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Status and Trends in the Florida Keys - Coral Reef Fish
James A. Bohnsack, Ph.D.Director, Protected Resources and Biodiversity Division
Southeast Fishieries Science CenterNOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
FKNMS Advisory Council PresentationSoutheast Fisheries Science Center
21 February 2017 Marathon, FL
1
3
It is not just about fish
Photo: J.A. Bohnsack 1983 Looe Key Reef
Habitat
1988 1998 2001Griffin, Kellog, Garrison & Shinn 2002
USGS 2002The Shifting Baseline Syndrome is a change in perception of ecological change from generation to generation as true natural conditions drift away from previous conditions. Pauly, 1995
Kuffner and Toth 2016A geological perspective on the degradation and conservation of western Atlantic coral reefs. Conservation Biology
Nassau Grouper Landings
0
500
1000
1500
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89Year
Cub
a M
etric
Ton
s
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Flor
ida
Met
ric T
ons
CubaHeadboats
Bohnsack, 2003, Gulf & Carib Research
Shifting Baselines
Nassau Grouper Landings
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88Year
Cub
a M
etric
Ton
s
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
Flor
ida
Met
ric T
ons
CubaHeadboats
Bohnsack, 2003, Gulf & Carib Research
Nassau Grouper Landings
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88Year
Cub
a M
etric
Ton
s
0
1
2
3
4
Flor
ida
Met
ric T
ons
CubaHeadboats
Shifting Baseline
Bohnsack, 2003, Gulf & Carib Research
Biscayne National Park Creel Survey
Harper et al., 2000. Mar. Fish. Rev
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
Nassau Grouper
Jolthead Porgy
11
Extreme Events 2004-2005 – The Florida Keys experienced six Hurricanes or tropical storms in 18 months.
12
Ecosystem threats
Boaters in Biscayne National Park
Human population growth and demands
Less protective More protective
No Regulation
General RegionalRegulation
Marine Protected Area
(added protection)
Marine Reserve (no extraction)
Marine Protected Area Protection Gradient
15
Examples of spatial management in southern Florida. The ecosystem is a unifying concept, but no agency can monitor it all.Efficiencies can be achieved by combining effort and working together.
Spatial Based Management (no take)Ecosystem Function 2001
2007Ecological Reserve, Tortugas, FKNMS, FLResearch Natural Area, Dry Tortugas Nat. Park
Ecosystem Structure 20011994
Tortugas South, FKNMS, FLGeorges Bank Fishery Closures
Wilderness Value 2001 Tortugas North Ecol. Reserve, FKNMS, FLLand / Seascape 1990 Fla Keys Nat. Marine Sanctuary, FLMultiple Habitats 1997 Sambo Ecological Reserve, FKNMS, FLSpecial Habitat 2000
19971993
Coral Reef Protection ActSanctuary Protected Areas, FKNMS, FLOculina HAPC
Special places 1981196119601947
Looe Key Nat. Marine Sanctuary, FLBuck Is. National Monument, USVIJohn Pennekamp CR State ParkFlorida Bay, Everglades National Park, FL
17
NOAA Fisheries Quarter 4 Update Stock Status as of December 31, 2015
SE Stocks Overfished and Undergoing Overfishing
Fish Stock Sustainability Index (FSSI):
Reef Fish Vulnerability to Fishing• High value• Large size• Long lives (decades)• Low adult natural mortality• Delayed reproduction• Many species• Many change sex • Location is predictable
in time and space• Aggressive behavior & No fear of humans• Vulnerable to fishing gear
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
134164194224254284314344374404434464494524554584614644674704734764
Length (mm)
Freq
uenc
y
F =
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
134164194224254284314344374404434464494524554584614644674704734764
Length (mm)
Freq
uenc
y
F = F2001
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
134164194224254284314344374404434464494524554584614644674704734764
Length (mm)
Freq
uenc
y
F = 0
F = Fmsy =0.13
F = F2001 = 0.52
“Juvenescense”
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Fish
ing
Mor
talit
y Ra
te
Frec Fcomm
RecreationalCommercial
Estimated Fishing Mortality Componentsand Fish Population Effects
Ault et al. 2014 Endg Sp Res
“The concept of marine reserves is simple:
If protected from human interference, nature will
take care of itself ”
Deplete Target Species
Bycatch Mortality of target and
non-target species
CauseHabitat Damage
Colonization & Growth Abundance Diversity
Spillover Reproduction & Dispersal
Larval DispersalMPA Theory
Photo by David McClellan, NMFS
Recreational fishing boats line the corner of a Sanctuary Preservation Area in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Fishing the Line
Benefits of Marine Reserves• Protect Ecosystem Structure and Function
– (Goods and Services)• Provide Fishery Benefits
• Increase Scientific Understanding of Marine Ecosystems
• Increase Public Education & Appreciation• Enhance Non-Extractive Economic
Benefits
Problems ?• How Many ?• What size ?• Total area ? (20-30% minimum)• Location ? (NIMBY)• Fishing Displacement ? (Crowding)• Highly migratory species ?• Uncertainty ?• Acceptance / Compliance / Enforcement ?
Coral reefs are complex and difficult to monitor.
Habitat is spatially heterogeneous.
Reef fishes are highly diverse (>382 species), and despite high site fidelity, are mobile and highly variable in space and time.
