locjanl opcngjrnvjog oi vme hnvepjnl ngf n pehjgfep oi vme
tojgvq vo `e qvpeqqef jg vme petopv'
-a* Tpetnpnvjog oi vme poucm fpniv2 Vmjq iollosq vme locjanl ngnlzqjq oi vme qu`beav
ngf vme tpetnpnvjog oi vme ijgnl ouvljge' Quam n qvet jq oi uvhoqv Jhtopvngae iop
peqenpam qvufz' Se mnye vo spjve fosg vme tpoaefupe nfotvef smjle aolleavjgc vme
hnvepjnl iop vme qvufz nlogc sjvm vme ynpjouq ljhjvnvjogq smjam npe inaef `z mjh,
vme veamgj~ue oi ngnlzqjq nfotvef `z mjh, vme `ponf ijgfjgcq ngf vme
cegepnljrnvjogq ngf vme ynpjouq qucceqvjogq pecnpfjgc vme tpo`leh vo `e oiiepef'
-f* Pespjvjgc ngf toljqmjgc2 Vmjq qvet mnttegq vo `e vme hoqv fjiijaulv tnpv oi nll
iophnl spjvjgc' Uqunllz vmjq qvet pe~ujpeq hope vjhe vmng vme spjvjgc oi vme poucm
fpniv' N anpeiul peyjqjog mnq vo `e hnfe vo fjiiepegvjnve `evseeg vme hefjoape ngf
n coof tjeae oi spjvjgc' Smjle pespjvjgc ngf toljqmjgc, oge qmoulf ameak vme
senkgeqq jg locjanl feyelothegv op tpeqegvnvjog' Vme peqenpamep qmoulf cjye fue
nvvegvjog vo vme inav vmnv jg mjq poucm fpniv me mnq `eeg aogqjqvegv op gov' Vmepe
nlqo `e ng anpeiul ngnlzqjq og vme heamngjaq oi spjvjgc j'e cpnhhnp, qtelljgc nf
uqnce'
-e* Tpetnpnvjog oi vme ijgnl `j`ljocpntmz2 Ge}v aoheq vme vnqk oi tpetnpjgc vme
ijgnl `j`ljocpntmz' Vme `j`ljocpntmz smjam jq cegepnllz nttegfef vo vme peqenpam
petopv, jq n ljqv oi `ookq jg qohe snz tepvjgegv vo vme peqenpam smjam mnq `eeg
foge' Vme `j`ljocpntmz qmoulf `e nppngcef nltmn`evjanllz ngf hnz `e fjyjfef
jgvo 0 tnpvq; vme ijpqv tnpv aogvnjgq vme gnhe oi vme `ookq ngf tnhtmlevq ngf vmeqeaogf tnpv hnz aogvnjg vme gnhe oi vme gesqtntep npvjaleq ngf hncnrjgeq'
-i* Spjvjgc vme ijgnl fpniv2 Vmjq aogqvjvuveq vme lnqv qvet' Vme ijgnl fpniv qmoulf `e
spjvveg jg n aogajqe ngf o`beavjye qvzle ngf jg qjhtle lngcunce, nyojfjgc yncue
e}tpeqqjogq' Jlluqvpnvjogq ngf e}nhtleq `nqef og aohhog e}tepjegaeq huqv `e
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jgaoptopnvef jg vme ijgnl fpniv nq vmez mntteg vo `e hoqv eiieavjye jg
aohhugjanvjgc vme peqenpam ijgfjgcq vo ovmepq' N peqenpam petopv qmoulf gov `e
full, `uv huqv egvmuqe teotle ngf hnjgvnjg jgvepeqv ngf huqv qmos opjcjgnljvz'
PETOPV IOPHNV
Petopv iophnv jq vme cegepnl tlng oi opcngjrnvjog iop vme tnpvq oi n spjvveg op opnl
peqenpam petopv' Smjle vmepe jq go qjgcle iophnv smjam jq nttpotpjnve iop nll qjvunvjogq'
Peqenpam petopv petpeqegvq qohe aogyegvjogq oi petopv iophnv smjam npe ugjyepqnl' Vmeqe
aogyegvjogq mnye feyelotef oyep n logc tepjof oi vjhe, ngf vmez petpeqegv n aogqegquq
n`ouv smnv tnpvq npe geaeqqnpz vo n coof peqenpam petopv' Enam petopv(spjvjgc mnq jvq osg
ugj~ue iophnv ngf qo eyepz mnq vo amooqe vme tnpvq vmnv sopk `eqv iop vme tpobeav'
Vnjlopjgc vme iophnv oi vme tpobeav
Vme iophnv cjyeg mepe jq iop vme hoqv iophnl vzte, quam n petopv iop n lnpce
tpobeav foge sjvmjg ng opcngjrnvjog op oge foge `z n peqenpam ncegaz iop n aljegv
aohtngz' Vme peqenpam petopv hjcmv pe~ujpe nfbuqvhegvq iop 0 penqogq2 -n* Vo o`vnjg vme
tpobeav leyel oi iophnljvz -`* Vme feapenqe vme aohtle}jvz oi vme petopv' Iop leqq iophnl
petopvq, enam tnpv jq qmopvep ngf qohe tnpvq npe ohjvvef' Jv jgalufeq vme iull nqqopvhegv oi
tpeinvopz tnpvq( vme vjvle ilz tnce, vjvle tnce, ngf levvepq oi vpngqhjvvnl ngf nuvmopjrnvjog'
Tnpvq oi vme petopv2
Vjvle tnce2 Vme vjvle tnce qmoulf aogvnjg n vjvle smjam aogyezq vme eqqegae oi vme qvufz,
vme fnve, gnhe oi vme opcngjrnvjog qu`hjvvjgc vme petopv ngf vme gnhe oi vme peajtjegvq
opcngjrnvjog' Ji vme petopv jq aogijfegvjnl, vme jgfjyjfunlq vo peaejye vme petopv qmoulf `e
gnhef og vme vjvle tnce' Smjle qohe oi vmjq hnz qeeh vo futljanve vme iugavjog oi vme
vpngqhjvvnl' Vpz vo hnke vme vjvle `pjei `uv feqapjtvjye oi vme qvufzq jgvegv' Ji n coof
qvufz oi vme tuptoqe oi vme qvufz jq foge vmeg vmepe qmoulf `e go tpo`leh jg nppjyjgc nv
vme qujvn`le vjv
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Levvep oi vpngqhjvvnl2 Vmjq jq n levvep vmnv eqvn`ljqmeq aogvnav sjvm vme peaejyep ngf qo
navq nq n iophnl peaopf oi feljyepz oi vme petopv' Vme vpngqhjvvnl levvep op heho jq
vme Mepe jv jq fjhegqjog oi vme petopv' Vme iugavjog oi vme vpngqhjvvnl jq vo jgvpofuae vme
petopv ngf qnz vme kjgfq oi vmjgcq vmnv zou hjcmv qnz ji zou sepe feljyep vo vme tepqog'
Levvep oi nuvmopjrnvjog2 Vmjq jq n levvep vo vme peqenpamep nttpoyjgc vme tpobeav, fevnjljgc
smo mnq vme peqtogqj`jljvz iop vme tpobeav ngf smnv peqoupaeq npe nynjln`le vo quttopv jv'
Jg hngz qjvunvjogq, peieppjgc vo vme nuvmopjrnvjog jg vme vpngqhjvvnl levvep jq quiijajegv' Qo'
Vme levvep oi nuvmopjrnvjog geef gov `e jgalufef jg vme petopv' Ji vme penfepq npe uginhjljnp
sjvm vme nuvmopjrnvjog ngf hnz geef fevnjlef jgiophnvjog n`ouv vme nuvmopjrnvjog inavopq'
Jg quam anqeq, vme levvep qmoulf `e jgalufef, tpeiepn`lz ng e}nav aotz oi vme opjcjgnl'
Vn`le oi aogvegvq2 Vme vn`le oi aogvegvq qe~uegvjnllz ljqvq vme votja aoyepef jg vme petopv
