rogor movemzadot pedagogta sasertifikacio gamocdisatvis · fizika 2014 2 sesavali ... denis musaoba...
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1
Sefasebisa da gamocdebis erovnuli centri
rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa
sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis
fizika
2014
2
Sesavali
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros gadawyvetilebiT 2011
wlidan tardeba fizikis maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocda, romelic
iTvaliswinebs pedagogTa kvalifikaciis Semowmebasa da Sesabamisi sertifikatis
gacemas.
sasertifikacio gamocdis mizania, Seamowmos maswavlebelTa codnisa da
pedagogiuri unarebis Sesabamisoba maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT
(sabazo da saSualo safexuri) gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebTan.
sasertifikacio gamocdis testis maqsimaluri Sefasebaa 70 qula. minimaluri
kompetenciis zRvari Seadgens 60%-s, anu saWiro iqneba minimum 43 qulis
dagroveba.
winamdebare krebuli Seqmnilia erovnuli centris fizikis jgufis mier. misi
daniSnulebaa fizikis pedagogebs gaacnos sagamocdo programa da 2013 wlis
sagamocdo variantis testuri davalebebi. aqve mocemulia am davalebaTa swori
pasuxebi, amoxsnebi da Sefasebis sqemebi.
vimedovnebT, krebulSi mocemuli masala saTanado daxmarebas gagiwevT
sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis momzadebasa da sasurveli Sedegis miRwevaSi.
gisurvebT warmatebas!
gTxovT, Tqveni SeniSvnebi da winadadebebi gamogzavnoT misamarTze:
el.fosta: naec@naec.ge
gamocdebis erovnuli centris
fizikis jgufi
საგამოცდო კრებული წარმოადგენს „შეფასებისა და გამოცდების ეროვნული ცენტრის“
საკუთრებას და დაცულია საქართველოს კანონით - „საავტორო და მომიჯნავე უფლებების
შესახებ“. „შეფასებისა და გამოცდების ეროვნული ცენტრის“ ნებართვის გარეშე
დაუშვებელია ტექსტში რაიმე ცვლილების შეტანა, მისი რეპროდუქცია, თარგმნა და სხვა
საშუალებებით (როგორც ბეჭდვითი, ასევე ელექტრონული ფორმით) გავრცელება,
აგრეთვე იკრძალება საგამოცდო კრებულის გამოყენება კომერციული მიზნებისათვის.
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f i z i k a
sagamocdo programa sagamocdo programa fizikaSi efuZneba sabazo da saSualo safexuris maswavleblis profesiul standarts fizikaSi da Sedgenilia gamocdebis erovnuli centris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa jgufisa da centrTan arsebuli sakonsultacio sabWos mier. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis, kvleviTi institutebisa da sajaro skolebis warmomadgenlebi.
kinematikis safuZvlebi moZraobis saxeebi (wrfivi, mrudwiruli, rxeviTi, brunviTi). traeqtoria, gadaadgileba, wrfivi Tanabari moZraobis siCqare, saSualo da myisi siCqare, moZraobis fardobiToba, siCqareTa Sekreba. wrfivi TanabaraCqarebuli moZraoba. aCqareba, siCqare da gadaadgileba TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobis dros. mrudwiruli moZraoba, siCqare da aCqareba mrudwiruli moZraobis dros.
urTierTqmedeba meqanikaSi sxeulTa urTierTqmedeba, Zala. simZimis, xaxunis (uZraobis da srialis), drekadobis Zalebi, hukis kanoni. niutonis kanonebi, masa _ inertulobis sazomi. masa da wona. simkvrive. msoflio mizidulobis kanoni. sxeulis impulsi, impulsis mudmivobis kanoni, reaqtiuli moZraoba. simZimis centri, wonasworoba (mdgradi, aramdgradi, ganurCeveli). Zalis momenti, martivi meqanizmebi. meqanikuri muSaoba da simZlavre. cvladi Zalis muSaoba. potenciuri da kinetikuri energia, erTi saxis energiis gadasvla meoreSi, energiis mudmivobis kanoni meqanikaSi.
meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi meqanikuri rxeva, harmoniuli rxevis gantoleba, rxevis maxasiaTebeli parametrebi. Tavisufali rxeva, iZulebiTi rxeva, rxevis mileva, rezonansi. ganivi da grZivi talRa, talRis sigrZe, talRis siCqare. arekvla, difraqcia, interferencia. bgera, bgeris wyaroebi, bgeris warmoqmna, gavrceleba da aRqma. eqos warmoqmna. xmamaRloba, tonis simaRle. ultrabgera da infrabgera. dopleris efeqti.
