sickle cell anemia. p. falciparum – blood stages uninfected rbc 2 hr. 4 hr. 12 hr
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Sickle Cell Anemia
P. falciparum – Blood stages
Uninfected RBC
2 hr.
4 hr.
12 hr.
Malaria - Merozoite
Malaria and Sickle cell anemia
90% of Malaria Deaths Occur Among Children Under Five Years of Age
Red indicates areas where malaria transmission is thought to occur; lighter color indicates areas of limited risk. Source: WHO, 2003
Children’s QuestionnaireMALARIA MODULE
Malaria – Geographic distribution
Sickle Cell Gene Severe Malaria
Prevalence
More than 2.5 million Americans have the trait
70,000 or more Americans have sickle cell disease
About 1,000 babies are born with the disease each year in America In Nigeria, 1/3 population of U.S., 45,000-90,000
babies with sickle cell disease are born each year
Mechanism
Red blood cells (RBC)
Contain a special protein called hemoglobin
(Hb) Hb is the component that carries oxygen
from the lungs to all parts of the body
Most people have only hemoglobin type – Hb
A within RBC (normal genotype: Hb AA)
Sickle Cell: HbS
S similar to A, but one structural change
Other types: HbC, HbD, and HbE
The Proteins of Hemoglobin A
• There are 4 protein subunits of Hemoglobin A
There will be different forms of Hemoglobin when there is a mutation in the beta subunit.
Medical Complications
1. pain episodes
2. strokes
3. increased infections
4. leg ulcers
5. bone damage
6. yellow eyes or jaundice
7. early gallstones
8. lung blockage
9. kidney damage and loss of body water in urine
10.painful erections in men (priapism)
11.blood blockage in the spleen or liver (sequestration)
12.eye damage
13.low red blood cell counts (anemia)
14.delayed growth
Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation Bone marrow transplants are the closest things
possible to a cure for sickle cell anemia.
Process In bone marrow transplantation, the affected
person’s bone marrow is replaced with cells containing genes for the non-sickle cell hemoglobin.
Production of healthy red blood cells starts and the sickle shaped cells are prevented. If the transplant is performed when the affected person is still young then success rates can be as high as 90-95%.(Sickle Cell Society 2005)
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