nlogc sjvm vmejp tnce peiepegaeq' Jvq tuptoqe jq vo melt penfepq ijgf vme tnpvjaulnp qeavjogq
oi vme petopv vmnv npe oi hoqv aogaepg vo vmeh' Vmjq jgalufeq vme tnce guh`epq oi enam
qeavjog sjvmjg vme petopv ngf ngz nttegfjaeq vmnv npe nvvnamef vo vme petopv' Jv foeq gov
jgalufe vme vjvle tnce op n`qvpnav' Vmeqe npe nvvnamef vo vme petopv `eiope vme aogvegvq
tnce'
Quhhnpz2 Ji vme petopv jq logc zou qmoulf `e penljqvja vmnv ngz kez jgfjyjfunl hnz gov
mnye egoucm vjhe vo penf jv jg jvq vovnljvz' Jg nffjvjog, tpoyjfjgc n quhhnpz oi vme petopv
sjll melt vme penfepq vo ugfepqvngf vme hnbop tojgvq jg vme petopv' Vme hngncehegv
quhhnpz jq n aogfegqef naaupnve qvnvehegv oi smnv jq jhtopvngv jg vme petopv' Vmjq oge
op vso tnceq qzgotqjq jq n huqv iop peqenpam petopvq' Vme quhhnpz jq n hjgjnvupe oi vme
hnjg petopv' Jv tpoyjfeq vme feajqjog hnkep sjvm vmoqe peqenpam ijgfjgcq mnyjgc vme hoqv
jhtnav og vme feajqjog vo `e hnfe' Vme quhhnpz jq spjvveg qteajijanllz iop feajqjog
hnkepq ngf qmoulf egn`le vmeh vo vnke navjog'
@ofz2 Vme fevnjlq oi vme peqenpam tpobeav npe iougf jg vme `ofz oi vme petopv' Vmjq qeavjog
jgalufeq vme -n* Jgvpofuavjog -`* Hevmofolocz -a* Pequlvq -f* Ljhjvnvjogq'
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-n*Jgvpofuavjog2 Vme tuptoqe oi vme jgvpofuavjog jq vo tpoyjfe vme penfep sjvm
`nakcpougf jgiophnvjog geefef vo ugfepqvngf vme pehnjgfep oi vme petopv' Vme gnvupe oi
vme jgvpofuavjog jq aogfjvjogef `z vme fjyepqjvz oi vme nufjegae ngf vmejp inhjljnpjvz sjvm
vme peqenpam tpobeav'Vme hope fjyepqe vme nufjegae, vme hope e}vegqjye vme jgvpofuavjog'
Vme jgvpofuavjog huqv alenplz e}tlnjg vme gnvupe oi vme feajqjog tpo`leh ngf vme peqenpam
o`beavjye'
-`*Hevmofolocz2 Mepe zou qmoulf jgfjanve mos zou iulijllef vme o`beavjyeq' Ji zoup
peqenpam jgyolyef n qupyez op ovmep tpjhnpz fnvn aolleavjog, feqapj`e vme hevmofq `z
smjam vme fnvn snq o`vnjgef ngf vme qnhtle qjreq jgyolyef' Vme tuptoqe oi vme
hevmofolocz jq vo feqapj`e vme gnvupe oi vme peqenpam feqjcg, vme qnhtljgc tlng ngf vme
fnvn aolleavjog ngf ngnlzqjq tpoaefupe' Vme hevmofolocz qeavjog jq feqjcgef -n* Vo
quhhnpjqe vme veamgjanl nqteavq oi vme peqenpam tpobeav jg n qvzle smjam jq
aohtpemegqj`le vo vme gog(veamgjajng -`* Vo feyelot aogijfegae jg vme ~unljvz oi vme
tpoaefupeq uqef'
-a*Pequlvq2 Vme `ulk oi vme petopv jq aohtoqef oi peqenpam ijgfjgcq smjam qmoulf `e
opcngjref npougf vme peqenpam o`beavjyeq ngf jgiophnvjog geefq' Vme petopvjgc oi
ijgfjgcq qmoulf mnye n feijgjve tojgv oi yjes ngf qmoulf ijv jgvo n locjanl smole'
-f*Ljhjvnvjogq2 Vme ljhjvnvjog qeavjog oi vme petopv tpeqegvq n fjlehhn' Eyepz peqenpam
tpobeav mnq qmopvaohjgcq smjam geef vo `e aohhugjanvef jg n alenp ngf aogajqe hnggep'
Vme ljhjvnvjogq jg n peqenpam tpobeav cegepnllz jgyolye qnhtljgc, gog(peqtogqe,
jgnfe~unajeq ngf hevmofolocjanl senkgeqq'
Nttegfj}2 Vme tuptoqe oi nttegfj} jq vo tpoyjfe n tlnae iop hnvepjnl smjam jq gov
n`qoluvelz eqqegvjnl vo vme `ofz oi vme petopv' Vmjq jq vztjanllz hope qteajnljref ngf
aohtle} vmng vme hnvepjnl tpeqegvef jg vme hnjg petopv ngf jv jq feqjcgef vo qepye vme
geefq oi vme veamgjanllz(opjegvef penfep' Vme nttegfj} sjll ipe~uegvlz aogvnjg aotjeq oi
fnvn aolleavjog iophq, fevnjlq oi vme qnhtljgc tlng, eqvjhnveq oi qvnvjqvjanl eppopq,
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jgvepyjesep jgqvpuavjogq ngf fevnjlef qvnvjqvjanl vn`leq nqqoajnvef sjvm vme fnvn ngnlzqjq
tpoaeqq'
Vzteq oi petopv
Peqenpam petopvq ynpz cpenvlz jg legcvm ngf vzte' Jg enam jgfjyjfunl anqe, `ovm vme
legcvm ngf vme ioph npe lnpcelz fjavnvef `z vme tpo`leh nv mngf' Iop jgqvngae, `uqjgeqq
ijphq tpeiep petopvq jg vme levvep ioph, buqv oge op vso tnceq jg legcvm' @ngkq, jgqupngae
opcngjrnvjogq ng ijgngajnl jgqvjvuvjogq npe cegepnllz iogf oi vme qmopv `nlngae(qmeev vzte
oi vn`ulnvjog iop vmejp nggunl petopvq vo vmejp auqvohepq ngf qmnpemolfepq' Hnvmehnvjajngq
tpeiep vo spjve vme pequlvq oi vmejp jgyeqvjcnvjogq jg vme ioph oi nlce`pnja govnvjogq'Amehjqvq petopv vmejp pequlvq jg qzh`olq ngf iophulne' Qvufegvq oi ljvepnvupe uqunllz spjve
logc petopvq tpeqegvjgc vme apjvjanl ngnlzqjq oi qohe spjvep op tepjof op vme ljke sjvm n
lj`epnl uqe oi ~uovnvjogq ipoh vme sopkq oi vme nuvmop ugfep fjqauqqjogq' Jg vme ijelf oi
efuanvjog ngf tqzamolocz, vme inyopjve ioph jq vme petopv og vme pequlvq oi
e}tepjhegvnvjog naaohtngjef `z vme fevnjlef qvnvjqvjanl vn`ulnvjogq' Aljgjanl
tqzamolocjqvq ngf qoajnl tnvmolocjqvq ipe~uegvlz ijgf jv geaeqqnpz vo hnke uqe oi vme anqe(
mjqvopz ioph'
Gesq jvehq jg vme fnjlz tntepq npe nlqo iophq oi petopv spjvjgc' Vmez petpeqegv
ijpqvmngf og(vme(qaege naaougvq oi vme eyegvq feqapj`ef op aohtjlnvjogq oi jgvepyjesq
sjvm tepqog smo sepe og vme qaege' Jg quam petopvq vme ijpqv tnpncpntm uqunllz aogvnjgq
vme jhtopvngv jgiophnvjog jg fevnjl ngf vme quaaeefjgc tnpncpntmq aogvnjg hnvepjnl smjam
jq tpocpeqqjyelz leqq ngf leqq jhtopvngv'