hidro- da aerostatika, hidrodinamika wneva. airis wneva, wneva siTxeebSi, paskalis kanoni. hidravlikuri manqana. atmosferuli wneva, toriCelis cda. amomgdebi Zala, arqimedes kanoni, sxeulTa curvis pirobebi. siTxeTa dineba, bernulis kanoni.
optika sinaTlis sxivis gavrcelebis kanonzomierebebi, arekvla, gardatexa, sruli Sinagani arekvla, STanTqma, dispersia. sxivTa svla Cazneqil da amozneqil linzebSi, brtyel, Cazneqil da amozneqil sarkeebSi. gamosaxulebis ageba linzaSi da brtyel sarkeSi. Txeli linzis formula, linzis gamadidebloba. Tanamedrove optikuri sistemebi, maTi muSaobis principi. mxedveloba da mxedvelobis organoebi, axlomxedveloba da Sorsmxedveloba, mxedvelobis gaumjobesebis gzebi. fotometria, sinaTlis Zala, ganaTebuloba. sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqare (sxvadasxva mecnieris mier Catarebuli gazomvebi). sinaTlis talRuri buneba, sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri Teoria. fotoefeqti, fotonebi, sinaTlis kvanturi buneba.
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siTburi movlenebi molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi. molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi gantoleba, temperatura. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi, gadasvla erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi. fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis cvlileba nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebis cvlilebis dros. Tbogamtarebi da Tboizolatorebi. nivTierebaTa siTburi gafarToeba, wylis anomalia. siTbos raodenoba, kuTri siTbotevadoba. gamyareba-dnoba, aorTqleba-kondensacia, duRili, duRilis temperatura, najeri orTqli, najeri orTqlis wnevis damokidebuleba temperaturaze. dnobis da orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo, dnobisa da orTqladqcevisaTvis saWiro siTbos raodenoba. wvis siTbo, siTburi Zravebi (Sigawvis Zrava, turbina), Zravis mqk. siTburi energiis gadacemis gzebi (konveqcia, gamosxiveba, Tbogamtaroba).
idealuri airi idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba, idealuri airis kanonebi. Sinagani energia. Termodinamikis I da II kanoni, Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi, absoluturi temperatura, absoluturi nuli.
myari sxeulis Tvisebebi myari sxeulis meqanikuri Tvisebebi. deformacia, deformaciis saxeebi. simtkice, simtkicis zRvari.
eleqtrostatika orgvari eleqtruli muxti. muxtis mudmivobis kanoni. sxeulTa damuxtva gavleniT da xaxuniT. eleqtruli veli, el. velis Zalwirebi. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. el. movlenebi bunebaSi. kulonis kanoni, dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba. el. velis daZabuloba, superpoziciis principi. el. velis potenciali, potencialTa sxvaoba. eleqtrotevadoba, kondensatori, brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba.
eleqtruli deni eleqtruli deni. eleqtrogamtarebi da izolatorebi. denis wyaroebi. standartuli eleqtroduli potenciali. galvanuri elementi. denis Zala, Zabva, gamtaris winaRoba, winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis. gamtarTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. denis wyaros emZ, omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis. denis siTburi da qimiuri moqmedeba. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi, airSi da vakuumSi. eleqtrolituri disociaciis Teoria, disociaciis xarisxi da mudmiva. eleqtrolizis kanonebi, eleqtroqimiuri ekvivalenti. naxevargamtari, el. deni naxevargamtarSi.
magnituri veli magnituri veli, velis Zalwirebi, denis magnituri moqmedeba, deniani gamtarebis urTierTqmedeba. magnituri velis induqcia, magnituri nakadi, amperis Zala. lorencis Zala. cvladi deni, cvladi denis generatori. el. magnituri induqciis movlena, energiis gadacema da ganawileba. magnituri velis energia. rxeviTi konturi, energiis gardaqmna rxeviT konturSi. cvladi eleqtruli veli, eleqtromagnituri talRa, eleqtromagnituri talRebis skala.
fardobiTobis Teoria fardobiTobis Teoriis ZiriTadi elementebi, misi Seqmnis mniSvneloba.
