struktur dan fungsi sistem penghadaman
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STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI
SISTEM PENGHADAMAN
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Oral Cavity
1. Lips and Cheek
2. Tongue
3. 32 teeths
4. Palate and Tonsils
5. Salivary Glands
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Oral Cavity
1. Bibir dan pipi - mengunyah dan bercakap2. Lidah - bercakap, merasa, mengunyah, menelan
3. 32 gigi - mengerat, melumat/menghancur
- crown, neck and root4. Lelangit - keras dan lembut
5. Salivary Glands - menghasilkan serous dan
mocous3 glands - 1. Parotid,
2. Submandibular,
3. Sublingual glands
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Oral Cavity
Functions:
A. Ingestion: cheeks lipsand tongue mobilize food
B. Digestion: Mechanical
Mastication
Chemical
3 salivary glands
Digests some
starches and fat
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Teeth
Incisor (cutting)
Canine (tearing)
Premolar(tearing and grinding)
Molar (grinding)
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Salivary Glands
Parotid: Primarily
serous with
digestive enzymes
and lysozymes
Sublingual:
Primarily mucous
Submandibular:
Mixed
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Salivary Glands
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Pharynx (tekak)
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
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Pharynx
Motility: pharyngeal
constrictors force food
down during swallowing
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Esophagus
1. Salur memanjang dari pharynx ke stomachmelalui diaphragm
2. Ukuran panjangnya 25 sm
3. Esophageal sphincters mengantar makanan
keluar dan masuk esophagus
4. Cardiac sphincter - lower esophageal
sphincter
5. Mucous glands - mucus
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Esophagus
Stomach
Heart
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Esophagus
Extends from pharynx
through the diaphragm
at the esophageal hiatusto the lower esophageal
sphincter into the
stomach
Body
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Diaphragm
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Esophagus
Straight muscular tube
about 1 foot long
Motility: muscular
contraction moves foodtowards stomach
www.mywebmd.ca.com
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Heartburn and the Esophagus
Heartburn, acid reflux, is caused by acid and food
going from the stomach into the esophagus
The diaphragm normally prevents acid reflux, inconjunction with the lower esophageal sphincter.
When this fails, the burning sensation felt is known
as heartburn
May be linked to a rare type of cancer,adenocarcinoma
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Stomach
1. Stomach - cardiac region and pyloric region
2. The wall of stomach 3 layers;
i. longitudinal
ii. circular
iii. oblique
3. Gastric glands produce;
i. mucus
ii. hydrocloric acid
iii. pepsin
iv. gastrin
v. intrinsic factor
h
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Stomach
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Stomach Rugae
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Position of Stomach
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Stomach
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Stomach
Muscular sac on the left
side of the peritoneal
cavity
Functions:
Food storage
Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
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Rugae in the Stomach
Rugae- folds in the
stomach lining that
allow it to expand with
more food
How do we vomit?
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion
ll i
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Small Intestine
Small intestine - 3 parts:i. duodenum
ii. jejunum
iii. ileum
Intestinal Lining - circular folds, villi dan
microvilli
Goblet cells & duodenal glands - mucus
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Small Intestine
S ll I t ti G
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Small Intestine: Gross
Anatomy
Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Has three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, andileum
The bile duct and main pancreatic duct:
Join the duodenum at the hepatopancreaticampulla
Are controlled by the sphincter of Oddi The jejunum extends from the duodenum to the
ileum
The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal
valve
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Small Intestine
Duodenum
C-Loop
Ileum
Plica
Circularis
Minor papilla
Major papilla
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Small Intestine: Ileum
Ileocecal
valve
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Small Intestine
http://www.afns.ualberta.ca/bbo/1/ANATOMY/SI1.asp
2 meters long, 1 inch
in diameter, 5-6
meters in cadaver
Functions:
Chemical Digestion
Nutrient Absorption Motility
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Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Duodenum (25 cm):
1. Receives stomach
contents, pancreatic
juice and bile
2. Neutralizes stomach
acid and pepsin
3. Pancreatic enzymes
and bile take over
chemical digestion
Fig 25.22
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Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Jejunum (2.5m)
Ileum (3.6 m)
Reabsorbs bile acids
F nctions of the Small
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Functions of the Small
Intestine
Motility: smooth musclecontract
Digestion: chemicalenzymes received fromthe pancreas, liver and gall
bladder
Nutrient reabsorption:
microvilli increase surfacearea
Microvilli
D d
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Duodenum
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Li
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Liver
1. Liver menerima darah daripada:
i. hepatic arteryii. Hepatic portal vein
2. Liver produces bile. Bile leaves
lever - hepatic duct system.3. Liver devided into lobules - portal
triads
4. Portal triads:I. hepatic portal veinii. hepatic arteryiii. hepatic duct
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Liver
Pancreas
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Pancreas
1. Pancreas adalah kelenjar endokrinedan exorine.
2. Tugasnya mengawal tahap nutrein
darah
3. Exocrine menghasilkan;
i. bicarbonate ions
ii. digestive enzymes
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Pancreas
Head Body TailCommon
Bile Duct
Pancreatic
Duct
Accessory
Duct
Liver gallbladder Pancreas and
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Liver, gallbladder, Pancreas andDuct System
Liver gallbladder Pancreas
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Liver, gallbladder, Pancreasand Duct System
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Liver Histology
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Liver
The largest gland in the body
Superficially has four lobesright, left, caudate,
and quadrate
The falciform ligament:
Separates the right and left lobes anteriorly
Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior
abdominal wall
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Anatomy and Histology of the
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Anatomy and Histology of thePancreas
L I t ti
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Large Intestine
1. Colon terdiri daripada;
i. Ascending,
ii. tranverse
iii. descending
iv. Sigmoid portions
2. Mengandungi mucus - crypts
3. Rectum adalah saluran lurus - anal canal
4. Cecum and appendix - blind sacs
5. Cecum - junction of small and largeintestines.
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Large Intestine
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Peritoneum and Mesenteries
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Large Intestine
Is subdivided into the
Cecum
Appendix
Colon Rectum
Anal canal
The saclike cecum:
Lies below the ileocecal valvein the right iliac fossa
Contains a wormlikevermiform appendix
Large Hepatic Aorta
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Large
Intestine
Ileocecal
valve is inhere
Cecum
Appendix
Ileum
p
Portal VeinSuperior
Mesenteric
Artery
Inferior
Mesenteric
Artery
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Colon
Has distinct regions: ascending colon, hepatic flexure,
transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and
sigmoid colon The sigmoid colon joins the rectum
The anal canal, the last segment of the large intestine,
opens to the exterior at the anus
C lTransverse
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Colon
Ascendingcolon
Colon
Descending
Colon
Sigmoid
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
Hepatic
Flexure
Splenic
Flexure
Valves and Sphincters of the
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Valves and Sphincters of the
Rectum and Anus
Three valves of the rectum stop feces from being
passed with gas
The anus has two sphincters: Internal anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle
External anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle
These sphincters are closed except duringdefecation
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Structure of the Anal Canal
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Large Intestine
Functions
Motility
Reabsorbtion of Water and Electrolytes
Symbiotic bacteria
Synthesis Vitamins B & K
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Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Transverse Colon: right to left
Ascending Colon: Descending Colon:
up the right side down the left side
Cecum: sac on Sigmoid Colon:
lower right side S-shaped
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Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Rectum: straight down
Anal Canal: out thebody
Appendix: hangs off
cecum
Important in Immunity
Enzymes Involved in Chemical
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Enzymes Involved in Chemical
Digestion
Saliva:
Amylase: breaks down starch
Lipase: breaks down fats when it enters the
stomach Low pH of the stomach activates the enzyme
Enzymes Involved in Chemical
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Enzymes Involved in Chemical
Digestion
Stomach:
Digestive chemicals-
HCL: activates enzymes, breaks up foods
Pepsin: digests proteins
Renin: digests milk
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Pepsin Formation
Interactions between Cells
Chief Cells make pepsinogen
Parietal Cells make HCl
Pepsinogen is cleaved by HCl into Pepsin
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Dynamic Human: Pepsin
Formation
Enzymes Involved in Chemical
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Enzymes Involved in Chemical
Digestion
Small Intestine
Two sources of
enzymes
Liver and Gall bladder
Pancreas
Enzymes Involved in Chemical
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Enzymes Involved in Chemical
Digestion in the Small Intestine
Liver secretes bile that is active in the smallintestine
Bile: aids in fat digestion and absorptionActivates pancreatic enzymesSynthesized from cholesterolBacteria in the small intestine use bilirubin to
make your feces brown
Gall bladder stores and concentrates bile
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Gall Stones
What is a gall stone?
