review 2 egypt

DYNASTIESDYNASTIES

OLD, MIDDLE, and NEWOLD, MIDDLE, and NEWKINGDOMSKINGDOMS

PRE-DYNASTIC: before the PRE-DYNASTIC: before the unification of Upper and Lower unification of Upper and Lower Egypt Egypt

KING NARMER: unifies Egypt KING NARMER: unifies Egypt c.3100 BCc.3100 BC

MEMPHIS: Early capital (Thebes:MEMPHIS: Early capital (Thebes:New Kingdom) New Kingdom)

The Palette of King Narmer,The Palette of King Narmer,c.3100-3000 BCc.3100-3000 BC

ANCIENT EGYPTANCIENT EGYPT

REGISTERS:REGISTERS:Separate pictorial spacesSeparate pictorial spaces

CANON OF PROPORTIONSCANON OF PROPORTIONS

The Palette of King Narmer:The Palette of King Narmer:HIERARCHIC SCALEHIERARCHIC SCALE

King King

Servant Servant

Profile Profile

Frontal Frontal

Profile Profile

The Palette of King Narmer:The Palette of King Narmer:TWISTED PERSPECTIVE TWISTED PERSPECTIVE

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Crown of Upper Egypt Crown of Upper Egypt

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY Bull: Strength Bull: Strength

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Smiting pose: Conquest, victory Smiting pose: Conquest, victory

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Sandal-bearer Sandal-bearer

Barefoot: Divine act Barefoot: Divine act

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Lower Egypt: Papyrus Lower Egypt: Papyrus

Horus: Falcon or Falcon-headed god; Horus: Falcon or Falcon-headed god; represents divine aspect of the king represents divine aspect of the king

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHYEGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHYVerso (backside; Palette ofVerso (backside; Palette of

King Narmer) King Narmer)

Crown of Lower Egypt Crown of Lower Egypt

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Standards Standards

Defeated enemies Defeated enemies

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Intertwined necks of powerful Intertwined necks of powerful animals: Unification of Egypt animals: Unification of Egypt

EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY EGYPTIAN ICONOGRAPHY

Bull: Strength (smashing Bull: Strength (smashing enemy citadel) enemy citadel)

““Ka” Statue of King KhafreKa” Statue of King Khafre

““KAKA” STATUE” STATUE

REN (NAME)REN (NAME)

REN (NAME)REN (NAME)SHWT (SHADOW)SHWT (SHADOW)

REN (NAME)REN (NAME)SHWT (SHADOW)SHWT (SHADOW)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)

REN (NAME)SHWT (SHADOW)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)

Ka Statue of King Khafre Ka Statue of King Khafre

REN (NAME)REN (NAME)SHWT (SHADOW)SHWT (SHADOW)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)BA (SOUL)BA (SOUL)

Ba: Bird—“fly” back to the body Ba: Bird—“fly” back to the body

Hieroglyph for Ba: Hieroglyph for Ba: Solar disk Solar disk

(rising sun; (rising sun; new life) new life)

REN (NAME)REN (NAME)SHWT (SHADOW)SHWT (SHADOW)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)BA (SOUL)BA (SOUL)AB or IB (HEART)AB or IB (HEART)

REN (NAME)REN (NAME)SHWT (SHADOW)SHWT (SHADOW)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)AKH (GOOD SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)KA (SPIRIT)BA (SOUL)BA (SOUL)AB or IB (HEART)AB or IB (HEART)KHET (BODY) KHET (BODY)

MummificationMummification

“ “ . . . He who is called the ripper (cutter) takes. . . He who is called the ripper (cutter) takesan Ethiopian stone and cuts the flesh as thean Ethiopian stone and cuts the flesh as thelaw prescribes, and forthwith escapes running,law prescribes, and forthwith escapes running,those who are present pursuing and throwingthose who are present pursuing and throwingstones and cursing defilement on to his head.stones and cursing defilement on to his head.For whosoever inflicts violence upon or For whosoever inflicts violence upon or wounds a body of his kind, they hold worthy wounds a body of his kind, they hold worthy of hatred.” of hatred.”

