role of herbal drugs delineated in pharmaco- therapeutic
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Role of herbal drugs delineated in pharmaco-
therapeutic classification of Sushrutasamhita in
lifestyle diseases
AuthorDr. Sushama Bhuvad
PhD scholar
Dept of DravyagunaI.P.G.T.&R.A., GAU, Jamnagar
Co-authorProf.K.Nishteswar
Head of Department
The World Health Organization (2001) predicts that by 2020,mental illness will be the second leading cause of disabilityworldwide, after heart disease.
The International Labor Organization [(ILO), 2000] says mentalillness affects more human lives and gives rise to a greater wasteof human resources than all other forms of disability.
Mental disorders are one of the third leading causes of disability.In the EU, for example, mental health disorders are a major reasonfor granting disability pensions.
Five of the 10 leading causes of disability worldwide are mentalhealth problems – major depression, schizophrenia, bipolardisorders, alcohol use and obsessive-compulsive disorders – andaccount for 25-35% of all disability (Cameron, 2000).
Survey study
Reference: Nadia Clark in ,Richard Wynne , Stress Impact Project, Vocational rehabilitation and work resumption, WorkResearch Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Cont..
Employers are greatly affected by their employees’ mentalhealth, and employers affect – positively or negatively –their employees’ mental health
According to a survey conducted by the AssociatedChamber of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), 68percent of working women in the age bracket of 21-52years were found to be afflicted with lifestyle disorders suchas obesity, depression, chronic backache, diabetes andhypertension
Reference: Jomon Mathew, Occupational disease in India, Health and Nutrition analysis, YOJANA, October 2012, 46-48
Introduction
The term "stress" describes a state of threatened "homeostasis"(Greek for "'steady state") or threatened harmony, balance, orequilibrium.
Improper adaptation of lifestyle (Food, behavior) as well asstress (Environmental, physical, biological) lead to formation offree radicals
Damage caused by free radicals is called as ‘oxidative stress’which is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases like seniledementia, Alzheimer’s disease, immunity relateddisorders, carcinogenesis, inflammation and cardiovascularproblem.
Drugs possessing Rasayana, Vrishya, Balya, Brihmaniya, andJeevaniya activities can play a key role in the preventivemanagement of stress induced lifestyle induced (Non-communicable) diseases.
Experimental study- synthetic antioxidants The potential adverse effects of exogenous antioxidants on
consumer health has first concerned synthetic antioxidantsincluding BHA and BHT, following their carcinogenity andtoxicity at higher doses in rodents and monkeys, possiblyresulting from pro-oxidative properties at higherconcentrations.
Interestingly, high concentrations of antioxidants includingBHT and BHA in food items, can also increase spoilage of fooditems, rather then result in prolonged shelf-life due to pro-oxidative activities.
Keeping this in view, the need of the hour is to replacesynthetic antioxidants in foods and pharmaceuticalpreparations by natural antioxidants, due to presumablyincreased safety and higher acceptance by the consumer
Reference: Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.Branen AL, J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1975 Feb; 52(2):59-63.Moure A, Cruz JM, Franco D, Manuel Dominguez J, Sineiro J, Dominguez H, Nunez MJ, Parajo JC. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. FoodChem. 2001;72:145–171
The drugs intended for anti-stress management arecurrently explored under the various pharmacologicalcontexts such as anti ageing, antioxidant, adaptogenic,immunomodulatory activity.
Charaka and Sushruta had classified number of drugsbasing upon pharmacotherapeutics. (Cha.Su.4, Su.su.38)
Drugs mentioned in Kakolyadigana, Amalakyadigana andLaghupanchamoola by Sushruta do possess the Balya,Rasayana activities
Source of natural antioxidants
Aim and Objective
• To find natural sources of antioxidant whichcan cause less harm to human being.
• To explore the drugs delineated in Sushruta’spharmaco-therapeutic classification havingBalya, Vrishya and Rasayana properties.
Number of drugs in Sushruta’s classification (Su.su.38)
Sushruta
Kakolyadigana (18)
Laghu-panchamoola
(5)
Amalakyadigana (4)
= 27
Observation and Result
No. Dravya Botanical source Karma (Bh.Ni) Part used Experimental activity
1 Jivaka Microstylis wallichi
Lindl
Balya,
Shukraprada
Tuber Vidarikanda- ABTS assay, lipid peroxidation, superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
2 Rishabhaka Microstylis musifera
Lindl
3 Meda Polygonatum
verticillatum All
Vrishya, Brihmana Root extract
Shatavari- DPPH method
4 Mahameda Polygonatum
multiflorum All.