Acknowledgments – 35 years of contributions
NMFS -SEFSCJ.A. BohnsackJ. Schull M.W. MillerB. RuttenbergG.T. KellisonD.B. McClellan D.E. Harper A.M. EklundNOAA Corp (multiple)
NPS - DOI
M. FeeleyA. AtkinsonM. PattersonT. Zigler
NHAW 2010
RSMAS – U of Miami
J.S. Ault S.G. SmithJ. BlondeauJ. LuoD. Bryan
FFWCC
J. Hunt. A. Acosta
(many others)
B. WalkerK. Kilfoyle
NOS-NCCOSM. Monaco
FDEPOur Fla ReefsJ. Walczak
New in 2010
2009
30
Species Observed
Species AbundanceIndividual Sizes
Habitat Type, Depth %Cover, Relief, CompositionProfile
Frequency of Occurrence
Biomass
DerivedMeasured
Tactical innovation: circular plot visual censuses in a small increment of space and time based on ambient visibility:
Low-relief hard-bottom
Patchy hard-bottom
Low-relief spur & groove
Medium-profile reef
High-relief spur & groove
Patch reefs
Rocky outcrops
Reef terrace
Pinnacles
Degree of PatchinessLow High
Ver
tica
l Rel
ief
Low
Hig
hLink Reef Fish Spatial Abundance to Benthic HabitatsInnovation: objectively classify all reef habitat by two variables
Each habitat provides a unique biodiversity signature based on composition
Stratification Variables:Cross-Shelf Habitat typeHabitat relief and patchinessDepthGeographical SubregionSpatial Management Zone
(e.g, no-take reserves, angling only)
Stratified Random DesignHeterogeneous Spatial Distribution
Strategic innovation: stratify based on data variance; not habitat area. Include spatial management zone as a stratum.
HAWK CHANNEL
Nearshore
Inshore Patch
MidchannelOffshore
Patch
Reef FlatFore Reef
Deep Reef
TransitionFlorida Bay
HawkChannel
FloridaReef Tract
Cross-Shelf Habitat Classification
35
2014 Samples by Domain(n = 436) Dry Tortugas (810 km 2) 1999 - 2014(n = 433} Florida Keys (500 km 2) 1980 - 2014(n = 320) SE Fla Coast (253 km 2) 2013 - 2015
Dry TortugasFlorida Keys
SE FlaFlorida reef tract (~1563 km 2) dividedinto 3 sampling domains
Requires accurate & precise habitat maps(NOS & FWC)
(200 x 200 m cells)Innovation: better maps allowed shift to 100 x 100m cells in 2014
Cross-shelf habitat classification
Florida Keys ~500 km2
mapped reef
- 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1994- 1997 1 2 3 4 5
Years protected
Per
cen
t C
han
ge
Blackgrouper
Graysnapper
Yellowtailsnapper
St ripedparrot f ish
Stotp lightparrot f ish
Protected areas
- 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1994- 1997 1 2 3 4 5
Years protected
Per
cen
t C
han
ge
Blackgrouper
Graysnapper
Yellowtailsnapper
St ripedparrot f ish
Stotp lightparrot f ish
Protected areas
- 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1994- 1997 1 2 3 4 5
Years protected
Per
cen
t C
han
ge
Blackgrouper
Graysnapper
Yellowtailsnapper
St ripedparrot f ish
Stotp lightparrot f ish
Protected areas
Not exploited
Exploited
- 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1994- 1997 1 2 3 4 5
Years protected
Per
cen
t C
han
ge
Blackgrouper
Graysnapper
Yellowtailsnapper
St ripedparrot f ish
Stotp lightparrot f ish
Fished areas
Yellowtail Snapper, Exploited, Protected and Fished
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mea
n D
ensi
ty
* **
*
1994 -1997
Fishery Regulations: 1985 - 12” Minimum length, 1986 – max 10/day
Stoplight Parrotfish, Protected and Fished
0
1
2
3
4
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mea
n De
nsity
1994 -1997
*
* * * **
**
***
**
No Fishery Regulations
Striped Parrotfish, Protected and Fished
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mea
n De
nsity
1994 -1997
*
***
* * * *
*
*
43
Sample sites
Reef Terrace
Low-Relief Hardbottom
Rocky Outcrops
Pinnacles
Low-ReliefSpur & Groove
Medium Profile Reef
High-ReliefSpur & Groove
Patchy Hardbottom in Sand
Reef Terrace PatchReefs
Tortugas Domain~325 km2
mapped reef
45
Tortugas MPA Management EvaluationSublegal size
46
Adaptive ManagementTortugas Bank North Ecological Reserve(No-take) in 2001
Dry TortugasNational Park
__
Recreational angling only
Tortugas BankFished
DTNP RNANo-take 2007
47
Measure Management Effectiveness MPAs
OPEN ACCESS
NO TAKE
RECREATONAL ANGLING ONLY
Partnerships
Tortugas Cruises
MPA Success Attributes
Di Franco et al 2016. Five key attributes can increase MPA performance for small-scale fisheries management. www.nature.com/scientificreports 6:38135
Healthier fish stocks: averaged 2x fish numbers (>25 cm TL)5x large fish biomass14x shark biomass
than fished areas
1. No-take rule established2. Well-enforced3. Age (>10 yr)4. Large size (>100 km2)5. Isolation (deep water or sand)
Graham, E.J., R.D. Stuart-Smith, T.J. Willis, et al. 2014. Global conservation outcomes depend on MPA with five key features. Nature 506:216-220.
Healthier fish stocks, Higher fishermen incomes, Social acceptance
1. Well-enforced2. Management plan present3. Fishermen engagement in
MPA management4. Fishermen represented on
MPA Board5. Sustainable fishing promoted
Common Beliefs / Myths
• Ocean resources cannot be exhausted.• Spatial boundaries can’t be enforced.• People can have no significant impact
on ocean resources.– The solution to pollution is dilution– Recreational angling is not a problem– Fishing is decoupled from coral health
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