santrock chapter 1
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Copyright 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Prepared By
Richard A. Davis
PowerPointPresentations to
AccompanyPsychologyBy John W. Santrock
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Chapter 1
What is Psychology?
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What is Psychology? Defining Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study ofbehavior and mental processes.
Science
Behavior
Mental Processes
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Psychologys Beginnings Natural Selection
The evolutionary principle that theorganisms that are best adapted to their
environment are the most likely to survive,reproduce, and pass on their genes totheir offspring
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Psychologys Beginnings Structuralism
Emphasizes the importance of consciousthought and classification of the minds
structures
Functionalism
Psychologys role is to study the functionsof the mind and behavior in adapting to the
environment
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Approaches to Psychology The Behavioral Approach
An emphasis on the scientific study
of observable behavioral responsesand their environmentaldeterminants
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Approaches to Psychology The Psychoanalytic Approach
An emphasis on the unconscious of themind, conflict between biological instinctsand societys demands, and early familyexperiences
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Approaches to Psychology The Humanistic Approach
An emphasis on a persons capacity forpersonal growth, freedom to choose his orher own destiny, and positive qualities
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Approaches to Psychology The Cognitive Approach
An emphasis on the mental processesinvolved in knowing: How we direct ourattention, perceive, remember, think, andsolve problems
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Approaches to Psychology The Behavioral Neuroscience
Approach
An approach that emphasizes theimportance of understanding the brain andnervous system if we are to understandbehavior, thought, and emotion
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Approaches to Psychology The Evolutionary Approach
Emphasizes the importance of adaptation,reproduction, and survival of the fittest inexplaining behavior
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Approaches to Psychology The Sociocultural Approach
Emphasizes the influences of culture,ethnicity, and gender among othersociocultural factors, on behavior, thought,and emotion
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Psychology and Life: What Matters? Biological processes matter
Environmental processes matter
Mental processes matter Culture matters
Individual variations matter
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Psychology and Life: What Matters? Science matters
Conceptual diversity matters
Controversies matter Critical thinking matters
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Psychology Careers
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Areas of Specialization Clinical and counseling psychology
Diagnose and treat people withpsychological problems
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine practiced byphysicians with a doctor of medicine(M.D.) degree who subsequently
specialize in abnormal behavior andpsychotherapy
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Areas of Specialization Community psychology
Focuses on providing accessible care forpeople with psychological problems
Experimental psychology
Conduct basic research on areas ofpsychology using an experimentalstrategy. Areas include sensation and
perception, cognitive processes, learning,motivation, and emotion
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Areas of Specialization Physiological psychology and
neuroscience
Focuses on biological processes,
especially the brains role in behavior
Developmental psychology
Concerned with how we become who weare, from conception to death
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Areas of Specialization Social psychology
Deals with peoples social interactions,relationships, perceptions, and attitudes
Personality psychology
Focuses on relatively enduring traits andcharacteristics of individuals
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Areas of Specialization School and educational psychology
Concerned with childrens learning andadjustment in school
Industrial/organizational psychology
Deals with the workplace
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Areas of Specialization Cross-cultural psychology
Examines the role of culture inunderstanding behavior, thought, and
emotion
Psychology of women
Emphasizes the importance of promotingthe research and study of women
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Areas of Specialization Health psychology
Emphasizes psychological factors ofhealth, lifestyle, and the nature of the
health care delivery system
Forensic psychology
Applies psychological concepts to thelegal system
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Areas of Specialization Sports psychology
Applies psychologys principles toimproving sport performance and enjoying
sport participation
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