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atomuri da birTvuli fizika. rezerfordis cda, atomis planetaruli modeli, periodulobis kanoni da perioduli sistema. boris postulatebi. atomis birTvis aRnagoba, protonisa
da neitronis aRmoCena. bunebrivi radioaqtivoba α, β da gamosxiveba). radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis biologiuri zemoqmedeba, radioaqtiuri daSlis kanoni, naxevardaSlis periodi. izotopebi. birTvuli Zalebi, birTvuli reaqtori. jaWvuri reaqcia. TermobirTvuli reaqciebi. elementarul nawilakTa da urTierTqmedebaTa Tanamedrove klasifikacia.
maTematikuri aparati. moqmedebebi ricxvebze. fizikur sidideTa sxvadasxva erTeulis erTmaneTTan kavSiri. raodenobebis Sedarebis da Sefasebis sxvadasxva strategia. moqmedebebi veqtorebze. ricxviTi mimdevrobebis, mwkrivebisa da funqciaTa Tvisebebi. diferencialuri da integraluri aRricxvis safuZvlebi. monacemTa warmodgenis formebi (cxrilebi, grafikebi, diagramebi).
eqsperimenti cdis dagegmva da Catareba. cdis Sedegebis cxrilebis, diagramebis, grafikebis saSualebiT warmodgena. gazomili fizikuri sidideebis saSualo mniSvnelobis, absoluturi cdomilebis (standartuli gadaxris) da fardobiTi cdomilebis gansazRvra mravaljeradi gazomvisas. gazomili fizikuri sidideebis absoluturi cdomilebis da fardobiTi cdomilebis gansazRvra erTjeradi gazomvisas, xelsawyos danayofis fasis gaTvaliswinebiT. jamis, sxvaobis, namravlisa da ganayofis cdomilebebis martivi Sefaseba. fizikur sidideTa (mag.: moculoba, masa, simkvrive, energia, impulsi, xaxunis koeficienti, sixiste, rxevis periodi da sixSire, kuTri siTbotevadoba, winaRoba, kuTri winaRoba, denis simZlavre, kondesatoris eleqtrotevadoba, denis wyaros parametrebi, koWas xviaTa ricxvi, linzis parametrebi da sxva) gazomvebis standartuli meTodebi. warmodgenil programaze dayrdnobiT, garda faqtiuri codnisa, mowmdeba
maswavleblis Semdegi profesiuli unar-Cvevebi:
1) movlenis arsis gansazRvra da movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
warmoCena;
2) kvlevis sagnis gansazRvra da misi Sewavlis etapebis gamoyofa;
3) monacemebis klasificireba da sxvadasxva formiT warmodgena;
4) kvlevis Sedegebis analizi;
5) mecnieruli terminologiiT weriTi metyveleba;
6) amocanebis amoxsnisas saTanado maTematikuri operaciebis gamoyeneba;
7) amocanebis amoxsna gamarTuli meTodebiT, moswavlisaTvis gasageb enaze;
8) moswavlis Secdomebis danaxva, misi arsis gamorkveva da moswavlisaTvis
gasagebad axsna.
6
_8
t, wm
vx,m/wm
6
4 2 6
4
0
_4
2
2013 wlis sagamocdo varianti.
instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 1_26:
am davalebebSi xuTi savaraudo pasuxidan mxolod erTia swori. TiToeuli davalebis swori pasuxi fasdeba 1 quliT. pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra, romelic Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.
Tavisufali vardnis aCqareba CaTvaleT 10m/wm2 _ is tolad.
naxazze gamosaxulia x RerZze moZravi sxeulis siCqaris gegmilis
droze damokidebulebis grafiki. grafikidan gamomdinare SeasruleT 1_4
davalebebi:
1. risi tolia aCqarebis gegmili t = 5 wm momentSi?
a) (_3) m/wm2 b) (_1) m/wm2
g) 0 m/wm2 d) 1 m/wm2 e) 3 m/wm2
2. risi tolia gadaadgilebis gegmili (0,5 wm _ 4 wm) drois
SualedSi?
a) 6 m b) 7 m g) 8 m d) 10 m e) 16 m
3. risi tolia gavlili manZili (0 wm _ 6 wm) drois SualedSi?
a) 11 m b) 12 m g) 13 m d) 17 m e) 19 m
4. sawyisi momentidan ra droSi daubrunda sxeuli pirvandel
mdebareobas?