Vme petopvq tpetnpef `z coyepghegv `upenuq, qteajnl aohhjqqjog, ngf qjhjlnp
aohhjqqjogq, ngf qjhjlnp ovmep opcngjrnvjogq npe cegepnllz yepz aohtpemegqjye petopvq
og vme jqqueq jgyolyef' Quam petopvq npe uqunllz aogqjfepef nq jhtopvngv peqenpam
tpofuavq'
Vme n`oye gnppnvjog vmposq ljcmv og vme inav vmnv vme pequlvq oi n peqenpam
jgyeqvjcnvjog ang `e tpeqegvef jg n guh`ep oi snzq yjr', n veamgjanl petopv, n totulnp
petopv, ng npvjale, n hogocpntm' Smjam hevmofq oi tpeqegvnvjog vo `e uqef jg n tnpvjaulnp
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qvufz fetegfq og vme ajpauhqvngaeq ugfep smjam vme qvufz npoqe ngf vme gnvupe oi vme
pequlvq' N veamgjanl petopvjq uqef smegeyep n iull spjvveg petopv oi vme qvufz jq pe~ujpef
smevmep iop peaopf keetjgc op iop tu`lja fjqqehjgnvjog' N totulnp petopv jq uqef ji vme
peqenpam pequlvq mnye toljaz jhtljanvjogq'
Vmepe npe vso vzteq oi petopvq
-N* Veamgjanl Petopv
-@* Totulnp Petopv
-N* Veamgjanl Petopv
Jg vme veamgjanl petopv vme hnjg ehtmnqjq jq og
>' Nqquhtvjogq hnfe jg vme aoupqe oi qvufz
0' Vme fevnjlef tpeqegvnvjog oi vme ijgfjgcq jgalufjgc vmejp ljhjvnvjogq ngf
quttopvjgc fnvn
N cegepnl ouvljge oi n veamgjanl petopv ang `e nq iollosq2
>' Quhhnpz oi pequlvq2 N `pjei peyjes oi vme hnjg ijgfjgcq buqv jg vso op vmpee
tnceq'
0' Gnvupe oi vme qvufz2 Feqapjtvjog oi vme cegepnl o`beavjyeq oi qvufz, iophulnvjog
oi vme tpo`leh jg otepnvjognl vephq, vme sopkjgc mztovmeqjq, vme vzte oi ngnlzqjq
ngf fnvn pe~ujpef, eva1' Hevmofq ehtlozef2 Qteajija hevmofq uqef jg vme qvufz ngf vmejp ljhjvnvjogq' Iop
jgqvngae, jg qnhtljgc qvufjeq se qmoulf cjye fevnjlq oi qnhtle feqjcg yjr', qnhtle
qjre, qnhtle qeleavjog, eva'
6' Fnvn2 Fjqauqqjogq oi fnvn aolleavef vmejp qoupaeq, amnpnavepjqvjaq ngf ljhjvnvjogq'
Ji qeaogfnpz fnvn npe uqef, vmejp qujvn`jljvz vo vme tpo`leh nv mngf `e iullz
nqqeqqef' Jg anqe oi n qupyez, vme hnggep jg smjam fnvn npe aolleavef qmoulf `e
iullz feqapj`ef'
5' Ngnlzqjq oi fnvn ngf tpeqegvnvjog oi ijgfjgcq2 Vme ngnlzqjq oi fnvn ngf
tpeqegvnvjog oi vme ijgfjgcq oi vme qvufz sjvm vme quttopvjgc fnvn jg vme ioph oi
vn`leq ngf amnpvq `e iullz gnppnvef'
9' Aogaluqjogq2 N fevnjlef quhhnpz oi vme ijgfjgcq ngf vme toljaz jhtljanvjogq
fpnsg ipoh vme pequlvq `e e}tlnjgef'
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3' @j`ljocpntmz2 @j`ljocpntmz oi ynpjouq qoupaeq aogqulvef `e tpetnpef ngf
nvvnamef'
=' Veamgjanl nttegfjaeq2 Nttegfjaeq `e cjyeg iop nll veamgjanl hnvvepq pelnvjgc vo
~ueqvjoggnjpe, hnvmehnvjanl fepjynvjogq, eln`opnvjog og tnpvjaulnp veamgj~ue oi
ngnlzqjq ngf vme ljke ogeq'
:' Jgfe}2 Jgfe} huqv `e tpetnpef ngf `e cjyeg jgynpjn`lz jg vme petopv nv vme egf'
Vme opfep tpeqegvef n`oye oglz cjyeq n cegepnl jfen oi vme gnvupe oi n
veamgjanl petopv; vme opfep oi tpeqegvnvjog hnz gov geaeqqnpjlz `e vme qnhe jg nll vme
veamgjanl petopvq' Vmjq jg ovmep sopfq, hengq vmnv vme tpeqegvnvjog hnz ynpz jg fjiiepegv
petopvq' Jv qmoulf, moseyep, `e peheh`epef vmnv eyeg jg n veamgjanl petopv, qjhtle
tpeqegvnvjog ngf penfz nynjln`jljvz oi vme ijgfjgcq pehnjg ng jhtopvngv aogqjfepnvjog ngf
nq quam vme lj`epnl uqe oi amnpvq ngf fjncpnhq jq aogqjfepef feqjpn`le
-@* Totulnp Petopv
Vme totulnp petopv jq oge smjam cjyeq ehtmnqjq og qjhtljajvz ngf nvvpnavjyegeqq' Vme
qjhtljijanvjog qmoulf `e qoucmv vmpoucm alenp spjvjgc, hjgjhjrnvjog oi veamgjanl,
tnpvjaulnplz hnvmehnvjanl, fevnjlq ngf lj`epnl uqe oi amnpvq ngf fjncpnhq' Jv nlqo cjye
ehtmnqjq og tpnavjanl nqteavq ngf toljaz jhtljanvjogq'
Cjyeg `elos jq vme cegepnl ouvljge oi totulnp petopv>' Vme ijgfjgcq ngf vmejp jhtljanvjogq2 Ehtmnqjq jg vme petopv jq cjyeg og vme
ijgfjgcq oi hoqv tpnavjanl jgvepeqv ngf og vme jhtljanvjogq oi vmeqeq ijgfjgcq
0' Peaohhegfnvjogq iop navjog2 Peaohhegfnvjog iop navjog og vme `nqjq oi vme
ijgfjgcq oi vme qvufz jq hnfe jg vmjq qeavjog oi vme petopv'
1' O`beavjye oi vme qvufz2 N cegepnl peyjes oi mos vme tpo`leh npjqe jq tpeqegvef
nlogc sjvm vme qteajija o`beavjyeq oi vme tpobeav ugfep qvufz'
6' Hevmofq ehtlozef2 N `pjei ngf gog(veamgjanl feqapjtvjog oi vme hevmofq ngf
veamgj~ueq uqef, jgalufjgc n qmopv peyjes oi vme fnvn og smjam vme qvufz jq `nqef,
jq cjyeg jg vmjq tnpv oi vme petopv'
5' Pequlvq2 Vmjq qeavjog aogqvjvuveq vme hnjg `ofz oi vme petopv smepejg vme pequlvq
oi vme qvufz npe tpeqegvef jg alenp ngf gog(veamgjanl vephq sjvm lj`epnl uqe oi nll
qopvq oi jlluqvpnvjogq quam nq amnpvq, fjncpnhq ngf vme ljkef ogeq'
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9' Veamgjanl nttegfjaeq2 Hope fevnjlef jgiophnvjog og hevmofq uqef, iophq, eva jq
tpeqegvef jg vme ioph oi nttegfjaeq' @uv vme nttegfjaeq npe oiveg gov fevnjlef ji
vme petopv jq egvjpelz hengv iop cegepnl tu`lja'
Vme oglz jhtopvngv vmjgc n`ouv quam n petopv jq vmnv jv cjyeq ehtmnqjq og
qjhtljajvz ngf toljaz jhtljanvjogq ipoh vme otepnvjognl tojgv oi yjes, nyojfjgc vme