How do they treat gall stones?
How is the gall bladder removed?
Enzymes Involved in Chemical
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Enzymes Involved in Chemical
Digestion in the Small Intestine
Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice
1. Amylase: breaks down starch2. Lipase: breaks down fats
3. Ribonuclease (RNAase): breaks down RNA
4. Deoxyribonuclease (DNAase): breaks down DNA
5. Zymogens: inactive enzymes that activate in
the small intestine
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Mechanism of Absorption
Membrane Transport:
Nutrients pass through membrane surface
The greater the membrane surface area, the
greater the amount of nutrients that can betransported
Surface Area
Rugae Microvilli
Final Destinations of Digestion
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Final Destinations of Digestion
Products
Starches bloodstream
Fats lymph vessels (lacteals)
Proteins bloodstream
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Sistem Penghadaman
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Sistem Penghadaman
1. Sistem Penghadaman di atur oleh:
i. neural
ii. hormonal mechanisms
2. Intramural plexuses bertanggungjawab
kepada local reflexes
Oral Cavity Pharynx
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Oral Cavity, Pharynxand Esophagus
1. Amylase (saliva) mula penghadaman.
2. Mucin menghasilkan pelincir
3. Gigi - menghancurkan makanan
4. Voluntary phase: Bolus akan ditolak
oleh lidah ke pharynx
Oral Cavity Pharynx
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Oral Cavity, Pharynxand Esophagus
5. Pharyngeal phase:
i. soft plate close nasopharynx
ii. epiglottis close - larynx
iii. pharyngeal muscles move the bolus
to the esophagus
iv. Peritalsis ( a wave of constriction)
moves the food down to the stomach
3 fasa Menelan (1)
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3 asa e e a ( )
3 fasa Menelan (2)
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3 fasa Menelan (2)
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Stomach
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1. Secretion of the Stomach
i. mucus protect the stomach lining
ii. hydrocloric acid kills microorganisms &
activates pepsin
iii. pepsin starts protein digestion
iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 )
absorptionv. Gastrin helps regulate stomach
secretion and movements.
Stomach
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Stomach
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Stomach
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Stomach
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2. Regulation of stomach Secretion
i. Cephalis phase - sight, taste, smell ..
ii. Gastrin - stomach secretion
iii. Gastric phase - promotes secretion
iv. intrinsic factor aids (vitamin B12 )
absorption
v. Gastrin helps regulate stomach
secretion
and movements.
vi. Intestinal phase - acidic chyme
3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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3 Fasa Perembesan Gastrik
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Small Intestine
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1. Secretions of the small intestine
i. Mucus protects:
- digestive enzymes
- stomach acid
ii. Chemical or tactile irritation
Small Intestine
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2. Movement in the small intestine
i. Segmental contraction occur
- short distance
- mix intestinal secretionii. Peritalsis contraction occur
- length distance
- propel chyme3. Most absorption occurs in the duodenum
and jejunum
Liver
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1. Liver produces;
i. bile - emulsify fats
ii. stores and processes nutrients
iii. produces new molecules
iv. detoxifies molecules
v. produces blood proteins
Kawalan Rembesan Bile
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Kawalan Rembesan Bile
Pancreas
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1. Pancreas produces;
i. bicarbonate ions
ii. digestive enzymes
2. Acidic chyme - a watery bicarbonate
solution
3. Fatty acids and amino acids (duodenum)-
pancreatic enzymes
Pancreas
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Pancreas
Large Intestine
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g
1. Functions:
i. feces production
ii. water absorption
2. Much longer to move
3. In the colon, chyme is converted to feces
4. Mass movements occur 3/4 times/day5. Defecation - elimination of feces
Salivary Gland
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Histology
Demilune
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Parotid salivary gland
Submandibular salivary glandMucus Acini
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Mucus Acini
Serous Acini
Serous Acini
Demilune
Duct
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GI Tract Histology
All of the hollow organs have the same basic 4 layers.
1. Mucosa (Lumen side)
Epithelial layer (remember from 231: stratified squamous,columnar ect)
Lamina Propria: Base made of loose areolar connective tissue
Muscularis Mucosa: Base of smooth muscle fibers
2. Submucosa Dense irregular connective tissue
This is where the blood vessels, nerves and the glands are.