a) 1 wm b) 2 wm g) 3 wm d) 4 wm e) 6 wm
5. sportsmenma 100 metri distancia gairbina 11 wm-Si, saidanac 2 wm moandoma
aCqarebas, danarCeni dro ki mirboda mudmivi siCqariT.
risi tolia es mudmivi siCqare?
a) 9,5 m/wm b) 10 m/wm g) 10,5 m/wm d) 11 m/wm e) 11,5 m/wm
7
P0
P
V
4P0
V0 7V0
1
2 3
idealur erTatomian airze Sesrulda
naxazze gamosaxuli 1231 procesi.
grafikidan gamomdinare SeasruleT 6, 7
davalebebi:
6. Tu 1 mdgomareobaSi airis
temperaturaa T, maSin risi tolia
temperatura 3 mdgomareobaSi ?
a) T/28 b) 4T/7 g) 7T/4 d) 7T e) 28T
7. ipoveT naxazze gamosaxuli 1231 procesis dros airis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba.
a) _18 P0V0 b) _9 P0V0 g) 0 d) +9 P0V0 e) +18 P0V0
8. ziarWurWlis ori erTnairi muxlidan, erTi vertikalidan gadaxrilia
60º kuTxiT, meore ki vertikalur mdgomareobaSia. am dros maTSi Casxmuli siTxis woniT gamowveuli wneva WurWlebis fskerze P-s tolia. risi toli gaxdeba wneva fskerze, Tu meore muxlsac vertikalidan 60º-iT gadavxriT? (ix. nax.)
a)√ P b)√ P g)
P d) √
√ P e) P
9. haeris buStukebi amodian tbis fskeridan zedapirze. ipoveT buStukze
moqmedi amomgdebi Zalebis Sefardeba 10 m da 2 m siRrmeebze _F10/F2. (atmosferuli wneva CaTvaleT 10 m wylis vertikaluri svetis wnevis tolad, wylis temperatura ki mudmivad).
a) 0,2 b) 0,25 g) 0,5 d) 0,6 e) 0,8
60º 60º 60º
8
10. m masis Zelaki biZgis Sedegad iwyebs srials horizontalur
zedapirze v0 sawyisi siCqariT da gaCerebamde gadis S manZils. ra manZils gaivlis 8m masis igive masalis Zelaki, Tu mas mivaniWebT v0/2 sawyis siCqares? a) 0,25 S b) 0,5 S g) S d) 2 S e) 4 S
11. 1,5 simkvrivisa da V moculobis
erTgvarovani sxeuli devs h siRrmis auzis
fskerze. misi simZimis centri fskeridan h /5 simaRleze imyofeba. ra minimaluri muSaoba
unda SevasruloT, rom sxeuli mTlianad
amovwioT wylidan TokiT? wylis simkvrivea . Tokis masa ugulebelyaviT.
a) 0,4 gVh b) 0,5 gVh g) 0,6 gVh d) 0,7 gVh e) 0,8 gVh
12. umaso WoWonaqze gadakidebuli tvirTebis aCqarebaa g/5 (ix. nax). risi
tolia Sefardeba m/M?
a) 1/5 b) 2/5 g) 1/2 d) 3/5 e) 2/3
13. spilenZis mavTuls, romlis sigrZea 6 m, igive winaRoba aqvs rac sxva spilenZis mavTuls, romlis sigrZea 18 m. risi tolia pirveli mavTulis masis fardoba meoris masasTan m1/m2?
a) 1/9 b) 1/3 g) 1 d) 3 e) 9
14. rodesac tvirTi Camokidebulia zambaraze, igi gaWimulia 10 sm-iT.
rogori iqneba am sistemis vertikaluri rxevis periodi?
a) 0,1 wm b) 0,2 wm g) 0,2 wm d) wm e) 2 wm
15. 2 t masis raketa uZravad aris gaCerebuli haerSi, gamotyorcnis ra
qveviT gazs 1250 m/wm. siCqariT. ra masis gazi gamoityorcneba raketidan 1 wm-
is ganmavlobaSi?
a) 4 kg b) 8 kg g) 12,5 kg d) 16 kg e) 25 kg
16. periodis ra nawilis ganmavlobaSi imyofeba maTematikuri qanqara 1 sm-is
sazRvrebSi wonasworobis mdebareobidan, Tu rxevis amplitudaa 2 sm?