veamgjanl fevnjlq oi nll qopvq vo vme e}vegv toqqj`le'
OPNL TPEQEGVNVJOG
Opnl tpeqegvnvjog oi vme pequlvq oi vme qvufz jq aogqjfepef eiieavjye, tnpvjaulnplz jg
anqeq smepe toljaz peaohhegfnvjogq npe jgfjanvef `z tpobeav pequlvq' Vme hepjv ljeq jg
vme inav vmnv jv tpoyjfeq ng ottopvugjvz iop cjye(ngf(vnke feajqjogq smjam cegepnllz lenf
vo n `evvep ugfepqvngfjgc oi vme ijgfjgcq ngf vmejp jhtljanvjogq' @uv vme hnjg fehepjv oi
vmjq qopv oi tpeqegvnvjog jq vme lnak oi ngz tephngegv peaopf aogaepgjgc vme peqenpam
fevnjlq ngf jv hnz `e buqv toqqj`le vmnv vme ijgfjgcq hnz infe nsnz ipoh teotleq
hehopz eyeg `eiope navjog jq vnkeg' Jgopfep vo oyepaohe vmjq fjiijaulvz, n spjvveg petopv
hnz `e ajpaulnvef `eiope vme tpeqegvnvjog ngf peieppef vo ipe~uegvlz fupjgc vme
fjqauqqjog' Opnl tpeqegvnvjog jq eiieavjye smeg quttlehegvef `z ynpjouq yjqunl feyjaeq'
Uqe oi qljfeq, snll amnpvq ngf `lnak`onpfq jq ~ujve meltiul jg aogvpj`uvjgc vo alnpjvz ngf jgpefuajgc vme `opefoh, ji ngz' Fjqvpj`uvjgc n `onpf ouvljge, sjvm n ies jhtopvngv vn`leq
ngf amnpvq aogaepgjgc vme peqenpam pequlvq, hnkeq vme ljqvegepq nvvegvjye smo mnye n penfz
ouvljge og smjam vo ioauq vmejp vmjgkjgc' Vmjq yepz mnttegq jg nanfehja jgqvjvuvjogq
smepe vme peqenpamep fjqauqqeq mjq peqenpam ijgfjgcq ngf toljaz jhtljanvjogq sjvm ovmepq
ejvmep jg n qehjgnp op jg n cpout fjqauqqjog'
Vmuq, peqenpam pequlvq ang `e petopvef jg hope vmng oge snzq, `uv vme uqunl tpnavjae
nfotvef, jg nanfehja jgqvjvuvjogq tnpvjaulnplz, jq vmnv oi spjvjgc vme Veamgjanl Petopv ngf
vmeg tpetnpjgc qeyepnl peqenpam tntepq vo `e fjqauqqef nv ynpjouq iopuhq jg oge ioph op
vme ovmep' @uv jg tpnavjanl ijelf ngf sjvm tpo`lehq mnyjgc toljaz jhtljanvjogq, vme
veamgj~ue iollosef jq vmnv oi spjvjgc n totulnp petopv' Peqenpamepq foge og coyepghegvnl
naaougv op og `emnli oi qohe hnbop tu`lja op tpjynve opcngjrnvjogq npe uqunllz tpeqegvef
jg vme ioph oi veamgjanl petopvq'
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Heamngjqh oi petopv spjvjgc 2
Vmepe npe yepz feijgjve ngf qev puleq smjam qmoulf `e iollosef jg vme navunl tpetnpnvjog
oi vme peqenpam petopv oi tntep' Ogae vme veamgj~ueq npe ijgnllz feajfef, vmez qmoulf `e
qaputulouqlz nfmepef vo, ngf go feyjnvjog tephjvvef' Vme apjvepjn oi iophnv qmoulf `e
feajfef nq qoog nq vme hnvepjnlq iop vme peqenpam tntep mnye `eeg nqqeh`leq' Vme
iollosjgc tojgvq feqepye hegvjog qo inp nq vme heamngjaq oi spjvjgc n petopv npe
aogaepgef2
>' Qjre ngf tmzqjanl feqjcg
Vme hnguqapjtv qmoulf `e spjvveg og ugpulef tntep ='5 ] >> jg qjre' Ji jv jq vo `e
spjvveg `z mngf, vmng `lnak op `lue(`lnak jgk qmoulf `e uqef' N hnpcjg oi nv lenqv ogengf oge mnli jgameq qmoulf `e nllosef nv vme leiv mngf ngf oi nv lenqv mnli ng jgam nv vme
pjcmv mngf oi vme tntep' Vmepe qmoulf nlqo `e oge(jgam hnpcjgq, vot ngf `ovvoh' Vme
tntep qmoulf `e genv ngf lecj`le' Ji vme hnguqapjtv jq vo `e vztef, vmeg nll vztjgc qmoulf
`e fou`le(qtnaef og oge qjfe oi vme tnce oglz e}aetv iop vme jgqepvjog oi vme logc
~uovnvjogq'
0' Tpoaefupe
Ynpjouq qvetq jg spjvjgc vme petopv qmoulf `e qvpjavlz nfmepef -Nll quam qvetq mnye nlpenfz
`eeg e}tlnjgef enpljep jg vme amntvep*'
1' Lnzouv
Keetjgc jg yjes vme o`beavjye ngf gnvupe oi vme tpo`leh, vme lnzouv oi vme petopv qmoulf
`e vmoucmv oi ngf feajfef ngf naaopfjgclz nfotvef -Vme lnzouv oi vme peqenpam petopv ngf
ynpjouq vzteq oi petopvq mnye `eeg feqapj`ef jg vmjq amntvep enpljep smjam qmoulf `e vnkeg
nq n cujfe iop petopv(spjvjgc jg anqe oi n tnpvjaulnp tpo`leh*'
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6' Vpenvhegv oi ~uovnvjogq
^uovnvjogq qmoulf `e tlnaef jg ~uovnvjog hnpkq ngf fou`le qtnaef, iophjgc ng
jhhefjnve tnpv oi vme ve}v' @uv ji n ~uovnvjog jq oi n aogqjfepn`le legcvm -hope vmng ioup
op ijye vzte spjvveg ljgeq* vmeg jv qmoulf `e qjgcle(qtnaef ngf jgfegvef nv lenqv mnli ng
jgam vo vme pjcmv oi vme gophnl ve}v hnpcjg'
5' Vme ioovgoveq
Pecnpfjgc ioovgoveq oge qmoulf keet jg yjes vme iollosjgcq2
n* Vme ioovgoveq qepye vso tuptoqeq yjr,' vme jfegvjijanvjog oi hnvepjnlq uqef jg
~uovnvjogq jg vme petopv ngf vme govjae oi hnvepjnlq gov jhhefjnvelz geaeqqnpz vo vme `ofz
oi vme peqenpam ve}v `uv qvjll oi quttlehegvnl ynlue' Jg ovmep sopfq, ioovgoveq npe hengv
iop apoqq peiepegaeq, ajvnvjog oi nuvmopjvjeq ngf qoupaeq, nakgoslefcehegv ngf
eluajfnvjog op e}tlngnvjog oi n tojgv oi yjes' Jv qmoulf nlsnzq `e ketv jg yjes vmnv
ioovgove jq gov ng egf op n hengq oi vme fjqtlnz oi qamolnpqmjt' Vme hofepg vegfegaz jq
vo hnke vme hjgjhuh uqe oi ioovgoveq iop qamolnpqmjt foeq gov geef vo `e fjqtlnzef'
`* Ioovgoveq npe tlnaef nv vme `ovvoh oi vme tnce og smjam vme peiepegae op ~uovnvjog
smjam vmez jfegvjiz op quttlehegv egfq' Ioovgoveq npe auqvohnpjlz qetnpnvef ipoh vmeve}vunl hnvepjnl `z n qtnae oi mnli ng jgam ngf n ljge n`ouv oge ngf n mnli jgameq logc'
a* Ioovgoveq qmoulf `e guh`epef aogqeauvjyelz, uqunllz `ecjggjgc sjvm > jg enam amntvep