5 Kakoli Roscoea procera WallShukrala, Brihmana
Powdered root extract
Ashwagandha-Immunomodulatory activity
6 Kshirakakoli Roscoea procera Wall
7Ridhhi
Habenaria edgeworthiiHook. f. ex Collett.
Balya, Shukrala, Pranaishwaryakari Ethanolic
extract of tuber
Varahikanda-antioxidant activity8
VridhhiHabenaria intermediaD Don
Garbhaprada, Brihmani, Vrishya
Ashtavarga
No. Dravya Botanical source Karma (Bh.Ni) Part used Experimental activity9 Mudgaparni Phaseolus trilobus
AitChakushya, Grahi, Shukrala
Methanolic extract of root
Free radical scavenging by DPPH method
10 Mashaparni Teramnus labialisSpreng
- Methanolic extract of whole plant
Anti-oxidant and lipid peroxidation effect
11 Guduchi Tinosporacordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. &Thoms.
Rasayani, Balya, Deepaniya
Five different extracts of leaves
Total reducing sugar, lipid peroxidation, DPPH & superoxide radical scavenging method
12 Karkatashringi Pistacia integrimma Stew. ex.Brandis
- Methanol extract of gall
DPPH, reducing power, scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical
13 Tugakshiri Bambusa arundinacia Willd
Brihmani, Vrishya, Balya
- -
14 Padmaka Prunus puddumRoxb.ex Wall
Ruchya, Garbhasthapaka
- -
15 Prapaunadarika Saussureaobvallata or Cassia absus Linn
Shukrala, Chakshushya, Varnya
- -
No. Dravya Botanical source Karma (Bh.Ni) Part used Experimental activity16 Mridvika Vitis vinifera Linn Chakshushya,
Brimhani, Vrishya, svarya
Methanolic extract of fruit
Free radical scavenging DPPH, ORAC
17 Jivanti Leptadeniareticulata W &A
Rasayani, Balakari, Chakshushya
Ethanolic extract of leaf
Immunomodulatory and antioxidant
18 Yashtimadhu Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn
Chakshushya, Balya, Varnya, Shukrala, Keshya, Svarya
Ethanolic extract of leaves
Lipid peroxidation, antioxidants
19 Shalaparni Desmodium gangeticum DC
Brihmana, Rasayana, Vishahari
Total alcoholic extract
Superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase increases with lipid peroxide decrease
20 Prishniparni Uraria picta Desv Vrishya Aqueous extract of leaves
ABTS radical scavenging activity
21 Brihati Solanum indicum Linn
- Methanolic extract of berries
Free radical scavenging by DPPH
No. Dravya Botanical source Karma (Bh.Ni) Part used Experimental activity22 Kantakari Solanum
xanthocarpum Schrad &Wendle
Deepana, Pachana Various extract of berries
Free radical scavenging by DPPH
23 Gokshura Tribulus terrestrisLinn
Deepana, Vrishya, Pushtida, Balya
Ethanolic extract of whole plant
Adaptogenic activity
24 Amalaki Emblica officinalis Param-vrishya, Rasayana
Fruit Free radical scavenging activity,Adaptogenic activity
25 Haritaki Terminalia chebula Deepana, Medhya, Rasayana, Chakshushya, Ayushya, Brihamani
Fruit Antioxidant activity
26 Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Raktachitraka-rasayana
Root Plumbagin has been shown to have immunomodulatingactivity
27 Pippali Piper longum Deepana, Vrishya, Rasayana
Fruit Antioxidant activity
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Agrya-aushadhi (Cha.Su.25/40)
Ashwagandha Vidarikanda Shatavari Guduchi
Haritaki Amalaki Draksha Gokshura
No. Dravya Disease1 Guduchi, Yashtimadhu Senile dementia, Alzheimer
disease2 Pippali Hepatic disorders3 Haritaki Obesity and related disorders4 Amalaki Diabetes insipidus (Prameha)5 Gokshura
AshwagandhaMale reproductive system
6 Kantakari Respiratory system7 Shatavari, Padmaka, Female reproductive system
Organ or disease specific vitalizers
The drugs included in the list contain either Madhurarasa, Madhuravipakaor Madhuraprabhava .