a) 1/6 b) 1/4 g) 1/3 d) 1/2 e) 2/3
h
h /5
Toki
m
M
g/5
9
К
II
I
a
b
17. vercxliswylis damuxtuli mcire wveTis potencialia φ. rogori iqneba
64 aseTi wveTis gaerTianebiT miRebuli wveTis potenciali? wveTebi
sferuli formisaa.
a) 2φ b) 4φ g) 8φ d) 16φ e) 32φ
18. wertilovani muxtis Zalwiris A da B wertilebSi potenciali
Sesabamisad 40 da 10 voltia. risi tolia potenciali AB monakveTis
SuawertilSi?
a) 12 v b) 16 v g) 24 v d) 25 v e) 30 v
19. manZili sagnidan mis namdvil gamosaxulebamde Txel linzaSi 10 sm_ia.
linzis gadideba am SemTxvevaSi 4-is tolia. ipoveT linzis fokusuri
manZili.
a) 1,6 sm b) 2,4 sm g) 2,5 sm d) 3,2 sm e) 4,8 sm
20. mocemul sqemaSi CarTulia ori erTnairi naTura.
K CamrTveli gamorTul mdgomareobaSia. CaTvaleT,
rom Zabva a da b wertilebs Soris ucvlelia. rogor
Seicvleba II naTuraze gamoyofili simZlavre K CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg?
a) Semcirdeba oTxjer b) Semcirdeba orjer
g) ar Seicvleba d) gaizrdeba orjer e) gaizrdeba oTxjer
21. toli impulsis mqone protoni da nawilaki (heliumis atombirTvi)
Sedian erTgvarovan magnitur velSi Zalwirebis marTobulad. risi tolia
maT mier Semowerili wrewirebis radiusebis Sefardeba R/ Rp ?
a) 1/4 b) 1/2 g) 1 d) 2 e) 4
22. qvemoT moyvanilTagan, romeli
Seesabameba sagnis gamosaxulebas
linzaSi (ix, nax.)?
F2F
b d a g e
10
23. horizontalurad mimarTuli 5 n Zalis moqmedebiT 1 kg masis Zelaki erTgvarovan horizontalur zedapirze moZraobs 2 m/wm2 aCqarebiT. risi tolia xaxunis koeficienti zedapirsa da Zelaks Soris?
a) 0,1 b) 0,2 g) 0,25 d) 0,3 e) 0,4
24. gluv horizontalur zedapirze moTavsebul 1 kg da 2 kg masebis sxeulebs Soris moTavsebulia SekumSuli zambara. zambaris ganTavisuflebis Semdeg 1 kg masis sxeulma SeiZina 2 m/wm siCqare. gansazRvreT, ra muSaoba Sesrulda zambaris SesakumSad.
a) 2 j b) 3 j g) 4 j d) 5 j e) 6 j
25. da gamosxivebis Sedegad uranis U birTvi gardaiqmna tyviis
birTvad. ramdeni neitroni daiSala am dros –gardaqmnis Sedegad?
a) 6 b) 10 g) 22 d) 32 e) 42
26. L sigrZis gamtari Rero Tanabrad brunavs B
induqciis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi
Zalwirebis marTobul sibrtyeSi O bolos
garSemo kuTxuri siCqariT. gansazRvreT
warmoqmnili potencialTa sxvaoba Reros Sua
wertilsa da mbrunav bolos Soris.
a) B L2 b) B L2 g) B L2 d) B L2 e) B L2
B
O
11
instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 27 _ 29:
unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul sidideebs an obieqtebs Soris. cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad: cifrebiT danomril TiToeul sidides an obieqts SeusabameT anbaniT danomrili sidide an obieqti da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi. gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime sidides an obieqts SeiZleba Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan. ar dagaviwydeT Sedegebis pasuxebis furcelze gadatana!!! 27. daamyareT Sesabamisoba idealuri airis mdgomareobis cvlilebis
CamoTvlil procesebsa da naxazze gamosaxul wirebs Soris.
procesebi:
1. izoTermuli,
2. izobaruli,
3. izoqoruli,
4. adiabaturi.
5. T /P3=const
6. T /V3=const
1 2 3 4 5 6a b g d e v
ba
e
d
v
12
28. mudmivi sididis I deni R winaRobis gavliT iwyebs C tevadobis
kondensatoris damuxtvas. t droSi R winaRobaze gamoiyo Q siTbos
raodenoba , kondensatori daimuxta U Zabvamde da SeiZina E energia. monaxeT Sesabamisoba fizikur sidideebsa da maT gamomsaxvel formulebs
Soris.