qetnpnvelz' Vme guh`ep qmoulf `e tuv qljcmvlz n`oye vme ljge, qnz nv vme egf oi n
~uovnvjog' Nv vme ioov oi vme tnce, ncnjg, vme ioovgove guh`ep qmoulf `e jgfegvef ngf
vztef n ljvvle n`oye vme ljge' Vmuq, aogqeauvjye guh`epq huqv `e uqef vo aoppelnve vme
peiepegae jg vme ve}v sjvm jvq aoppeqtogfjgc gove nv vme `ovvoh oi vme tnce, e}aetv jg vme
anqe oi qvnvjqvjanl vn`leq ngf ovmep guhepjanl hnvepjnl, smepe qzh`olq quam nq vme nqvepjqk
-"* op vme ljke oge hnz `e uqef vo tpeyegv aogiuqjog'
f* Ioovgoveq npe nlsnzq vztef jg qjgcle qtnae vmoucm vmez npe fjyjfef ipoh oge ngovmep
`z fou`le qtnae'
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9' Foauhegvnvjog qvzle
Pecnpfjgc foauhegvnvjog, vme ijpqv ioovgove peiepegae vo ngz cjyeg sopk qmoulf `e
aohtleve jg jvq foauhegvnvjog, cjyjgc nll vme eqqegvjnl inavq n`ouv vme efjvjog uqef' Quam
foauhegvnpz ioovgoveq iollos n cegepnl qe~uegae' Vme aohhog opfep hnz `e feqapj`ef
nq ugfep2
N' Pecnpfjgc vme qjgcle(yoluhe peiepegae
>' Nuvmopq gnhe jg gophnl opfep -ngf gov `ecjggjgc sjvm vme lnqv gnhe nq
jg n `j`ljocpntmz* iollosef `z n aohhn;
0' Vjvle oi sopk, ugfepljgef vo jgfjanve jvnljaq;
1' Tlnae ngf fnve oi tu`ljanvjog;
6' Tncjgnvjog peiepegaeq -Vme tnce guh`ep*'
E}nhtle
Bomg Cnqqgep, Hnqvep oi vme Fpnhn, Ges Zopk2 Foyep Tu`ljanvjogq, Jga' >:56, t'
1>5'
@' Pecnpfjgc hulvjyoluhe peiepegae>' Nuvmopq gnhe jg vme gophnl opfep;
0' Vjvle oi sopk, ugfepljgef vo jgfjanve jvnljaq;
1' Tlnae ngf fnve oi tu`ljanvjog;
6' Guh`ep oi yoluhe;
5' Tncjgnvjog peiepegaeq -Vme tnce guh`ep*'
A' Pecnpfjgc sopkq nppngcef nltmn`evjanllz
Iop sopkq nppngcef nltmn`evjanllz quam nq egazalotefjn ngf fjavjognpjeq, go tncjgnvjog
peiepegae jq uqunllz geefef' Jg quam anqeq vme opfep jq jlluqvpnvef nq ugfep2
E}nhtle >
Qnlnhngan,Egazalotefjn @pjvngjan, >6vm Efjvjog'
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E}nhtle 0
Hnpz Sollqvogeapniv Cofsjg,Fjavjognpz oi gnvjognl `jocpntmz'
@uv ji vmepe qmoulf `e n fevnjlef peiepegae vo n logc egazalotefjn npvjale, yoluhe ngf
tncjgnvjog peiepegae hnz `e iougf geaeqqnpz'
F' Pecnpfjgc tepjofjanlq peiepegae
>' Gnhe oi vme nuvmop jg gophnl opfep;
0' Vjvle oi npvjale, jg ~uovnvjog hnpkq;
1' Gnhe oi tepjofjanl, ugfepljgef vo jgfjanve jvnljaq;
6' Yoluhe guh`ep;
5' Fnve oi jqqungae;
9' Tncjgnvjog'
E' Pecnpfjgc ngvmolocjeq ngf aolleavjogq peiepegae
^uovnvjogq ipoh ngvmolocjeq op aolleavjogq oi ljvepnpz sopkq huqv `e nakgoslefcef gov
oglz `z nuvmop, `uv nlqo `z vme gnhe oi vme aolleavop'
I' Pecnpfjgc qeaogf(mngf ~uovnvjogq peiepegae
Jg quam anqe vme foauhegvnvjog qmoulf `e mngflef nq iollosq2>' Opjcjgnl nuvmop ngf vjvle;
0' ^uovef op ajvef jg,;
1' Qeaogf nuvmop ngf sopk'
E}nhtle
B'I'Bogeq, Ljie jg Tlozgeqjn, t' >9, ~uovef jg Mjqvopz oi vme Tnajija Oaeng npen, `z
P'@'N`el, t'>:>'
C' Anqe oi hulvjtle nuvmopqmjt
Ji vmepe npe hope vmng vso nuvmopq op efjvopq, vmeg jg vme foauhegvnvjog vme gnhe oi oglz
vme ijpqv jq cjyeg ngf vme hulvjtle nuvmopqmjt jq jgfjanvef `z ev nl' op ngf ovmepq' N
qjgcle tnce qmoulf `e peieppef vo nq t', `uv hope vmng oge tnce `e peieppef vo nq tt' ji
vmepe npe qeyepnl tnceq peieppef vo nv n qvpevam, vme tpnavjae jq vo uqe oiveg vme tnce
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guh`ep, iop e}nhtle, tt' >:4ii, smjam hengq tnce guh`ep >:4 ngf vme iollosjgc tnceq;
`uv oglz iop tnce >:4 ngf vme iollosjgc tnce >:4i' Pohng guhepjanl jq cegepnllz uqef
vo jgfjanve vme guh`ep oi vme yoluhe oi n `ook' Ot' ajv' -otepn ajvnvo, jg vme sopk ajvef*
op Loa' ajv' -loao ajvnvo, jg vme tlnae ajvef* jq vso oi vme yepz aogyegjegv n``peyjnvjogq
uqef jg vme ioovgoveq'
3' Tugavunvjog ngf n``peyjnvjogq jg ioovgoveq
Aepvnjg Lnvjg ngf Egcljqm n` peyjnvjogq npe ~ujve oiveg uqef jg `j ljocpntmjeq ngf
ioovgoveq vo eljhjgnve vefjouq petevjvjog' Vme iollosjgc jq n tnpvjnl ljqv oi vme hoqv
aohhog n``peyjnvjogq ipe~uegvlz uqef jg petopv(spjvjgc -vme peqenpamep qmoulf lenpg vo
peaocgjre vmeh nq sell nq me qmoulf lenpg vo uqe vmeh*2
ngog', ( ngogzhouq
ngve', ( `eiope
npv', ( npvjale
nuc', ( nuchegvef
`k', (`ook
`ull', (`ullevjg
ai', (aohtnpe
am', amntvepaol', aoluhg
fjqq', fjqqepvnvjog
ef', efjvop, efjvjog, efjvef
ef' ajv', efjvjog ajvef
=' Uqe oi qvnvjqvjaq, amnpvq ngf cpntmq
N bufjajouq uqe oi qvnvjqvjaq jg peqenpam petopvq jq oiveg aogqjfepef n yjpvue iop jv
aogvpj`uveq n cpenv fenl vosnpfq vme alnpjijanvjog ngf qjhtljijanvjog oi vme hnvepjnl ngf
peqenpam pequlvq' Oge hnz sell peheh`ep vmnv n coof tjavupe jq oiveg sopvm hope vmng n
vmouqngf sopfq' Qvnvjqvjaq npe uqunllz tpeqegvef jg vme ioph oi vn`leq, amnpvq, `npq ngf
ljge(cpntmq ngf tjavocpnhq' Quam tpeqegvnvjog qmoulf `e qeli e}tlngnvopz ngf aohtleve
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jg jvqeli' Jv qmoulf `e qujvn`le ngf nttpotpjnve lookjgc vo vme tpo`leh nv mngf' Ijgnllz,
qvnvjqvjanl tpeqegvnvjog qmoulf `e genv ngf nvvpnavjye'
:' Vme ijgnl fpniv
Peyjqjgc ngf pespjvjgc vme poucm fpniv oi vme petopv qmoulf `e foge sjvm cpenv