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GI Tract Histology
3. Muscularis Externa
The main smooth muscle layer used for peristalsis
Longitudinal and Circular layers with myentericplexus (parasympathetic ganglion) in between
4. Serosa (Abdominal cavity side)
Epithelial layer (usually simple squamous) Also known as the visceral peritoneum
GI Tract
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Histology
MLumen
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MucosaLumen
Epithelial Cells
Lamina Propria(Loose areolar CT)
Muscularis
Mucosa
Mucosa
Submucosa(Dense irregular CT)
Myenteric Plexus inM l i E t
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Muscularis Externa
Longitudinal
Muscle
Layer
Circular
Muscle
Layer
Myenteric
Plexus
Satellite Cell
Neuron Cell Body
E h Hi t l
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Esophagus Histology
1. Mucosa Epithelium
Non-keratinized
StratifiedSquamous
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E h Hi t l
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Esophagus Histology
2. Submucosa (#2)
Esophageal glands
Vessels
Submucosal Plexus
EsophagusHi t l
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Histology
3. Muscularis Externa
Upper 1/3=Skeletal
Middle 1/3=Blend
Lower 1/3=Smooth
4. Adventitia (Rest of GItract: Serosa)
Coarse Fibrous CT:binds/anchors
SkeletalMuscle
SmoothMuscle
Esophagus HistologyM l i E t
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Muscularis Externa
Stomach
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Histology
4 layers:
Mucosa (inside layer)
Simple columnar
epithelium
Submucosa
Muscularis Externasmooth muscle in 3layers
Serosa (visceralperitoneum)
Stomach Histology:Mucosa (Inside layer)
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Mucosa (Inside layer)
Mucosa: Simplecolumnar epithelium
St h M
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Stomach Mucosa
Mucous neck cells Alkaline mucus
Parietal cells
HCL
Intrinsic factor
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
Gastric lipase G cells (in antrum)
Gastrin
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Lamina
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Parietal Cell
Entroendocrine (G cell)
Chief Cell
Lumen
of pit
Lamina
propria
Stomach
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Small Intestine:Plica Circularis
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Plica Circularis
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Small Intestine Histology
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Small Intestine Histology: Villi
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Small Intestine Histology: Villi
Villi: Fingerlike
projections of the
mucosa.
Made of simple columnarepithelium
Increase the surface area.
Within the core of each
villus is a capillary bed
and a lacteal for transport
of the absorbed nutrients
Small Intestine: Villi
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Small Intestine Histology: Mucosa
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Small Intestine Histology: Mucosa
Microvilli: Tiny projections of
the plasma membrane of the
simple columnar absorptive
cells. Often called the "brush border"
due to their appearance.
They further increase the
available surface area andcontain membrane-bound
enzymes involved in digestion.
Small Intestine
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Small Intestine
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116
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Small Intestine Histology:
Submucosa with Brunners Glands
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Submucosa with Brunner s Glands
Brunnersglands in theproximal
duodenumsecrete alkalinemucus
Brunners
glands
Small Intestine Histology:
S b i h P P h
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Submucosa with Peyers Patches
Peyers patches are
found in the
submucosa of iliumLymphoid tissue
Large Intestine Histolog
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Large Intestine: Histology
Colon mucosa is simple columnar epithelium
except in the anal canal
Has numerous deep crypts lined with gobletcells
Anal canal mucosa is stratified squamous
epithelium Superficial venous plexuses are associated with
the anal canal
Large Intestine Histology
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Large Intestine Histology
Large Intestine Histology
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Large Intestine Histology
No Villi
Many Goblets
(mucus)
Many surface
absorptive cells
(absorb water)
Crypts of Lieberkhn
Large Intestine Histology
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Large Intestine Histology
Anal Canal Histology
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Anal Canal Histology
At the junction of
the rectum and
anus, the histology
of the mucosachanges to stratified
squamous
Liver Histology
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Liver Histology
Liver sinusoidsenlarged,
leaky capillaries located
between hepatic plates
Kupffer cellshepatic
macrophages found in liver
sinusoids
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Liver Histology
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Liver Histology
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Liver Histology
Liver: Portal Triad
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Liver: Portal Triad
Liver
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Liver
Bile Duct
Brach of Portal Vein
Branch of
Hepatic
Artery
Hepatocytes
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Pancreas Histology
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Pancreatic ducts
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Pancreatic ducts
The ducts leading into the duodenum
Cuboidal or columnar
Secrete HCO3-
Acinar Cells
Pancreatic Duct
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