1. I a. I2Rt
2. R b. (Q/Rt)1/2
3. C g. UC/I
4. t d. Qt/2CE
5. Q e. 2CER/t
6. U v. I2t2/2C
7. E z. Qt/2RE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7a b g d e v z
R I
C
13
29. daamyareT Sesabamisoba fizikur sidideebsa da maT ganzomilebebs Soris.
1. wneva a. kg/wm2
2. simZlavre b. kgm2/wm2
3. Zalis momenti g. kgm/wm
4. energia d. kgm/wm2
5. sixiste e. kg /mwm2
6. gravitaciuli mudmiva v. kgm2/wm3
7. impulsi z. m3/kgwm2
8. xaxunis koeficienti
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a b g d e v z
14
instruqcia davalebebisaTvis 30 _ 32:
mokled, magram naTlad warmoadgineT pasuxebis furcelze davalebebis amoxsnis gza. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxi ar Sefasdeba.
30. gluv horizontalur zedapirze moZraobs m = 2 kg masis sxeuli V0 = 1
m/wm siCqariT. t=0 momentSi masze moqmedebas iwyebs moZraobis mimarTulebis mqone cvladi Zala, romlis modulis droze
damokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi saxe: F = At2, sadac A koeficientis
ricxviTi mniSvneloba SI sistemaSi tolia 2 _ is.
1. daadgineT A koeficientis ganzomileba SI sistemaSi.
2. risi toli iqneba sxeulis siCqare t =3 wm momentisTvis?
3. ra manZils gaivlis sxeuli drois (1 wm _ 2 wm) intervalSi?
31. U0 Zabvamde damuxtul C tevadobis kondensators t = 0
momentSi miuerTes R winaRobis rezistori, ris Sedegadac kondensatorma daiwyo ganmuxtva.
1. dawereT diferencialuri gantoleba kondensatorze
Zabvis droze damokidebulebis U(t) funqciisaTvis.
2. ipoveT U(t) funqcia.
3. ra droSi ganaxevrdeba Zabva kondensatorze?
4. ipoveT R winaRobaze gamoyofili simZlavris droze damokidebulebis P(t) funqcia.
32. naxazze gamosaxuli rombis gverdi
tolia misi mcire diagonalisa da
udris 2d-s. A da B wertilebSi
moTavsebulia toli dadebiTi muxtebi,
xolo C wertilSi imave sididis
uaryofiTi muxti. es muxtebi rombis
centrSi _ O wertilSi qmnian potencials. ipoveT:
1. velis daZabulobis moduli O wertilSi.
2. velis potenciali D wertilSi.
3. velis daZabulobis moduli D wertilSi.B
D
A C
B
+
+
_O
2d
d
d
C
R
15
instruqcia davalebebisaTvis 33 _ 35: am davalebebSi mocemulia Temebi, romlebic Tqven unda axsnaT klasSi. mokled da TvalsaCinod warmoadgineT rogor axsniT SemoTavazebul Temebs moswavleTaTvis advilad gasagebad.
33. warmoadgineT, rogor axsniT klasSi berketis magaliTze meqanikis
,,oqros wess’’.
34. gamtarTa mimdevrobiTi da paraleluri SeerTebebis axsnis Semdeg, moswavlem ikiTxa Tu rogoraa erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli binaSi eleqtro xelsawyoebi: naTurebi, macivari, televizori da a.S.
1. gaeciT pasuxi am kiTxvas da axseniT aseTi SeerTebis gamoyenebis mizezi.
2. daasaxeleT praqtikaSi arsebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi.
35. warmoadgineT, rogor dausabuTebT moswavleebs, rom, saidanac ar unda vuyurebdeT, brtyel sarkeSi wertilovani sagnis gamosaxuleba miiReba erTsa da imave wertilSi.