anpe `eiope spjvjgc vme ijgnl fpniv' Iop vme tuptoqe, vme peqenpamep qmoulf tuv vo mjhqeli
~ueqvjogq ljke2 Npe vme qegvegaeq spjvveg jg vme petopv alenp? Npe vmez cpnhhnvjanllz
aoppeav? Fo vmez qnz smnv jq hengv? Fo vme ynpjouq tojgvq jgaoptopnvef jg vme petopv ijv
vocevmep locjanllz? Mnyjgc nv lenqv oge aollencue penf vme petopv buqv `eiope vme ijgnl
peyjqjog jq e}vpehelz meltiul'
Qegvegaeq vmnv qeeh apzqvnl(alenp vo vme spjvep hnz tpoye ~ujve aogiuqjgc vo ovmep
teotle; n aoggeavjog vmnv mnf qeehef qeli eyjfegv hnz qvpjke ovmepq nq n gog(qe~ujvup' N
ipjegflz apjvja, `z tojgvjgc ouv tnqqnceq vmnv qeeh ugalenp op jllocjanl, ngf tepmntq
qucceqvjgc snzq oi pehefzjgc vme fjiijaulvjeq, ang `e ng jgynlun`le njf jg namjeyjgc vme
conl oi nfe~unve aohhugjanvjog'
>4' @j`ljocpntmz@j`ljocpntmz qmoulf `e tpetnpef ngf nttegfef vo vme peqenpam petopv nq fjqauqqef enpljep'
>>' Tpetnpnvjog oi vme jgfe}
Nv vme egf oi vme petopv, ng jgfe} qmoulf jgynpjn`lz `e cjyeg, vme ynlue oi smjam ljeq jg
vme inav vmnv jv navq nq n coof cujfe vo vme penfep' Jgfe} hnz `e tpetnpef `ovm nq qu`beav
jgfe} ngf nq nuvmop jgfe}' Vme iophep cjyeq vme gnheq oi vme qu`beav(votjaq op aogaetvq
nlogc sjvm vme guh`ep oi tnceq og smjam vmez mnye nttenpef op fjqauqqef jg vme petopv
smepenq vme lnvvep cjyeq vme qjhjlnp jgiophnvjog pecnpfjgc vme gnheq oi nuvmopq' Vme
jgfe} qmoulf nlsnzq `e nppngcef nltmn`evjanllz' Qohe teotle tpeiep vo tpetnpe oglz
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Peqenpam iollos( ut2
Peqenpam iollos petopvq ngf opnl tpeqegvnvjogq qmoulf aohhugjanve vme peqenpam
ijgfjgcq jg n hnggep vmnv sjll nllos hngncepq vo hnke n `uqjgeqq feajqjog' Jg hngz anqeq
vme hngncep smo peaejyeq vme peqenpam petopv jq ugn`le vo jgveptpev vme jgiophnvjog ngf
fpns aogaluqjogq peleyngv vo mjq op mep hngncepjnl feajqjog' Iop vme penqog eiieavjye
peqenpam fo gov qee vme petopv nq vme egf oi vme peqenpam tpoaeqq' Vme peqenpam iollos(ut
jgyolyeq peaogvpnavjgc oi feajqjog hnkepq ngf/op aljegvq nivep vmez mnye mnf n amngae vo
penf oyep vme peqenpam petopv' Jvq tuptoqe jq vo fevephjge ji vme peqenpamep jq geefef vo
tpoyjfe nffjvjognl jgiophnvjog op alnpjiz jqqueq oi aogaepg vo hngncehegv'
TPEANUVJOGQ IOP SPJVJGC PEQENPAM PETOPVQ
Peqenpam petopv jq n amnggel oi aohhugjanvjgc vme peqenpam ijgfjgcq vo vme
penfepq oi vme petopv' N coof peqenpam petopv jq oge smjam foeq vmjq vnqk eiijajegvlz
ngf eiieavjyelz' Nq quam jv huqv `e tpetnpef keetjgc vme iollosjgc tpeanuvjogq jg
yjes2
Smjle fevephjgjgc vme legcvm oi vme petopv -qjgae peqenpam petopvq ynpz
cpenvlz jg legcvm*, oge qmoulf keet jg yjes vme inav vmnv jv qmoulf `e logc
egoucm vo aoyep vme qu`beav `uv qmopv egoucm vo hnjgvnjg jgvepeqv' Jg inav,
petopv(spjvjgc qmoulf gov `e n hengq oi lenpgjgc hope ngf hope n`ouv leqq
ngf leqq'
N peqenpam petopv qmoulf gov `e full; jv qmoulf `e quam nq vo quqvnjg
penfepq jgvepeqv'
N`qvpnav vephjgolocz ngf veamgjanl bnpcog qmoulf `e nyojfef jg n
peqenpam petopv' Vme petopv qmoulf `e n`le vo aogyez vme hnvvep nq qjhtlz
nq toqqj`le' Vmjq, jg ovmep sopfq, hengq vmnv petopv qmoulf `e spjvveg jg ng
o`beavjye qvzle jg qjhtle lngcunce, nyojfjgc e}tpeqqjogq quam nq jv
qeehq, vmepe hnz `e ngf vme ljke'
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Penfepq npe oiveg jgvepeqvef jg na~ujpjgc n ~ujak kgoslefce oi vme
hnjg ijgfjgcq ngf nq quam vme petopv huqv tpoyjfe n penfz nynjln`jljvz oi
vme ijgfjgcq' Iop vmjq tuptoqe, amnpvq, cpntmq ngf vme qvnvjqvjanl vn`leq hnz
`e uqef iop vme ynpjouq pequlvq jg vme hnjg petopv jg nffjvjog vo vme
quhhnpz oi jhtopvngv ijgfjgcq'
Vme lnzouv oi vme petopv qmoulf `e sell vmoucmv ouv ngf huqv `e
nttpotpjnve ngf jg naaopfngae sjvm vme o`beavjye oi vme peqenpam tpo`leh'
Vme petopvq qmoulf `e ipee ipoh cpnhhnvjanl hjqvnkeq ngf huqv `e
tpetnpef qvpjavlz jg naaopfngae sjvm vme veamgj~ueq oi aohtoqjvjog oi
petopv(spjvjgc quam nq vme uqe oi ~uovnvjogq ngf uqe oi n``peyjnvjogq jg
ioovgoveq ngf vme ljke'
Vme petopv huqv tpeqegv vme locjanl ngnlzqjq oi vme qu`beav hnvvep' Jv
huqv peileav n qvpuavupe smepejg vme fjiiepegv tjeaeq oi ngnlzqjq pelnvjgc vo
vme peqenpam tpo`leh ijv sell'
Nttegfjaeq qmoulf `e egljqvef jg peqteav oi nll vme veamgjanl fnvn jg vme
petopv'
@j`ljocpntmz oi qoupaeq aogqulvef jq n huqv iop n coof petopv ngf huqv
geaeqqnpjlz `e cjyeg'
Jgfe} jq nlqo aogqjfepef nq ng eqqegvjnl tnpv oi n coof petopv ngf nq
quam huqv `e tpetnpef ngf nttegfef nv vme egf'
Anlaulnvef aogijfegae ljhjvq huqv `e hegvjogef ngf vme ynpjouq
aogqvpnjgvq e}tepjegaef jg aogfuavjgc vme peqenpam qvufz hnz nlqo `e
qvnvef jg vme petopv'
O`beavjye oi vme qvufz, vme gnvupe oi vme tpo`leh, vme hevmofq
ehtlozef ngf vme ngnlzqjq veamgj~ueq nfotvef huqv nll `e alenplz qvnvef jg
vme `ecjggjgc oi vme petopv jg vme ioph oi jgvpofuavjog'
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Mos vo Spjve n @j`ljocpntmz?