The activities or affects ascribed to either Madhurarasa or Madhuravipakaproduced in the body by the drug which is devoid of Madhurarasa andmadhuravipaka attributes should be considered as specific activities oreffects and can be interpreted as Madhuraprabhava.
As these drugs are bestowed with Balya, Brihmaniya, Chakshushya,Rasayana, Shukrala, Vrishya activities. And its combine effect i.e.Kakolyadigana (18), Amalakyadigana (4) and Laghupanchamoola (5) alsoshow same properties.
The scientific studies show that these drug do possess antioxidant,adaptogenic, immunomodulatory activity
Discussion
Among the Sushruta’s Kakolyadi, Amalakyadi andLaghupanchamoola groups it appears that Rasayana dravyaslike Haritaki, Amalaki, Pippali other less known drugs likeGokshura, Draksha, Jivanti, Shalaparni, Prishniparni, Brihati,Kantakari are reported to have antioxidant and adaptogenicactivities which can be prescribed as anti-stress drugs in themanagement of stress induced life-style disorders as a source ofnatural antioxidants.
Conclusion
Reference 1. Pandey, N; Chaurasia, Jk; Tiwari, Op; Tripathi Yb: Antioxidant properties of different fractions of tubers from
Pueraria tuberosa Linn. Food chemistry, 2007, 05(1): 219-222 2. Lalana Kongkaneramit et al, Anti-oxidant activity and anti-apoptotic effect of Asperagus racemosus root
extracts in human ling epithelial H460 cells, Exp. Ther Med 2011Jan-Feb, 2(1); 143-148 3. Sitansu Kumar Verma and Ajay Kumar, Therapeutic Uses of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) With A Note
on Withanolides and Its Pharmacological Actions, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2011, Vol. 4(1), 1-4.
4. Suriyavathana, Indupriya et al, International Journal of Pharmacy and Life science, April 2011, 2(4); 661-6645. Navpreet Kaur, Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic extract of Phaseolus trilobus root powder, International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012, Vol 4(1), 271-275.6. G. Alagumanivasagam et al, In vivo anti-oxidant and lipid peroxidation effect of methanolic extract of whole
plant of Teramnus labialis (Linn) in Rat fed with high fat diet, International Journal of Pharma Tech Research, July-sept 2012, Vol 4 (3),1233-1237
7. Ramya Premanath and N. Lakshmidevi, Studies on Anti-oxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Miers.) Leaves using in vitro models, Journal of American Science 2010;6(10), 736-743.
8. Joshi and Mishra, In vitro anti-oxidant activity of galls of Pistacia integerrima, Pharmacologyonline 2009; 2; 763-768.
9. Bunea et al, Carotenoids, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of grapes (Vitis vinifera) cultivated in organic and conventional systems, Chemistry central journal, 2012, 6; 66, 1-9.
10.Pravansha S et al, Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effect of Leptadenia reticulata leaf extract in rodents: possible modulation of cell and humoral immune response, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, Dec 2012; 34 (6); 1010-1019.
Reference
1. P Kanimozhi et al, A study on antioxidant potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.in 1,4-dichlorobenzene induced liver carcinogenesis, J Chem.Pharm.Res, 2011, 3(6); 288-292
2. Raghavan Govindarajan et al, Anti-oxidant activity of Desmodium gangenticum and itsphenolics in arthritic rats, Acta Pharm. 2006, 56, 489–496.
3. Anti-oxidant and anti-cholinsterase activities of aqueous extract of Uraria picta DC, AfricanJournal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8 Nov 2013, Vol 7(41), 2768-2773
4. Prashantha Kumar Deb, Evaluation of in vitro anti-oxidant and anthelminthic activity ofSolanum indicum Linn. Berries, Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, Vol3 (5), 4123- 4130
5. Manita Demla et al, In vitro anti-oxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content ofdifferent extracts of Solanum xanthocarpum berries, Int. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2012, 4(4);154-157.
6. H Shivakumar et al, Adaptogenic activity of ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris L., Journal ofNatural Remedies, 2006, Vol 6(1), 87-95.
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Thank you….
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