36. gaqvT gamWvirvale cilindruli WurWeli, romlis
fskeris Siga farTobia S=20 sm2. WurWelSi 1 kg masis dguSis qveS imyofeba atmosferosgan izolirebuli haeri. dguSsa da cilindris kedels Soris xaxunis Zala SeiZleba ugulebelyoT. dguSze SegiZliaT daawyoT sxvadasxva masis sawonebi (ix. nax.). Tqveni
mizania gazomoT WurWelSi nivTierebis raodenoba (molebSi) da p0 atmosferuli wneva. amisaTvis atarebT Semdeg eqsperiments: zomavT WurWlis fskeridan dguSis h simaRles dguSze sawonis moTavsebamde. adebT dguSze 1 kg masis sawons. acliT garkveul dros, rom WurWelSi haeris temperatura gautoldes oTaxis temperaturas, romelic aris T=300 K da amis Semdeg zomavT dguSis h simaRles WurWlis fskeridan. gazomvas imeorebT morigeobiT 1 kg masis sawonis damatebis Semdeg. gazomvebis Sedegebi da gamoTvlili 1/h sidide moyvanilia qvemoTa cxrilSi:
WurWelSi moTavsebuli haeri idealur airad miiCnieT. CaTvaleT, rom
idealuri airis universaluri mudmivaa R=8,31 j/moliK, Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa g=9,81 m/wm2.
dguSisa da sawonebis jamuri masa m (kg)
1
2
3
4
5
WurWlis fskeridan dguSis simaRle h (sm)
60,5
57,7
55,2
53,0
50,8
1/h (m-1)
1,65
1,73
1,81
1,89
1,97
16
1. dawereT gantoleba, romelic akavSirebs m masas h simaRlesTan.
2. aageT m_is 1/h sidideze damokidebulebis grafiki pasuxebis furcelze gamoyofil areSi. sidideebis gadazomva RerZebze daiwyeT iseTi mniSvnelobidan (da ara nulidan) da ise SearCieT masStabebi, rom maqsimalurad gamoiyenoT grafikis asagebad gamoyofili are. daawereT RerZebs gadazomili sidideebi da maTi erTeulebi.
3. grafikidan gansazRvreT agebuli wrfis gantolebaSi kuTxuri koeficienti da Tavisufali wevri. maTi gamoyenebiT gansazRvreT
WurWelSi nivTierebis raodenoba da p0 atmosferuli wneva.
17
davalebebi #1_26-is pasuxebi:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26a x x x x x b x x x x x g x x x x x x d x x x x x e x x x x x
davalebebi #1_26-is Sefasebis sqema:
yoveli davalebis swori pasuxi fasdeba 1 quliT, xolo mcdari pasuxi _ 0 quliT.
davaleba 27 (maqsimaluri qula 5)
pasuxi: Sefasebis sqema: miRebuli qula udris sworad Sevsebuli svetebis ricxvs minus erTi
davaleba 28 (maqsimaluri qula 5) pasuxi: Sefasebis sqema: miRebuli qula udris sworad Sevsebuli svetebis ricxvs minus ori
1 2 3 4 5 6a x b x g x d x e xv x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7a x b x g x d x e x v xz x
18
davaleba 29 (maqsimaluri qula 5)
pasuxi:
Sefasebis sqema: miRebuli qula udris sworad Sevsebuli svetebis ricxvs minus sami
davaleba 30-is amoxsna:
(maqsimaluri qula 5)
1. A koeficientis ganzomilebaa n/wm2=kgm/wm4 (1 qula)
2. V t V adt V dt
V 1 t dt 1 10 მ/წმ (2 qula)
3. V t 1 t dt 1
S V t dt
S 1t3
dt dtt3dt 2 1
212
112
2,25მ
(2 qula)
davaleba 31-is amoxsna:
(maqsimaluri qula 6)
1. U=IR, I C (2 qula)
2. , (2 qula)
ln , U U e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8a x b x x g x d e x v x z x
19
3. Zabvis ganaxevrebis pirobaa: e , saidanac t=RCln2 (1 qula)
4. P t e2tRC (1 qula)
davaleba 32-is amoxsna:
(maqsimaluri qula 5)
1. O wertilSi erT-erTi dadebiTi muxtiT Seqmnil potencials abaTilebs uaryofiTi muxtiT Seqmnili potenciali da gvrCeba erT-erTi dadebiTi
muxtiT Seqmnili potenciali: φ k , saidanac q . (1 qula)
daZabulobisaTvis gvaqvs Semdegi naxazi:
sadac E k , E 2k . sabolood
E E E √ (2 qula)
2. D wertilSic erT-erTi dadebiTi muxtiT Seqmnil potencials abaTilebs uaryofiTi muxtiT Seqmnili potenciali da gvrCeba erT-erTi
dadebiTi muxtiT Seqmnili potenciali: . (1 qula)
3. daZabulobisaTvis gvaqvs Semdegi naxazi:
sadac E k
E 2E cos30° √ , E E E (2 qula)
E1
E2
EO
E1 E1
E1
E 60
30
30
20
davaleba 33-is pasuxi:
(maqsimaluri qula 3)
meqanikis “oqros wesis Tanaxmad, meqanizmebiT ramdenjerac vigebT Zalas
imdemjer vagebT manZils. vaCvenoT es berketis magaliTze:
ganvixiloT berketi, romlis erTi mxari n_jer metia meoreze: d1 = nd2.
