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Data Mining and Machine Learning
Yen-Jen Oyang
Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering
Reference Books
• “Data Mining” by Ian Witten and Eibe Frank.
• “Data Mining” by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber.
Observations and Challenges in the Information Age
• A huge volume of information has been and is being digitized and stored in the computer.
• Due to the volume of digitized information, effectively exploitation of information is beyond the capability of human being without the aid of intelligent computer software.
An Example of Data Mining
• Given the data set shown on next slide, can we figure out a set of rules that predict the classes of objects?
Data Set
Data Class Data Class Data Class
( 15,33)
O ( 18,28)
× ( 16,31)
O
( 9 ,23)
× ( 15,35)
O ( 9 ,32)
×
( 8 ,15)
× ( 17,34)
O ( 11,38)
×
( 11,31)
O ( 18,39)
× ( 13,34)
O
( 13,37)
× ( 14,32)
O ( 19,36)
×
( 18,32)
O ( 25,18)
× ( 10,34)
×
( 16,38)
× ( 23,33)
× ( 15,30)
O
( 12,33)
O ( 21,28)
× ( 13,22)
×
Distribution of the Data Set
。。
10 15 20
30
。。。 。。
。 。。
××
××
×
×
×
×
×
×
××
×
×
Rule Based on Observation
.
0
30
253015 22
Xclass
else
class
, thenand y
yxIf
Identifying Boundary of Different Classes of Objects
Boundary Identified
Data Mining /Knowledge Discovery
• The main theme of data mining is to discover unknown and implicit knowledge in a large dataset.
• There are three main categories of data mining algorithms:• Classification;• Clustering;• Mining association rule/correlation analysis.
Data Classification
• In a data classification problem, each object is described by a set of attribute values and each object belongs to one of the predefined classes.
• The goal is to derive a set of rules that predicts which class a new object should belong to, based on a given set of training samples. Data classification is also called supervised learning.
Applications of Data Classification
• One example is that a bank wants to develop an automatic mechanism that decides whether a credit card application should be approved or not based on existing customers’ records.
• Another example is that a hospital wants to determine whether a new patient belongs to the high-risk group of a particular disease, based on the patient’s health record.
An Example of Data Classification Applications
PoorMaleNoYoungMiddleHigh school
GoodFemale-----MiddleMiddleCollege
PoorMaleNoMiddleLowHigh school
GoodFemaleNoYoungMiddleCollege
GoodFemaleYesOldHighHigh school
PoorMaleYesOldHighCollege
PoorFemaleYesYoungMiddleHigh school
GoodMaleNoMiddleLowHigh school
GoodMaleYesOldHighCollege
Credit ratingSexOwn HouseAgeAnnual IncomeEducation
ClassAttributes
• The rule derived is as follows:• If (education = high school) and ~(income = hi
gh), then credit rating = poor.
• Otherwise, credit rating = good.
• Most of time, the rules derived are not perfect. In other words, misprediction is unavoidable in most cases. In this example, the accuracy is 7/9 = 78%.
Representation and Inference of Knowledge
• Knowledge represented in an interpretable form such as rules is one of the most important outputs of the data classification software.
• Some classification algorithms may perform well in prediction/classification but does not output knowledge or rules, e.g. neural networks and support vector machine.
• In some data classification applications, we are not concerned about the knowledge based on which the decisions are made. For example, a credit card company wants to develop an automatic mechanism that determine the credit limits of new applications.
• However, in many applications, it is of interest to learn the knowledge and even to conduct inference.
Rule Generated by a RBF Network Based Learning
Algorithm for the Previous Example
Let and
If then prediction=“O”.
Otherwise prediction=“X”.
2o
2o
210
12o
o 2
1)( i
icv
i i
evf
.
2
1)(
2
214
12x
x
2x
x
j
jcv
j j
evf
),()( xo vfvf
(15,33)
(11,31)
(18,32)
(12,33)
(15,35)
(17,34)
(14,32)
(16,31)
(13,34)
(15,30)
1.723 2.745 2.327 1.794 1.973 2.045 1.794 1.794 1.794 2.027
ico
io
(9,23) (8,15)(13,37)
(16,38)
(18,28)
(18,39)
(25,18)
(23,33)
(21,28)
(9,32)(11,38)
(19,36)
(10,34)
(13,22)
6.458 10.08 2.939 2.745 5.451 3.287 10.86 5.322 5.070 4.562 3.463 3.587 3.232 6.260
jcx
jx
Alternative Data Classification Algorithms
• Decision tree (Q4.5 and Q5.0);• Instance-based learning(KNN);• Naïve Bayesian classifier;• Support vector machine(SVM);
• Novel approaches including the RBF network based classifier that we have recently proposed.
Accuracy of Different Classification Algorithms
Data setclassification algorithms
RBF SVM 1NN 3NN
Satimage
(4335,2000)92.30 91.30 89.35 90.6
Letter
(15000,5000)97.12 97.98 95.26 95.46
Shuttle
(43500,14500)99.94 99.92 99.91 99.92
Average 96.45 96.40 94.84 95.33
Comparison of Execution Time(in seconds)
RBF without data reduction
RBF with data reduction SVM
Cross validation
Satimage 670 265 64622
Letter 2825 1724 386814
Shuttle 96795 59.9 467825
Make classifier
Satimage 5.91 0.85 21.66
Letter 17.05 6.48 282.05
Shuttle 1745 0.69 129.84
Test
Satimage 21.3 7.4 11.53
Letter 128.6 51.74 94.91
Shuttle 996.1 5.85 2.13
More InsightsSatimage Letter Shuttle
# of training samples in the original data set 4435 15000 43500
# of training samples after data reduction is applied 1815 7794 627
% of training samples remaining 40.92% 51.96% 1.44%
Classification accuracy after data reduction is applied 92.15 96.18 99.32
# of support vectors in identified by LIBSVM 1689 8931 287
Instance-Based Learning
• In instance-based learning, we take k nearest training samples of a new instance (v1, v2, …, vm) and assign the new instance to the class that has most instances in the k nearest training samples.
• Classifiers that adopt instance-based learning are commonly called the KNN classifiers.
Example of the KNN Classifiers
• If an 1NN classifier is employed, then the prediction of “” = “X”.
• If an 3NN classifier is employed, then prediction of “” = “O”.
Data Clustering
• Data clustering concerns how to group a set of objects based on their similarity of attributes and/or their proximity in the vector space. Data clustering is also called unsupervised learning.
Applications of Data Clustering
• One application is to cluster the customers of a bank so that the bank can provide services more effectively.
• For example, the bank may find the following clusters in its customers:• aggressive investors;• conservative investors;• balanced investors.
Related Challenging Issues
• Two challenging issues associated with data clustering and classification:• feature selection;
• outlier detection.
Importance of Feature Selection
• Inclusion of features that are not correlated to the classification decision may make the problem even more complicated.
• For example, in the data set shown on the following page, inclusion of the feature corresponding to the Y-axis causes incorrect prediction of the test instance marked by “”, if a 3NN classifier is employed.
• It is apparent that “o”s and “x” s are separated by x=10. If only the attribute corresponding to the x-axis was selected, then the 3NN classifier would predict the class of “” correctly.
x=10 x
y
Summary
• Data clustering and data classification have been widely used in biological and medical data analysis.
• Statistical analysis is probably the most important tool in various data mining algorithms.
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