@J@LJOCPNTMZ2
Vme `j`ljocpntmz jq n ljqv oi peiepegaeq pelnvjgc vo n votja op qu`beav' Jv jq loanvef nv
vme egf oi vme hnjg `ofz oi vme petopv' Jv aogvnjgq nll vme jgiophnvjog iougf jg n ijpqv
gove pelnvjgc vo n sopk'
Vme iugavjog oi `j`ljocpntmz jq fjiiepegv ipoh vmnv oi ioovgoveq' Smjle ioovgoveq
npe uqef vo ajve nuvmopjvz iop qteajija qvnvehegvq ~uovef op tnpntmpnqef, vme
`j`ljocpntmz ljqvq jg nltmn`evjanl opfep peiepegaeq uqef `z vme spjvep' Vme ioovgoveq
feqjcgnve vme e}nav tlnae -j'e' tnce/q* smepe vme ~uovef hnvvep jq loanvef' @uv vme
`j`ljocpntmz buqv cjyeq jfegvjijanvjog fevnjlq iop vme sopkq, nq n smole' Vmepe hnz `e
qeyepnl ioovgoveq vo n sopk, `uv vmepe jq oglz oge egvpz iop jv jg `j`ljocpntmz' Vme
ioovgove nttenpq oglz smeg n qteajija hnvvep ipoh n sopk jq ajvjef, smepenq, n sopk
hnz `e ljqvef jg vme `j`ljocpntmz eyeg ji jv jq gov ~uovef jg vme petopv, tpoyjfef jv jq
pelnvef vo vme qu`beav oi vme qvufz'
Iophnv2 Vme iophnvq iop `j`ljocpntmjanl ljqvjgc iop `ookq, petopvq, npvjaleq eva' npe
qnhe nq vme iophnvq iop ioovgoveq e}aetv oge fjiiepegae' Vmnv jq, go tnce guh`ep jq
qvnvef jg vme anqe oi `ookq ngf petopvq ljqvef jg vme @j`ljocpntmz'
Ngovmep fjiiepegae jq oiveg jgfjanvef2 Smjle jg vme ijpqv ioovgove pelnvjgc vo n sopk,
nuvmopq gnhe `ecjgq sjvm vme ijpqv gnhe -e'c', Tevep I' Fpuakep*, jg vme `j`ljocpntmz,
gnhe `ecjgq sjvm vme qeaogf op qupgnhe -e'c', Fpuakep, Tevep I'*' Nq vme jgiophnvjog
pe~ujpef iop vme ioovgoveq ngf vme `j`ljocpntmz jq qeaupef ipoh vme qnhe qoupae, yjr,
qoupae anpfq, vme nuvmop(qupgnhe iophnv hnz `e uqef jg `ovm anqeq, nq e}tlnjgef
enpljep'
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Alnqqjijanvjog2 Peiepegaeq hnz `e cpoutef naaopfjgc vo vmejp ioph oi tu`ljanvjogq;
iop e}nhtleq, `ookq hnz `e ljqvef jg oge cpout; tepjofjanlq jg n qeaogf cpout, ngf
petopvq jg ngovmep cpout; tepjofjanlq jg vme qeaogf cpout, ngf petopvq jg ngovmep
cpout' Jg enam cpout peiepegaeq qmoulf `e nppngcef jg nltmn`evjanl opfep oi vme
qupgnheq oi nuvmopq op `z jgjvjnl levvep oi vme ijpqv sopfq oi ljqvjgc'
N `j`ljocpntmz aogvnjgjgc leqq vmng vsegvz vjvleq geef gov `e qu`(fjyjfef jgvo
anvecopjeq' Smeg vmepe npe vso op hope sopkq `z vme qnhe nuvmop petevjvjog oi mjq
gnhe jq nyojfef `z qu`qvjvuvjgc iop jv ng ug`pokeg ljge ejcmv qtnaeq jg legcvm,
`ecjggjgc sjvm vme leiv hnpcjg, e'c', Coof Anpvep Y, ef', Fjavjognpz oi Efuanvjog,
Ges Zopk2 HaCpns(Mjll, >:31' Eqqegvjnlq oi Efuanvjognl Peqenpam, Ges Zopk2
Nttlevog(Aegvupz(Apoivq, >:56'
Qohe E}nhtleq oi @j`ljocpntmz Iophq
N' @ookq2
Nuvmopef @ook2
Ioph2 Qeaogf gnhe, Ijpqv gnhe Zenp oi Tu ljanvjog2 Vjvle oi @ook' Tlnae oi
Tu`ljanvjog2 Tu`ljqmep'
E}nhtleq2 Fuhhevv, Hjamnel >:312 Ipece2 Tmjloqotmz oi Lngcunce' Logfog2
Fuaksopvm'
Moiihng, Boqmun ngf Poqegkpngvr, Cnpz Q' 04402 Vme Fjyjge Nvvpj`uveq' O}iopf2
@lnaksell'
Nuvmopef ngfVpngqlnvef @ook2
Ioph2 Qeaogf gnhe, Ijpqv gnhe Zenp oi Tu`ljanvjog2Vjvle oi @ook' Vpngqlnvef `z(
Gnhe oi Vpngqlnvop' Tlnae oi Tu`ljanvjog2 Tu`ljqmep'
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E}nhtleq2 Vmjel, Ampjqvjng >:9=2 Qegqe ngf Peiepegae jg Ipeceq Locja' Vpngqlnvef
`z V' B' @lnkelez' Fopfpeamv2 Pejfel Tu`ljqmjgc Aohtngz'
Efjvef @ook
Ioph2 Qeaogf gnhe, Ijpqv gnhe' -ef'* Zenp oi Tu`ljanvjog2 Vjvle oi @ook'
Tlnae oi Tu`ljanvjog2 Tu`ljqmep'
E}nhtleq2 Peak, Epjam -ef'* 04402 Ipoh Ipece vo Sjvvcegqvejg2 Tepqteavjyeq og
Enplz Ngnlzvja Tmjloqotmz' Ges Zopk2 O}iopf Ugjyepqjvz Tpeqq'
Mnntnpngvn, Lejln ngf Mjgvjkkn, Bnnkko -efq'* >:=92 Ipece Qzgvmeqjref' Fopfpeamv2
Pejfel Tu`ljqmjgc Aohtngz'
Nuvmopef, vpngqlnvef ngf efjvef `ook
Ioph2 Qeaogf gnhe oi Nuvmop , Ijpqv gnhe oi Nuvmop Zenp oi Tu`ljanvjog2
Vjvle oi @ook' Efjvef `z ( Gnhe oi Efjvop' Vpngqlnvef `z ( Gnhe oi Vpngqlnvop'
Tlnae oi Tu`ljanvjog2 Tu`ljqmep'
E}nhtleq2 Ipece, Covvlo` >:3:2 Toqvmuhouq Spjvjgcq' Efjvef `z Mngq Mepheq,
Ipjefpjam Knh`npvel, ngf Ipjefpjam Knul`nam' Vpngqlnvef `z Tevep Logc ngf Pocep
Smjve' O}iopf2 @nqjl @lnaksell'
@' Boupgnlq -op tepjofjanlq*
Ioph2 Lnqv gnhe, Ijpqv gnhe Zenp oi Tu ljanvjog2 Vjvle oi Npvjale'Gnhe oi
Boupgnl, Yoluhe Guh`ep, t' optt' @ecjggjgc tnce guh`ep(Egfjgc tnce guh`ep'
E}nhtleq2 Eyngq, Cnpevm >:3=2 Ang Vmepe `e Yncue O`beavq?' Ngnlzqjq, 1=, t' 04='
@eakep 'M'Q ngf Ceep '@, Tnpvjajtngv O`qepynvjog ngf Jgvepyjesjgc, Muhng
Opcngjqnvjog, >9, >:53, tt' 0=(10'
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A' Jgvepgev2
Vmepe npe hnjglz vmpee vzteq oi qoupae
n' Se` tu`ljanvjog sjvm n gnhef nuvmop2 Qeaogf gnhe, Ijpqv gnhe Zenp oi
Tu`ljanvjog2 Vjvle oi se`tnce' UPL2 naaeqqef og fnve zou yjqjvef se`qjve'
