sheep and goat nutrition
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Sheep and Goat
Nutrition Understanding the Basics
Dr. Matt Hersom
Dept of Animal Sciences
Overview of Presentation
• Intake
• Nutrient Requirements
– Stage or Level of Production
– Age
• Feeding and
Assessing Nutrition
Critical Control Point for Profitability
– Feed Cost
• Feeding the herd is the largest cost area in any
animal enterprise, approx 45-50% of annual
maintenance cost.
• Stored or supplemental feeds constitute the
largest, most variable portion.
• Designing nutritional program correctly is a
must.
Basic Nutrients
• Water
• Energy
• Protein
• Lipid
• Vitamins
• Minerals
Energy • Carbohydrates and fats supply most of the diet’s energy, or
calories.
• For grazing cattle TDN (total digestible nutrients) is the unit
of energy most commonly used.
• TDN is easily measured in forages and can be used to
determine the cow’s requirement met by forage and
supplement needs
• Common sources of energy include:
– forage (hay) citrus pulp
– molasses grain byproducts
–Fat can also be used to increase the energy of the diet. Fat
contains 2.25 times the amount of energy starch.
Protein • Protein is made from several repeating
units called amino acids (approx. 20).
• Ruminants have 2 sources of protein
– Diet sources
– Microbial- protein: derived from microbes,
which live in the rumen.
• Common protein sources include:
– Soybean Meal, Cottonseed Meal
Effect of Trace Mineral
Deficiencies
Min
era
l S
tatu
s
Time
Marginal
Deficient
Immunity
Normal
Fertility
Growth
Clinical Signs
Nutrient Priorities
1. Maintenance
2. Growth
3. Lactation
4. Reproduction
Effect of Goat Bodyweight and
Production on Intake
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
22 44 66 88 110 132 150
Bodyweight, lb
Inta
ke,
% o
f B
W
Maintenance
Maint +low activity0.5
0.66
1.19 1.45
1.76
2.2
Late Pregnancy = +1.0 lb of Intake
Effect of Goat Bodyweight on
Energy Requirement
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
22 44 66 88 110 132 150
Bodyweight, lb
lb o
f T
DN
Maint
Maint + low activity
Late Pregnancy = +0.87 lb TDN
Effect of Goat Bodyweight on
Crude Protein Requirement
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
22 44 66 88 110 132 150
Bodyweight, lb
lb o
f C
rud
e P
rote
in Maint
Maint + low activity
Late Pregnancy = +0.18 lb CP
Growth Requirements
• In goats energy and protein
are linked together
ADG, lb/d Add. Intake, lb TDN, lb CP, lb
0.22 0.33 0.44 0.03
0.44 0.66 0.88 0.06
0.66 1.00 1.32 0.09
How much nutrients do you get
Lb of Feed lb of TDN lb of CP
Bermudagrass Hay 1.0 0.61 0.15
Bahiagrass Hay 1.0 0.51 0.08
Corn 1.0 0.88 0.09
Cottonseed Meal 1.0 0.75 0.47
Soybean Hulls 1.0 0.80 0.12
Growing Lambs and Feed Intake
• The lower the body
weight and younger
age of the lamb the
greater the intake
• Sex of the lamb
influences intake
BW Intake,
% of BW
Replacement
Ewe / Ram
Lamb
66 4.0 / 4.5
88 3.5 / 4.0
>110 2.5 / 3.5
Market Lamb,
4-7 month
66 4.3
88 4.0
>110 3.2
Effect of Stage of Production and
Ewe Age on Intake Capacity
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Maintance Flushing Early Gest Late Gest Late Gest
High Prod
Early Lact
Single
Early Lact
Twins
% o
f b
od
yw
eig
ht
Mature
Ewe Lamb
Effect of Stage of Production on
Sheep Energy Requirement
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
Maintance Flushing Early Gest Late Gest Late Gest
High Prod
Early Lact
Single
Early Lact
Twins
% T
DN
Effect of Stage of Production on
Sheep Protein Requirement
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Maintance Flushing Early Gest Late Gest Late Gest
High Prod
Early Lact
Single
Early Lact
Twins
% C
rud
e P
rote
in
Effect of Ewe Age on Energy
Requirement
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
Maintance Flushing Early Gest Late Gest Late Gest
High Prod
Early Lact
Single
Early Lact
Twins
Die
t %
TD
N
Mature
Ewe Lamb
Effect of Ewe Age on Protein
Requirement
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Maintance Flushing Early Gest Late Gest Late Gest
High Prod
Early Lact
Single
Early Lact
Twins
% o
f b
od
yw
eig
ht
Mature
Ewe Lamb
Observations about Age
• Differences in ewe ages
within the herd results in
many different
requirements.
• Potential for DMI is a key
controller for
management of ewes
with different ages.
• Different nutritional
requirements = different
nutritional management
• Mature ewes generally
have more consistent
forage and supplement
intakes
• Younger ewes are likely
socially influenced by
mature ewes
• Ewe lambs have
maintenance, gestation,
lactation and growth
requirements.
Effect of Growing Lamb BW on
Energy Requirement
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Maint. 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88
Desired ADG, lb/d
En
erg
y,
kcal
/ d
ay
44 lb
66 lb
Effect of Growing Lamb BW on
Protein Requirement
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.22 0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88
Desired ADG, lb/d
Pro
tein
, g
/ d
ay
44 lb
66 lb
Feed Amounts for Different Stages
Hay Crude Protein %
16.5 15.0 12.5 10.0
Lbs of feed
Maintenance Hay 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75
Early Preg. Hay 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25
Late
pregnancy
Hay 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Corn 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SBM -- 0.10
Early
lactation,
twins
Hay 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25
Corn 1.90 1.80 1.50 1.15
SBM 0.10 0.20 0.50 0.85
130 lb ewe
Mineral Nutrition
• Copper levels in mineral are important to know. – High Cu levels are
toxic
• Calcium:Phosphorus – 2:1is optimum
– Pasture can be low in Ca
– Concentrates generally high in P
– Urinary calculi
– Limestone
• Magnesium special consideration for nursing ewes – grass tetany
• Selenium – White muscle disease
– Inorganic vs organic
• Goats need greater S conc.
• Specific minerals mixes for Sheep and Goats
Body Condition Score • BCS 1(Emaciated) No fat between skin and bone.
Ewes have no fat and very limited muscle energy reserves. Appear weak and unthrifty. Wool fleeces are often tender, frowsy and lack luster.
• BCS 2(Thin) Only a slight amount of fatty tissue detectable between skin and bone. Spinous processes are relatively prominent. These ewes appear thrifty but have only minimal fat reserves.
• BCS 3(Average) Average flesh but do not have excess fat reserves. This condition score includes ewes in average body condition.
• BCS 4(Fat) Moderately fat. Moderate fat deposits give sheep a smooth external appearance.
• BCS 5(Obese) Extremely fat. Excess fat deposits can easily be seen in the breast, flank, and tailhead regions. These ewes have excess fat reserves to the point that productivity may be impaired.
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