Incision Incision

MummificationMummification

--sterilization of body cavities and--sterilization of body cavities and viscera (palm wine, 14% ethyl alcohol)viscera (palm wine, 14% ethyl alcohol)--viscera steeped in natron 40 days--viscera steeped in natron 40 days--body steeped in natron 40 days with --body steeped in natron 40 days with temporary stuff (natron in linentemporary stuff (natron in linen packets, to absorb moisture)packets, to absorb moisture)--body packed with permanent stuffing--body packed with permanent stuffing (natron, myrhh, cinnamon, resin)(natron, myrhh, cinnamon, resin)--body anointed with precious oils--body anointed with precious oils--skin smeared with resin--skin smeared with resin--bandaging--bandaging

MummificationMummification

““OPENING OF THE MOUTH”OPENING OF THE MOUTH”ceremonyceremony

(while touching the mouth,(while touching the mouth,the priest says) . . . “Youthe priest says) . . . “Youlive again, you revivelive again, you revivealways, you have becomealways, you have becomeyoung again, you are youngyoung again, you are youngagain always.”again always.”

OPENING OF THE MOUTH: OPENING OF THE MOUTH: Also intended to bring the Also intended to bring the tomb and the objects within tomb and the objects within it to life.it to life.

Ancient Egypt: Funerary architectureAncient Egypt: Funerary architectureMASTABAMASTABA

KING DJOSER KING DJOSER (also spelled ZOSER)(also spelled ZOSER)

Third Dynasty, Third Dynasty, Old KingdomOld Kingdom

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara) The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

IMHOTEP (architect)IMHOTEP (architect) First attempt at a pyramid First attempt at a pyramid

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

IMHOTEP (architect)IMHOTEP (architect) First building made of all QUARRIED STONE First building made of all QUARRIED STONE

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

IMHOTEP (architect)IMHOTEP (architect) NECROPOLISNECROPOLIS: City of the dead; Necros (dead) + polis (city) : City of the dead; Necros (dead) + polis (city)

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

IMHOTEP (architect)IMHOTEP (architect) First time CENOTAPH included at same site as actual burial First time CENOTAPH included at same site as actual burial

Lower Lower

Upper Upper

CENOTAPH:CENOTAPH:False burialFalse burialsitesite

Ka Statue of Djoser: found at Step Pyramid Ka Statue of Djoser: found at Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara; oldest surviving life-complex at Saqqara; oldest surviving life-

sized figure in Egyptian Art sized figure in Egyptian Art

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

IMHOTEP (architect)IMHOTEP (architect)First known use of INTENTIONAL ARCHAISMFirst known use of INTENTIONAL ARCHAISM

INTENTIONAL ARCHAISM:INTENTIONAL ARCHAISM:Make something appear Make something appear older than it is; decorate older than it is; decorate something so that it lookssomething so that it lookslike it came from a like it came from a previous age, or was previous age, or was constructed using moreconstructed using moreprimitive methods.primitive methods.

WATTLE AND DAUB WATTLE AND DAUB CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

““FIRST TIME”: Time of FIRST TIME”: Time of Creation.Creation.

Plant Plant motifs: motifs: bundled bundled palms palms

The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)The STEP PYRAMID of KING DJOSER (Saqqara)

IMHOTEP (architect)IMHOTEP (architect)First references in art or architecture to the SED FESTIVALFirst references in art or architecture to the SED FESTIVAL

SED (or HEB SED; Jubilee): SED (or HEB SED; Jubilee): Held after 30 year periods of Held after 30 year periods of a king’s reign to rejuvenate a king’s reign to rejuvenate his powers.his powers.

Djoser running SED race Djoser running SED race

Horus holding ankh in his Horus holding ankh in his talons: bringing new life talons: bringing new life

Giza (Gizeh) Giza (Gizeh)

The GREAT PYRAMIDS (Giza/Gizeh)The GREAT PYRAMIDS (Giza/Gizeh)44thth Dynasty, Old Kingdom Dynasty, Old Kingdom

The GREAT PYRAMIDS (Giza/Gizeh)The GREAT PYRAMIDS (Giza/Gizeh)44thth Dynasty, Old Kingdom Dynasty, Old Kingdom

Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Khafre

King Khafre King Khafre

Limestone casing Limestone casing blocks intact at top blocks intact at top

The GREAT SPHINX (Giza/Gizeh)The GREAT SPHINX (Giza/Gizeh)44thth Dynasty, Old Kingdom Dynasty, Old Kingdom

VALLEY OF THE KINGSVALLEY OF THE KINGS1818thth Dynasty +, New Kingdom Dynasty +, New Kingdom

Rock cut tombsRock cut tombs

TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUNTOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN(“King Tut”)(“King Tut”)VALLEY OF THE KINGSVALLEY OF THE KINGS1818thth Dynasty, Dynasty, New KingdomNew Kingdom

Discovered by Howard Carter,Discovered by Howard Carter,1920s1920s

EGYPTIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE: HYPOSTYLE HALLEGYPTIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE: HYPOSTYLE HALL

PYLON, PYLON TEMPLEPYLON, PYLON TEMPLE

Pylon Pylon

RAMESSES (RAMSES) II (THE GREAT)RAMESSES (RAMSES) II (THE GREAT)--Third king of the Nineteenth Dynasty (New--Third king of the Nineteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom) Kingdom) --Ruled as Pharaoh for 66 years (c.1290 ---Ruled as Pharaoh for 66 years (c.1290 - 1224 BC; only one king in the history of 1224 BC; only one king in the history of Egypt ruled for longer)Egypt ruled for longer)--Led several military campaigns into Israel, --Led several military campaigns into Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria; after hisPalestine, Lebanon, and Syria; after his campaign against the Hittites stalled campaign against the Hittites stalled following the Battle of Kadesh, he signedfollowing the Battle of Kadesh, he signed history’s first known peace treaty in 1271 history’s first known peace treaty in 1271 --Conquered southward into Nubia--Conquered southward into Nubia--Commonly believed to be the Pharaoh --Commonly believed to be the Pharaoh from whom Moses freed the Jewsfrom whom Moses freed the Jews--Estimated perhaps 400 or more children--Estimated perhaps 400 or more children--Considered the greatest builder among all--Considered the greatest builder among all Egyptian kingsEgyptian kings

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

Ramesses’s African prisoners: Nubians Ramesses’s African prisoners: Nubians

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

Cut entirely outCut entirely out of the cliff wall of the cliff wall

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

SanctuarySanctuary

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

Astrological Astrological alignment:alignment:Every year, on both Every year, on both Ramesses’s birthdayRamesses’s birthdayand the anniversary and the anniversary of his coronation, of his coronation, the rising sun shinesthe rising sun shinesin a perfect, in a perfect, unbroken beam unbroken beam directly through thedirectly through thetemple, illuminating temple, illuminating the statues in thethe statues in thesanctuarysanctuary

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

Astrological Astrological alignment: alignment: the sun falls directly the sun falls directly on Amun, Ra, and on Amun, Ra, and Ramesses—Ptah, Ramesses—Ptah, because he was because he was associated with associated with darkness, is not darkness, is not illuminated and illuminated and always remain always remain darkened by darkened by shadow shadow PtahPtah

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel1919thth Dynasty, New Kingdom Dynasty, New Kingdom

Astrological alignment: Astrological alignment: Seated on either side Seated on either side of Ramesses are Amun of Ramesses are Amun and Ra; both were and Ra; both were associated with the sun. associated with the sun. It appears is as if It appears is as if they are summoning the they are summoning the power of the sun andpower of the sun andchanneling it onto figure channeling it onto figure of the king between them,of the king between them,upon whom it falls mostupon whom it falls mostbrightly. brightly.

AmunAmun RamessesRamesses Ra (Re-Horkathy)Ra (Re-Horkathy)

1960s: ASWAN DAM1960s: ASWAN DAMLAKE NASSERLAKE NASSER

Rising water level threatens the temple withRising water level threatens the temple with submersion submersion

Preservation and Conservation: Preservation and Conservation: Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel

Preservation and Conservation: Preservation and Conservation: Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel

Preservation and Conservation: Preservation and Conservation: Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel

Preservation and Conservation: Preservation and Conservation: Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel

Temple of Ramesses II at Abu SimbelTemple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel

Artificial hill built Artificial hill built over a dome over a dome