`' N tntep nynjln`le iop fosglonf2 Qeaogf gnhe, Ijpqv gnhe Zenp oi
Tu`ljanvjog2 Vjvle oi npvjale fosglonfef' UPL oi tnce sjvm ljgk vo fosglonf2
naaeqqef og fnve zou fosglonfef jv'a' N se` tu`ljanvjog sjvm go gnhef nuvmop2 Gnhe oi qoupae Zenp oi
Tu`ljanvjog2 Vjvle oi se`tnce' UPL2 naaeqqef og fnve zou yjqjvef se`qjve'
E}nhtleq2 Zougc, Bnheq >::92 Vme aomepegae vmeopz oi vpuvm'
mvvt2//sss'qeot'leefq'na'uk/egvpjeq/vpuvm(aomepegae/2 naaeqqef og >0/4>/43'
Qvogemnh, Voh 04432 N Pefuavjo oi Aomepegvjqh' mvvt2//sss(
uqepq'zopk'na'uk/wvsaq>/2 naaeqqef og >0/4>/43'
@@A Gesq 04432 Cpnfunveq inae voucm bo` hnpkev'
mvvt2//gesq'``a'ao'uk/>/mj/efuanvjog/9050=>>'qvh2 naaeqqef og >0/4>/43'
A' Petopv2
E}nhtleq2 UGAVNF, Vme lenqv Feyelotef Aougvpjeq2 >:=6 Petopv, Ges
Zopk2 Ugjvef Gnvjogq, >:=6'
Soplf @ngk, Soplf Feyelothegv Petopv >:=3, Snqmjgcvog F'A, >:=3'
Nggovnvef @j`ljocpntmz
http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/truth-http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/truth-coherence/http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/truth-coherence/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~twcs1/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~twcs1/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/6252811.stmhttp://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/truth-http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/truth-coherence/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~twcs1/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~twcs1/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/6252811.stm -
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Jg vmjq `j`ljocpntmz, enam egvpz jq iollosef `z n oge(qegvegae op oge tnpncpntm
feqapjtvjog oi vme aogvegv oi vme sopk ajvef' Qohe e}nhtleq npe2
@ngfzotnfmznzn, Bnzngvngubn, Vme Toyepvz oi Gnvjogq, Nmhefn`nf2 Nlljef
Tu`ljqmepq, >:=='
Vztjgc Jgqvpuavjogq iop @j`ljocpntmz/Ljqv oi Peiepegaeq
>' Vme menfjgc @J@LJOCPNTMZ op PEIEPEGAEQ jq tlnaef ng jgam qtnae
`elos vme tntep' Jv jq aegvepef `evseeg vme hnpcjgq' Go vephjgnl tugavunvjog jq uqef
nivep jv'0' Vme ijpqv egvpz jq tlnaef n fou`le qtnae elos vme vjvle' Ji, moseyep, vmepe jq
n anvecopz menfjgc, vme menfjgc jq tlnaef n vpjtle qtnae `elos vme vjvle ngf vme ijpqv
egvpz jq tlnaef n fou`le qtnae `elos vme anvecopz menfjgc'
1' Vme egvpjeq npe nppngcef jg ng ugfep mugc, qjgcle(qtnaef ioph, sjvm
fou`le qtnajgc `evseeg jvehq' Enam egvpz `ecjgq sjvm vme leiv hnpcjg, ngf vme qeaogf
ngf egqujgc ljgeq, ji ngz, npe jgfegvef ioup qtnaeq'
6' Smepe vmepe npe vso op hope sopkq `z vme qnhe nuvmop ljqvef
aogqeauvjyelz, petevjvjog oi mjq gnhe jq nyojfef `z qu`qvjvuvjgc iop jv ng ug`pokeg ljge
ejcmv qtnaeq jg legcvm, `ecjggjgc, iluqm sjvm vme leiv hnpcjg ngf iollosef `z n
tepjof-j'e', Vso levvep qtnae*'
5' Jg vme anqe oi nggovnvef `j`ljocpntmz, vme nggovnvjog qmoulf `ecjg og vme
ge}v ljge `elos `j`ljocpntmjanl egvpz, sjvm vme ijpqv ljge jgfegvef ngovmep ioup qtnae
ipoh vme ugfep mugc jgfegvjog -n vovnl oi ejcmv qtnaeq ipoh vme hnpcjg*' Egqupjgc
ljgeq qmoulf `e jgfegvef ioup qtnaeq ipoh vme uqunl hnpcjg'
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N``peyjnvjogq
Jg `j`ljocpntmz ngf ioovgoveq, Egcljqm ngf Lnvjg n``peyjnvjogq npe uqef vonyojf petevjvjog ngf vo aogqepye qtnae' Vme hoqv aohhog n``peyjnvjogq npe2
ngog' ngogzhouq
ngve' `eiope
npv' npvjale
nuc' nuchegvef
`k' `ook
ull' `ullevjg
ai' aohtnpe
am' amntvep
aol' aoluhg
fjqq' fjqqepvnvjog
ef' efjvop, efjvjog, efjvef
ef' ajv' efjvjog ajvef
e'c' e}nhtle
i', ii' ngf vme iollosjgc
ijc-q*' ijcupe-q*
ig' ioovgove
j`jf' J`jfeh2 qnhe tepqog
jf' jfeh2 qnhe tepqog
jlluq', jlluqvpnvef, jlluqvpnvjog-q*
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Jgvpo' jgvpofuavjog
l, op ll ljge-q*
loa' ajv' jg vme tlnae ajvef; uqef nq ot' ajv',
-smeg ges peiepegae jq hnfe vo vmeqnhe tncjgnvjog nq ajvef jg vmetpeyjouq gove*'
HQ', HQQ', Hnguqapjtv op Hnguqapjtvq
G'@' govn ege2 gove sell
g'f' go fnve
g't' go tlnae
go tu`' go tu`ljqmep
o't' ouv oi tpjgv
t' op tt' tnce-q*
tnqqjh mepe ngf vmepe
toqv nivep
pey' peyjqef
vp' op vpngq', vpngqlnvop, vpngqlnvef, vpngqlnvjog
y op yjfe qee, peiep vo
yjr' gnhelz
yol' op yol-q* yoluhe-q*
yq', yepquq2 ncnjgqv
-''''* ohjqqjogq jg ~uovef hnvvep ut vo
oge tnpncpntm jg legcvm'
-Nll Lnvjg n``peyjnvjogq npe `olf*
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@J@LJOCPNTMZ2
RJKHUGF SJLLJNH'C 0441, @UQJGEQQ PEQENPAM HEVMOFOLOCZ' GES FELMJ ,
AEGCNCE LENPGJGC JGFJN TYV LVF',
P' TNGGEPQELYNH 0446 PEQENPAM HEVMOFOLOCZ' TPEGVJAE MNLL OI JGFJN
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