mogeba ZalaSi F2 =nF1 efuZneba momentebis tolobas: d1F1 = d2F2 , xolo
wageba manZilSi : S2 = S1/n _ I da II figurebis msgavsobidan miRebul
tolobas: S1/d1 = S2/d2
davaleba 34-is pasuxi:
(maqsimaluri qula 2)
1. binaSi eleqtroxelsawyoebi paraleluradaa SeerTebuli.
paraleluri CarTvisas TiToeul eleqtroxelsawyos miewodeba erTi da
igive sididis Zabva. amitom masSi gamavali denis Zala (da Sesabamisad mis
mier moxmarebuli simZlavre) ar aris damokidebuli qselSi CarTuli
sxva xelsawyoebis winaRobebze. paraleluri CarTva niSnavs TiToeuli
eleqtroxelsawyos damoukidebel CarTvas denis wyarosTan. es iZleva
xelsawyoebis standartizaciis saSualebas Zabvis mixedviT. mag. 220v, 12v.
mimdevrobiTi CarTvisas xelsawyoSi gamavali denis Zala da e.i misi
muSaoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra xelsawyoebia masTan CarTuli
mimdevrobiT. ufro metic, erT-erTis gamorTva qselidan gamoiwvevs yvela
xelsawyos imavdroul gamorTvas. (1 qula)
2. naZvis xis mosarTavi girlanda.
ori naTuris mimdevrobiT CarTva eleqtroenergiis dazogvis mizniT.
(sadarbazoebSi, sardafebSi) (1 qula)
S1
S2
F1
F2
d1
d2 I
II
21
davaleba 35-is pasuxi:
(maqsimaluri qula 3)
ganvixiloT mnaTi wertilidan gamosuli sxivi, romelic sarkis
zedapirTan kuTxes qmnis. arekvlis kanonis gamoyenebiT vadgenT, rom
sarkidan arekvlis Semdeg am sxivis gagrZeleba gadis mnaTi wertilis
sarkisadmi simetriulad mdebare A wertilSi. maSasadame, yvela
arekvlili sxivi ise vrceldeba, TiTqos A wertilidan gamodiodes. erT
TvalSi xvdeba B wertilSi areklili I sxivi. es Tvali xedavs mnaTi
wertilis gamosaxulebas sarkeSi I_I/ wrfeze, Tumca ver adgens siSores.
meore TvalSi xvdeba C wertilSi areklili II sxivi. meore Tvali xedavs
mnaTi wertilis gamosaxulebas II_II/ wrfeze. adamiani xedavs
gamosaxulebas I_I/ da II_II/ wrfeTa gadakveTaze e.i A wertilSi. am
wertilis mdebareoba damokidebulia mxolod mnaTi wertilis
mdebareobaze da ar aris damokidebuli adamianis Tvalebis mdebareobaze.
Tvalebi
α
α
I/
β
β
II/
I
I
mnaTi wertili
A
α
B
II
C
22
davaleba 36-is amoxsna:
(maqsimaluri qula 5)
1. mendeleev-klapeironis kanonis Tanaxmad (p0+mg/S)hS=νRT, saidanac
m (1 qula)
2.
(2 qula)
3. m=B(1/h)+A wrfis gantolebaSi
BνRTg
,Ap Sg
kuTxuri koeficientia horizontalur RerZTan grafikis daxris kuTxis
tangensi amitom B=1:(1,73-1,65)=12,5 (kgm). radganac grafiki gadis (1,65; 1) wertilze, amitom Tavisufali wevria
A=1_12,51,65 = -19,6 (kg).
ν 0,05მოლი p 0,9610 პა (2 qula)
4
m (kg)
1/h (1/m)
1
2
3
1,65
5
1,73 1,81 1,89 1,97
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